Gaeboo Achyok

Achyok is a Lepcha name, which is more accurately transliterated as áchúk.^[2] The Tibetan spelling — Tibetan: ཨ་ལྕོག, Wylie: a lcog — can be variously transliterated as "Achuk", "Achok", "Achog", and "Ajok". Some Tibetan and Bhutanese sources also use the spelling "Amchok".^[1]

Honorific

Lepchas honor him with Gyebú, translating to "great".^[2] The Tibetans refer to him as a Gyalpo, meaning "king". In contrast, the Bhutanese address him as a Monpa (low-lander), regarding him as their rebel-subject.^[1]

The region consisting of present-day Sikkim, Chumbi Valley and western Bhutan was largely a frontier territory since early seventeenth century.^[3] Not held by any major power, its primary inhabitants were Indian tribes, Lepchas and Bhutias.^[3]

In the early 17th century, Tibetans started to immigrate and settle in the region due to a variety of causes including sectarian persecution.^[3][4][5] In 1642, the royal house of Chogyals was founded in Western Sikkim,^[a] ostensibly as an alliance between Lepchas and these immigrants.^[7] Around the same time, the Bhutanese state was getting unified under Ngawang Namgyal and would enter into a protracted conflict with an expansionist Tibet — the first war was fought in late 1650s, which the Tibetans lost comprehensively.^[8][9]

Rise to power

The first mention of Gaeebo Achyok is found in the biography of Kunchok Gyaltshan.^[10][11][c] C. 1634, Kunchok Gyaltshan, a Tibetan monk of the Barawa sect^[d] was exiled from Bhutan along with his followers for not supporting the Namgyal regime.^[14] He went on to settle in Damsang — a strategic location on a ridge overlooking the Rhenock valley and the Jelep La route to Tibet. Gyaltshan constructed several small monasteries in and around the region;^[10][3] he is said to have received all necessary approvals from the Chogyals.^[14]

In the meanwhile, Bhutan's religio-military assault kept on the rise with chronicles recording a dispatch of forces to nearby Dagana in 1650, to subdue recalcitrant monpas — this might have affected Damsang as well.^[15] Despite these hurdles, including what he notes to be an increased presence of Bhutanese monks, Gyaltshan managed to exert significant command in the local population. In 1660, he chose to return to his home monastery — in Tibet — for a vacation.^[11][13]

By the time he returned c. 1663, more Lamas from Bhutan had encroached on his territories and a local Lepcha chieftain, Gaeebo Achyok, had assumed control.^[11] Gyaltshan did not resist these encroachments and ventured northwards.^[11] The extent of Achyok's sovereignty at this stage remains uncertain.^[14][e]

Conflict with the Bhutanese

Soon afterwards, the Bhutanese Lamas began to exert pressure on the Lepchas, aided by their regional fortress at Daling, which was probably an old Lepcha fort usurped by the Bhutanese in the war of 1650s.^[11][f][g] In 1668 Gaeboo Achyok sought assistance from the 5th Dalai Lama, and had an audience with him at Lhasa; that, Bhutanese expansions had triggered conflicts with the Tibetans on multiple fronts, he expected a favorable response.^[17] Two months later, Tibet sent multiple columns of army to invade Bhutan in support of Achyok as well as a certain Nyingma lama of Merak.^[17][h][i]

The invasion was unsuccessful for Tibet — and for Achyok, by extension — and the troops had to be withdrawn.^[17][19][j] An armistice was called by the lamas of Tashilhunpo and other monasteries.^[19] In the post-war negotiations, both Tibet and Bhutan claimed Achyok's territory as theirs.^[19] Finally, a peace treaty was signed in 1669 which called for observation of the status-quo till 1675.^[21][10]

Death

Early in 1675, Achyok informed the Tibetans that the Bhutanese were secretly preparing for an all-out offensive against him before the expiry of the peace treaty.^[22][19] While routine border incursions were commonplace,^[10] this was an unprecedented development and the Dalai Lama ordered a preemptive attack, which was carried out, burning a frontier outpost at Tendung.^[k]Protracted diplomatic negotiations including on the status of Achyok's territory followed at Phari (var. Phag Ri), with Bhutan claiming all rights to Achyok's territory.^[23] By the September 1675, Dalai Lama had unwillingly conceded to Bhutan's hardball tactics but in return, he stopped all border-trade with Bhutan.^[19][23]

The stoppage of border trade appears to have fomented local rebellions which was capitalized by Achyok; in response, Bhutan launched military operations but they proved to be little effective with Achyok capturing the frontier outpost of Daling.^[10][24] Rituals were held in Punakha for the vitalization of Bhutan's forces and by the third month of 1676, the fort was taken back; Gaeboo Achyok was captured and executed while his territories were annexed.^[24] His head and arms were reportedly paraded in public after being staked in a pole.^[25] Gyalsey Tenzin Rabgye even composed a poem of compassion, deeming Achyok to have committed great evil.^[25]

With a new regent at helm of affairs in Tibet, Bhutan's capture of Achyok's territories was not favorably received.^[24] War preparations were initiated, and months later, Tibet would mount the largest ever invasion of Bhutan with eleven columns of army aiming to besiege them from all sides.^[26] Tibet fared better than previous attempts but were yet again warded off.^[26]

Finally, in 1679, another peace deal was agreed upon and the frontiers settled.^[19] Tibetan records mention nothing about this conflict or the deal. However, the massive expansion of Gelugpa Monastery came soon, in what has been since interpreted as a deterrent to Bhutanese expansionism.^[25][19][l]

Political heir

Contrary to popular memory, Gaeboo Achyok was not the last Lepcha "King".^[27] A successor to Achyok had emerged by 1680, called "Monpa Adzin" in Bhutanese records.^[28] He seems to have not taken any side in the Tibeto–Bhutanese conflict but played off the two sides to unknown results. He partook in the negotiations over land rights in lower Chumbi Valley with the representatives of Tibet and Bhutan.^[28] The Bhutanese claim that he took their side in the negotiations, which concluded after over two years in 1687.^[29][m]

By 1690, Bhutanese frontier-men, if not the state, seem to have recovered Damsang for they had erected border cairns.^[31]

Achyok remains a hero to the Lepchas and his birthday — allegedly on 20 December — is commemorated with much fanfare.^[32] In April 2018, both Daling Fort and Damsang Fort were enlisted as heritage sites by West Bengal Heritage Commission.^[33]

• Ardussi, John (1977). Bhutan before the British : a historical study (PDF) (Thesis). Australian National University.
• Ardussi, John (2014), "Lepcha Chieftains of the 17th-18th centuries, based on Tibetan and Bhutanese Sources", Aachuley - A Bilingual Journal Illustrating the Lepcha Way of Life
  • Reprinted in Ardussi, John (2020), "Lepcha Chieftains of the 17th-18th centuries, based on Tibetan and Bhutanese Sources" (PDF), Journal of Bhutan Studies, 43: 1–12, ISSN 1608-411X
• Ardussi, John (2011). "Sikkim and Bhutan in the Crosscurrents of Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Tibetan History". In Anna Balikci-Denjongpa; Alex McKay (eds.). Buddhist Himalaya: Studies in Religion, History and Culture. Vol. II: The Sikkim Papers. Gangtok: Namgyal Institute of Tibetology. pp. 29–42. ISBN 9788192226118.
• Aris, Michael (1979), Bhutan: The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom, Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips Ltd., ISBN 0-85668-082-6
• Mullard, Saul (2011), Opening the Hidden Land: State Formation and the Construction of Sikkimese History, BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-20895-7
• Phuntsho, Karma (2013), The History of Bhutan, Random House India, ISBN 978-81-8400-411-3
• Shakabpa, Tsepon Wangchuk Deden (1984) [first published Yale University Press 1967], Tibet: A Political History, New York: Potala Publications, ISBN 0-9611474-0-7
• Shakabpa, Tsepon Wangchuk Deden (2009), One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet, BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-17732-1
• Rai, Rajiv; Gurung, Mahendra Prasad (2020). "Changing Dynamics of Traditional Culture of Sikkim in Different Times: From the Lepcha Era to the Modern Period". In Sarit K. Chaudhuri; Sameera Maiti; Charisma K. Lepcha (eds.). The Cultural Heritage of Sikkim. Delhi: Routledge. ISBN 9781000079227.
• Sundas, Binayak (2020). "The Process of State Formation and its Impact on Social Formation in Eastern Nepal and Sikkim, Sixteenth-nineteenth Centuries". In Sarit K. Chaudhuri; Sameera Maiti; Charisma K. Lepcha (eds.). The Cultural Heritage of Sikkim. Delhi: Routledge. ISBN 9781000079227.

• Location of the Damsang Fort Ruins, GMaps, retrieved 29 September 2021 - according to Ardussi (2011), p. 40.
• The ancient fort ruins of Damsang and Dalim- Destination for heritage tourism in Kalimpong, CultureScroll.com, 4 September 2020.