Hindkowans (lit. 'Indo-Aryan-speakers'),[1][2] also known as the Hindki,[3][4] is a contemporary designation for speakers of Indo-Aryan languages who live among the neighbouring Pashtuns,[5][2] particularly the speakers of various Hindko dialects of Western Punjabi (Lahnda).[2][6] The origins of the term refer merely to the speakers of Indo-Aryan languages rather than to any particular ethnic group.[2] The term is not only applied to several forms of "Northern Lahnda" but also to the Saraiki dialects of the districts of Dera Ghazi Khan, Mianwali, and Dera Ismail Khan, which border the southern Pashto-speaking areas.[5]
According to the 2017 census of Pakistan Hindko is spoken by 5 million people in the country.[7]
There is no generic name for the speakers of Hindko because they belong to diverse ethnic groups and tend to identify themselves by the larger families or castes. However, the Hindko-speaking community belonging to the Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are sometimes recognised collectively as Hazarewal.[8] A portion of Hindko speakers in the Hazara Division claim Pashtun ancestry.[9] Some of those speak Hindko as their mother tongue while others as a second language.[9] These include the Tahirkhelis, Yusufzais, Jadoons and Tareens.[9] The other Hindko speakers include the Sayyids, Awans, Mughals, Malik, Tanolis, Swatis, Turks, Qureshis and Gujjars.[9]
There is also a small diaspora in Afghanistan, which includes members of the Hindu and Sikh community who became established there during the Sikh Empire in the first half of the 19th century.[10] Most of them have emigrated since the rise of the Taliban, and the total population of Sikhs, Hindko-speaking or not, was estimated at 300 families (as of 2018).[11] They are commonly known as Hindki.[12][13]
Those Hindko speakers, mainly Hindu and Sikhs, who after the partition of India migrated to the independent republic, occasionally identify with the broader Punjabi community;[14] since Hindko is little known and reside the Indian states of Punjab and Jammu & Kashmir.[14][15][16]
Prior to the partition of India, the Hindu and Sikh Hindkowans exercised urban economic power in the North-West Frontier Province of colonial India.[17][18][6][19][20] They were primarily traders and merchants and over time, settled in areas as far as Kalat, Balochistan.[21][22][6][16]
Origin
The word "Hindko" is a collective label for a diverse group of Lahnda (Western Punjabi) dialects of very different groups, not all of which are even geographically contiguous, spoken by people of various ethnic backgrounds in several areas in Pakistan, primarily in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab.[23][24] The term "Hindko" is a Pashto word[citation needed] most commonly taken to have originally meant "the Indian language" or "language of Hind",[a][25][27][2][28] but it has developed to denote the Indo-Aryan speech forms spoken in the northern Indian subcontinent,[25][6][26] in contrast to the neighbouring Pashto, an Iranic language.[2][6][29]
Social setting
There is no generic name for the speakers of Hindko because they belong to diverse ethnic groups and tend to identify themselves by the larger families or castes. However, the Hindko-speaking community belonging to the Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are sometimes recognized collectively as Hazarewal.[30] A portion of Hindko speakers in the Hazara Division claim Pashtun ancestry.[9] Some of those speak Hindko as their mother tongue while others as a second language.[9] These include the Tahirkhelis, Yusufzais, Jadoons and Tareens.[9] The other Hindko speakers include the Sayyids, Awans, Mughals, Malik, Raja, kumar, khatri, sethi, Tanolis, Swatis, Turks, Qureshis and Gujjars.[9]
The most common second language for Hindko-speakers in Pakistan is Urdu and the second most common one is Pashto.[31] In most Hindko-speaking areas, speakers of Pashto live in the same or neighboring communities (although this is less true in Abbottabad and Kaghan Valley). The relationship between Hindko and its neighbors is not one of stable bilingualism. In terms of domains of use and number of speakers, Hindko is dominant and growing in the north-east; in Hazara for example, it is displacing Pashto as the language in use among the few Swatis that speak it,[32] and in the Neelam Valley of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, it is gaining ground at the expense of the minority languages like Kashmiri.[33] In the cities of Kohat and Peshawar, on the other hand, it is Hindko that is in a weaker position. With the exodus of the Hindko-speaking Hindus and Sikhs after partition and the consequent influx of Pashtuns into the vacated areas of the urban economy, there have been signs of a shift towards Pashto.[34][35]
Notable Hindko-speakers
- Ahmad Faraz[36]
- Ali Khan Jadoon
- Anwar Shamim[37]
- Asghar Khan[38]
- Ayub Khan[39]
- Azam Khan Swati[40][41]
- Baba Haider Zaman
- Bashir Ahmad Bilour[42]
- Bashir Jehangiri[43]
- Dilip Kumar,[15][44] stage name for Yusuf Khan
- Firdous Jamal[45]
- Gohar Ayub Khan[39]
- Ghulam Ahmad Bilour[42][46]
- Haider Zaman Khan[47]
- Imran Ashraf[48]
- Iqbal Zafar Jhagra[49]
- Jalal Baba[50]
- Mehtab Abbasi[51]
- Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi[52][53]
- Mulk Raj Anand[15]
- Murtaza Javed Abbasi[54]
- Omar Ayub Khan[39]
- Qateel Shifai[55]
- Raj Kapoor[15][56]
- Sardar Zahoor Ahmad
- Sardar Muhammad Yousuf
- Salahuddin Tirmizi[57][58]
- Shibli Faraz[36]
- Vinod Khanna[15]
- Yasir Hameed[59]
- Zahirul Islam Abbasi[60]
See also
Notes and references
Bibliography
- Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7.
- Rahman, Tariq (1996). Language and politics in Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577692-8.
- Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5.
- Shackle, Christopher (1979). "Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab". Transactions of the Philological Society. 77 (1): 191–210. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x. ISSN 0079-1636.
- Akhtar, Raja Nasim; Rehman, Khawaja A. (2007). "The Languages of the Neelam Valley". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 10 (1): 65–84. ISSN 1028-6640.
- Shackle, Christopher (1983). "Language, Dialect and Local Identity in Northern Pakistan". In Wolfgang-Peter Zingel; Stephanie Zingel-Avé Lallemant (eds.). Pakistan in Its Fourth Decade: Current Political, Social and Economic Situation and Prospects for the 1980s. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Orient-Instituts. Vol. 23. Hamburg: Deutsches Orient-Institut. pp. 175–87.
- Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.