Hapa (/ˈhɑːpə/[1]) is a Hawaiian word for someone of multiracial ancestry. In Hawaii, the word refers to any person of mixed ethnic heritage, regardless of the specific mixture.[2][3] The term is used for any multiracial person of partial East Asian, Southeast Asian, or Pacific Islander mixture in California.[1][4][5][6][7] In what can be characterized as trans-cultural diffusion or the wave model, this latter usage has also spread to Massachusetts,[8] Ohio,[9] and Oregon.[10]
Historical and Hawaiian usage
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The word "hapa" entered the Hawaiian language in the early 1800s, with the arrival of Christian missionaries who instituted a Hawaiian alphabet and developed curriculum for schools. It is a transliteration of the English word "half," but quickly came to mean "part," which could be combined with numbers to form fractions. For example, hapalua is half, hapahā is one-fourth, and hapanui means majority.[2][3]
In Hawaii, the term can be used in conjunction with other Hawaiian racial and ethnic descriptors to specify a particular racial or ethnic mixture.[2][3] An example of this is hapa haole (part European/White).[18][19]
Pukui states that the original meaning of the word haole was "foreigner." Therefore, all non-Hawaiians can be called haole.[20] In practical terms, however, the term is used as a racial description for whites, with the specific exclusion of Portuguese. Portuguese are traditionally considered to be a separate race in Hawaii.[21]
Hapa-haole also is the name of a type of Hawaiian music in which the tune, styling, and/or subject matter is Hawaiian, but the lyrics are partly, mostly, or entirely in English.[22] Many hapa-haole songs had their musical roots in the Western tradition, and the lyrics were in some combination of English and Hawaiian; these songs first gained popularity outside the Territory of Hawaii beginning in 1912–1915,[23] and include titles such as "My Little Grass Shack in Kealakekua" and "Sweet Leilani."[24]
Hapa haole is also used for Hawaiian-language hula songs that are partly in English, thus disqualifying them as "authentic" Hawaiian hula in some venues such as the Merrie Monarch Festival.
Controversy
Some see the use of the term to refer to mixed Asian people without any connections to Hawaii as a misappropriation of Hawaiian culture,[25][26] but there are kamaʻāina and Kānaka Maoli who see it as hypocritical to protest anyone using what was originally taken from another culture to begin with.[27][28]
Still others take a stronger stand in discouraging its usage and misuse as they consider the term to be vulgar and racist.[29]
However, the term, unlike other words referring to mixed-race people, has never been a derogatory term when it is used in its original Hawaiian context, although there is some debate about appropriate usage outside this context.[27] As Wei Ming Dariotis states, "'Hapa' was chosen because it was the only word we could find that did not really cause us pain. It is not any of the Asian words for mixed Asian people that contain negative connotations either literally (e.g. 'children of the dust,' 'mixed animal') or by association (Eurasian)."[26]
In popular culture
In 2010, a film called One Big Hapa Family was released about Japanese Canadians.[16][30]
See also
Notes
Citations
Sources
Books
- Huynh-Hohnbaum, Anh-Luu T.; Yoo, Grace J. (2009). "Multiracial Asians and Pacific Islanders". In Chen, Wen-Chu; Yoo, Grace J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Asian American Issues Today. Vol. 1. Greenwood Pub Group. pp. 437–443. ISBN 978-0313347511. OCLC 422757556.
Journal articles
- Bernstein, Mary; De la Cruz, Marcie (2009). ""What are You?": Explaining Identity as a Goal of the Multiracial Hapa Movement". Social Problems. 56 (4): 722–745. doi:10.1525/sp.2009.56.4.722. JSTOR 10.1525/sp.2009.56.4.722.
- Easley, Allen Ken (1995). "Of Children's Plates, Melting Pots, Tossed Salads and Multiple Consciousness: Tales from a Hapa Haole". UCLA Asian Pacific American Law Journal. 3 (1): 75–80. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
- Ozaki, C. Casey; Johnston, Marc (2009). "The space in between: Issues for multiracial student organizations and advising". New Directions for Student Services. 2008 (123): 53–61. doi:10.1002/ss.286.
- Taniguchi, Angela S.; Heidenreich, Linda (June 28, 2006). "Re-Mix: Rethinking the use of Hapa in Mixedrace Asian/Pacific Islander American Community Organizing". Research Exchange. McNair Journal. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
Articles
- Dariotis, Wei Ming (2007). "Hapa: The Word of Power". Mixed Heritage Center. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
- Johnson, Akemi (2016). "Who Gets To Be 'Hapa'?". NPR. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
Videos
- NeSmith, Richard Keao (2018). "The Etymology of Hapa". Japanese American National Museum. Event occurs at 44:35-45:10.
External links
- How the Hawaiian word 'hapa' came to be used by people of mixed heritage (audio)
- Hapa Happy Hour podcast
- "new work by kip fulbeck". hapa.me. November 18, 2018. Retrieved November 19, 2018. online presentation about the Hapa Project