Historical armorial of U.S. states from 1876

Heraldic arms were worn (embroidered) on a coat which knights wore over their armor, hence coat of arms,^[1] a term which dates back roughly 1,000 years^[2] to jousting tournaments.^[3]

Arms versus seal

A state coat of arms may exist independently of the seal, but the reverse is not generally the case.^[4] A seal contains a coat of arms or other devices^[5][6] whereas a state coat of arms constitutes the bulk of a seal,^[6][7] except for the wording identifying it as the "Great Seal of the State of..."^[8] A "seal" has been described as the design impressed on public or legislative official documents,^[9] whereas a coat of arms generally appears for illustrative purposes. Examples include flags and banners,^[10] and state militia uniform caps^[11] and buttons,^[12] as well as specifically-designed regimental coats of arms for U.S. Infantry Regiments, and National Guard units.^[13]

A coat of arms of a nation or state is usually the design or device of the obverse of its seal. It is an official emblem, mark of identification, and symbol of the authority of the government of a nation or state. A nation or state's coat of arms is oftentimes referred to as the national or state arms.^[14]

Design

The design of a state coat of arms or seal has generally been authorized by a provision in the state constitution or a legislative act. In most instances, a committee (more often than not consisting of three members)^{[15][16][17][18]} was appointed to study the issue, seek advice from qualified artists, historians, legal scholars, etc., and report back to the authorizing legislative body with a design for their approval. Historically, this committee has consisted of notable members of society and elected officials.

The first committee to design the Great Seal of the United States was appointed on 4 July 1776 by the Second Continental Congress and consisted of Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson.^[19] Their design was rejected on 20 August 1776. The second committee (James Lovell, John Morin Scott, and William Churchill Houston) design met with the same fate.^[15] It was the third committee (Arthur Middleton, Elias Boudinot, John Rutledge, who consulted with William Barton) that submitted a design which was approved on 20 July 1782.^[15]

Individual states approached their coats of arms and seals in a similar manner (i.e., seeking direction from the statesmen and scholars of their community). A few of those involved in the design of state arms and seals include (but is not limited to): John Jay and Gouverneur Morris (New York);^[16] Francis Hopkinson (New Jersey);^[20] David Rittenhouse and George Clymer (Pennsylvania);^[18] and George Mason, Benjamin Franklin, Benjamin West, and Thomas Jefferson (Virginia).^[21]

Authority

An impression of the Great Seal of a state (or its coat of arms) has long been required on official documents ranging from deeds to legislative acts. It was the emblem that certified the authenticity of a given document^[14][22] or that the authority of the state was invested in the said document.^[22] Judicial decisions upheld the need for a valid seal and/or coat of arms on notarized documents.^{[nb 1]}

One of the more compelling legislative actions recognizing the legal importance/authority of the state seal and arms occurred in February 1873 when a joint session of the United States Congress refused to recognize Arkansas's electoral votes in the November 1872 presidential election.^[23] The official tally of the state's electoral votes was submitted with an invalid seal (bearing the coat of arms of the office of the Secretary of the State of Arkansas versus the seal of the state of Arkansas bearing the state arms).^[23][24][25]

Regulation

Courts and state legislatures also opined on the inappropriate uses of state seals and arms. Most states barred their use for any kind of advertising.^{[nb 2]} Reproduction for corporate use was similarly prohibited^[26] and such infractions were classified as offenses against public property.^[27] The 2003 Code of Federal Regulations pertaining to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives prohibits the use of state seals or coats of arms in product branding so as not to mislead the public into thinking that a commercial product has been endorsed by a government organization.^[28]

Instances of design inaccuracies

A state coat of arms provided an opportunity to convey the natural and industrial resources available to its residents.^[31] Common themes depicted in state arms include farming, industry, transportation (e.g., boats, trains, and wagons), and nature (e.g., sunsets and mountains). The Ohio and Indiana state arms depict fairly substantial mountains in the distance. In reality, the highest points in Ohio and Indiana are Campbell Hill (1,550 feet (470 m))^[32] and Hoosier Hill (1,257 feet (383 m))^[33] respectively.

The Florida state arms also depicts mountains in the distance but the highest point in the state is 345 feet (105 m) feet high.^[34] In addition to the distortion of local geography,^[35] the image also contains historically inaccurate information. The period depicted in the state arms (c. 1830) was a time when the local Seminole Native Americans were hostile toward white settlers; the warm greeting (e.g., flower petals strewn on the ground) offered by the Seminole to the arriving steam ship would have been highly improbable.^[35] Furthermore, the Seminole woman depicted would not have worn any headdress, particularly one of northern and western Seminole tribes.^[35]

Published in 1876 by Louis Prang and illustrated by Henry Mitchell, State Arms of the Union contains a chromolithographed title page depicting the Great Seal of the United States and seven color plates with 45 state and territorial coats of arms. The book was likely published for the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition.^[36]

Louis Prang

Louis Prang was born 12 March 1824 in Breslau. At the age of 13 he began apprenticing for his father^[37] and learned to dye and print calico, as well as wood and metal engraving.^[38] Prang emigrated to Boston in 1850 and became an illustrator for a number of local publications.^[39] Starting a business partnership in 1856 to manufacture copper and lithographic plates, Prang became sole proprietor in 1860 and named the company L. Prang & Co.^[38] He specialized in color printing, more specifically "chromolithography"^[37] Prang spent over four decades studying and creating a standard of colors^[40] and engraved and printed maps, prints of contemporary celebrities, and color reproductions of famous works of art.^[39]

In 1875 Prang was responsible for introducing the Christmas card to America.^[38] He created an annual design competition for his Christmas cards (run between 1880 and 1884), and judges included John La Farge, Samuel Colman, Stanford White, and Louis Comfort Tiffany.^[37] Some of the notable winners included Elihu Vedder, Rosina Emmet Sherwood, Edwin Blashfield,^[37] Thomas Moran, and Will Hicok Low.^[39] Prang has become known as the "father of the American Christmas card",^[37][38][39] as well as the "father of the lithographic industry".^[40][41]

Henry Mitchell

Henry Mitchell was born in New York in 1835 and went to school in Philadelphia.^[42] At the age of 10 he began working with his uncle^[43] to learn the trade of gem and steel engraving.^[44] By the age of 20 (1855), Mitchell had engraved the official seals for the Kingdom of Hawaii.^[44][45]

In 1868 Mitchell joined the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and for 40 years engraved stamped envelopes.^[46] Through his BEP work, Mitchell was also responsible for engraving the seal of the Secretary of the Navy and the Internal Revenue Service.^[45] He also engraved the state seals for Massachusetts,^[44] New York,^[45] New Hampshire,^[45] Vermont,^[44] Rhode Island,^[43] and Wisconsin.^[47] Outside of state and federal government engraving, Mitchell engraved the seals and coats of arms for many well-known institutions which include Harvard University, Society of the Cincinnati, and Boston Public Library.^[45] He engraved the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition award medal (1876) which was struck in the Philadelphia Mint.^[48] In 1891, Mitchell was invited by the Secretary of the Treasury to join a committee to evaluate the artistic design proposals for a new issue of U.S. coins. The two other members were Charles E. Barber, Chief Engraver of the United States Mint, and Augustus Saint-Gaudens.^[49][50]

In addition to being considered an expert on heraldry,^[45] Mitchell was regarded as one of the best engravers^[42][43] and medal designers in the United States.^[51]

The National Bank Act (12 Stat. 532) authorized the issue of a national currency. Historical vignettes on the front and back were the same by denomination (e.g., Landing of Columbus was on the reverse of all $5 notes)^[52] and the state coat of arms (located on the reverse left side) was coordinated with the geographic location of the issuing bank.^[52] Records do not clearly state who bore the responsibility for the design of the state arms (i.e., the U.S. Treasury Department, or the three bank note companies contracted for engraving and printing).^[53] It appears that the first dies (for New Jersey, Missouri, Minnesota, and Vermont) were completed by the American Bank Note Company by 9 October 1863 based on their own drawings.^[54] State arms appeared on the reverse of the Original and 1875 Series notes (first and second issue of the first design), and the 1882 Brown Back Series (the second design) of National Bank Notes.

Examples of arms depicted on Colonial and National currency

Location	Colonial Currency	National Banknotes	Information
Connecticut			Colonial (1775)[nb 3] National (1863)[nb 4]
Maryland			Colonial (1770) National (1864)[nb 4]
Rhode Island			Colonial (1738) National (1863)[nb 4]
South Carolina			Colonial (1778) National (1865)[nb 4]

The main table contains four columns. Location refers to either the territory or state and is linked to the most relevant article (e.g., Seal of... or Coat of arms of...). All but one of the illustrations are included in a relevant article. Coat of arms contains the State Arms of the Union illustrations. National Bank Note contains the state arms found on U.S. National Currency between 1863 and the 1890s. Information lists the date of statehood and/or territorial organic act date and the date the state or territorial arms were accepted by constitutional convention or legislative assembly.

Historical coats of arms

Location	Coat of arms[nb 5]	National Bank Note	Information[nb 6]
Alabama			1819-12-14Statehood – 14 December 1819 Arms – 29 December 1868[56]
Arkansas			1836-06-15Statehood – 15 June 1836 Arms – 3 May 1864[57]
California			1850-09-09Statehood – 9 September 1850 Arms – 2 October 1849[56]
Colorado			1876-08-01Statehood – 1 August 1876 Arms – 13 June 1877[58]
Connecticut			1788-01-09Statehood – 9 January 1788 Arms – October 1842[59]
Dakota Territory			1861-03-02Organic Act – 2 March 1861[60] Arms – 3 January 1863[61]
Delaware			1787-12-07Statehood – 7 December 1787 Arms – 18 January 1847[62]
District of Columbia			1790-02-21Organic Act – 21 February 1790[60] Arms – 3 August 1871[63]
Florida			1845-03-03Statehood – 3 March 1845 Arms – 6 August 1868[64]
Georgia			1788-01-02Statehood – 2 January 1788 Arms – 8 February 1799[65]
Idaho Territory			1863-03-03Organic Act – 3 March 1863[66] Arms – 13 March 1866[67] Statehood – 3 July 1890
Illinois			1818-12-03Statehood – 3 December 1818 Arms – 7 March 1867[68]
Indiana			1816-12-11Statehood – 11 December 1816 Arms – 13 December 1816[69]
Iowa			1846-12-28Statehood – 28 December 1846 Arms – 25 February 1847[70]
Kansas			1861-01-29Statehood – 29 January 1861 Arms – 25 May 1861[71][nb 7]
Kentucky			1792-06-01Statehood – 1 June 1792 Arms – 20 December 1792[73][nb 8]
Louisiana			1812-04-30Statehood – 30 April 1812 Arms – 23 December 1813[nb 9][nb 10]
Maine			1820-03-15Statehood – 15 March 1820 Arms – 9 June 1820[77][78]
Maryland			1788-04-28Statehood – 28 April 1788 Arms – 18 March 1876[77][nb 11][nb 12]
Massachusetts			1788-02-06Statehood – 6 February 1788 Arms – 13 December 1780[81]
Michigan			1837-01-26Statehood – 26 January 1837 Arms – 2 June 1835[82]
Minnesota			1858-05-11Statehood – 11 May 1858 Arms – 16 July 1858[83]
Mississippi			1817-12-10Statehood – 10 December 1817 Arms – 6 February 1894[nb 13]
Missouri			1821-08-10Statehood – 10 August 1821 Arms – 11 January 1822[86][nb 14]
Montana Territory			1864-05-26Organic Act – 26 May 1864[66] Arms – 9 February 1865[88][nb 15] Statehood – 8 November 1889
Nebraska			1867-03-01Statehood – 1 March 1867 Arms – 15 June 1867[90][nb 16]
Nevada			1864-10-31Statehood – 31 October 1864 Arms – 24 February 1866[91]
New Hampshire			1788-06-21Statehood – 21 June 1788 Arms – 12 February 1785[92]
New Jersey			1787-12-18Statehood – 18 December 1787 Arms – 10 September 1776[82][nb 17]
New Mexico Territory		[nb 18]	1912-01-06Organic Act – 9 September 1850[60] Arms – 1 February 1887[94] Statehood – 6 January 1912
New York			1788-07-26Statehood – 26 July 1788 Arms – 27 March 1809[95]
North Carolina			1789-11-21Statehood – 21 November 1789 Arms – 1835[96]
North Dakota	[nb 19]		1889-11-02Statehood – 2 November 1889 Arms – 1 October 1889[98]
Ohio			1803-03-01Statehood – 1 March 1803 Arms – 1 March 1803[nb 20]
Oregon			1859-02-14Statehood – 14 February 1859 Arms – 2 June 1859[99]
Pennsylvania			1787-12-12Statehood – 12 December 1787 Arms – 17 March 1875[100]
Rhode Island			1790-05-29Statehood – 29 May 1790 Arms – 24 February 1875[101][nb 21]
South Carolina			1788-05-23Statehood – 23 May 1788 Arms – 2 April 1776[102]
South Dakota	[nb 22]		1889-11-02Statehood – 2 November 1889 Arms – 1 October 1889[103]
Tennessee			1796-06-01Statehood – 1 June 1796 Arms – 24 April 1802[104][nb 23]
Texas			1845-12-29Statehood – 29 December 1845 Arms – 25 January 1839[105]
Utah Territory			1850-09-09Organic Act – 9 September 1850[60] Arms – 9 September 1850[106] Statehood – 4 January 1896
Vermont			1791-03-04Statehood – 4 March 1791 Arms – 20 February 1779[107][nb 24]
Virginia			1788-06-25Statehood – 25 June 1788 Arms – 1776[nb 25][nb 26]
Washington	[nb 27]		1889-06-04Organic Act – 2 March 1853[60] Arms – 28 February 1854[111]
West Virginia			1863-06-20Statehood – 20 June 1863 Arms – 26 September 1863[112][nb 28]
Wisconsin			1848-05-29Statehood – 29 May 1848 Arms – 29 December 1851[113]
Wyoming Territory			1868-07-25Organic Act – 25 July 1868[114] Statehood – 10 July 1890

Missing territorial or state coats of arms

When State Arms of the Union was published in 1876, some existing arms were not included (e.g., Arizona and Washington Territory). At the time, Alaska was classified as the Department of Alaska (1867–84) and became the District of Alaska (1884–1912) before becoming the Territory of Alaska (1912–59). The Alaska territorial seal was designed in 1910^[115] and adopted in 1913.^[116] On 3 January 1959 Alaska became the 49th U.S. State.^[117] The Oklahoma Territory (1890–1907) Organic Act was approved on 2 May 1890, and a territorial seal was adopted on 10 January 1893.^[118] Hawaii, formerly the Kingdom of Hawaii (1795–1893), Republic of Hawaii (1894–98), and then Territory of Hawaii (1898–1959) became the 50th U.S. State on 21 August 1959.^[119] None of the territories or states mentioned above had a coat of arms represented on national currency.

• Coats of arms of the U.S. states

Citations

Sources

• Evans, Edward S. (1910). "The Seals of Virginia". Report of the Virginia State Library. 7. Davis Bottom.
• Friedberg, Arthur L.; Friedberg, Ira S. (2013). Paper Money of the United States: A Complete Illustrated Guide With Valuations (20th ed.). Coin & Currency Institute. ISBN 978-0-87184-520-7.
• Hessler, Gene (1993). The Engraver's Line – An Encyclopedia of Paper Money & Postage Stamp Art. BNR Press. ISBN 0-931960-36-3.
• Huntoon, Peter W. (1995). United States Large Size National Bank Notes. Society of Paper Money Collectors, Inc. ISBN 0-9648774-1-4.
• Huntoon, Peter; Shiva, Andrew (2013). "Seal Varieties on Series 1882 National Bank Note Backs". Paper Money. 52 (1). spmc.org: 10–20.
• Newman, Eric P. (2008). The Early Paper Money of America (5 ed.). Krause Publications.
• Shankle, George E. (1941). State Names, Flags, Seals, Songs, Birds, Flowers, and Other Symbols (Revised ed.). H.W. Wilson Company.
• Willson, Marcius (1864). American History... Ivison, Phinney, Blakeman & Co.
• Zieber, Eugene (1895). Heraldry in America. The Bailey, Banks & Biddle Company.
• Zieber, Eugene (1895). Heraldry in America. The Bailey, Banks & Biddle Company.

• Huntoon, Peter; Shiva, Andrew (2013c). "Philatelist was Catalyst for Revisions". Paper Money. 52 (5). spmc.org: 331–338.
• Prather, Dewitt G. (1986). United States National Banknotes and Their Seals. Dewitt G. Prather. ISBN 0-9616836-0-0.
• Shiva, Andrew; Huntoon, Peter (2013). "Wyoming & Idaho State Seals & Utah Territorials". Paper Money. 52 (3). spmc.org: 182–195.
• Stauffer, David M. (1907). American Engravers Upon Copper and Steel. The Grolier Club of the City of New York.

• Heraldry of the World (U.S. States) at ngw.nl (archived)