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Languages of Cameroon

Cameroon is home to at least 250 languages,[2][3] with some accounts reporting around 600.[4] These include 55 Afro-Asiatic languages, two Nilo-Saharan languages, four Ubangian languages, and 169 Niger–Congo languages. This latter group comprises one Senegambian language (Fulfulde), 28 Adamawa languages, and 142 Benue–Congo languages (130 of which are Bantu languages).[5]French and English are official languages, a heritage of Cameroon's colonial past as a colony of both France and the United Kingdom from 1916 to 1961. Eight out of the ten regions of Cameroon are primarily francophone, representing 83% of the country's population, and two are anglophone, representing 17%. The official percentage of French and English speakers by the Presidency of Cameroon is estimated to be 70% and 30% respectively. [6]

Languages of Cameroon
Sign in Rumpi Hills in French and English
OfficialFrench, English
National55 Afro-Asiatic languages, 2 Nilo-Saharan languages, and 173 Niger–Congo languages
SignedAmerican Sign Language (Francophone African Sign Language)
Keyboard layout
Lingua franca(s)French, English, Camfranglais, Cameroonian Pidgin English, Fulfulde, Chadian Arabic
Knowledge of French in Cameroon in 2005, according to the OIF.[1] In 2005 18% of the population were "real" French speakers and another 26.8% were "partial French speakers". Both figures are estimations.
Map of Cameroon's official languages. Blue: French speaking regions and countries. Red: English speaking regions and countries. Grey: Trilingual Spanish, Portuguese and French speaking country (Equatorial Guinea).
Map of the region's indigenous languages.

Cameroon is a Francophone country, and in 2023, French is spoken by 11.8 million people out of 28.7 million (41.17%).[7]

The nation strives toward bilingualism, but in reality very few (11.6%) Cameroonians are literate in both French and English, and 28.8% are literate in neither.[8] The government has established several bilingual schools in an effort to teach both languages more evenly; however, in reality most of these schools separate the anglophone and francophone sections and therefore do not provide a true bilingual experience.[9] Cameroon is a member of both the Commonwealth of Nations and La Francophonie. German, the country's official language during the German colonial period until World War I, has nowadays almost entirely yielded to its two successors. However, as a foreign language subject German still enjoys huge popularity among pupils and students, with 300,000 people learning or speaking German in Cameroon in 2010. Today, Cameroon is one of the African countries with the highest number of people with knowledge of German.[10]

Most people in the English-speaking Northwest and Southwest provinces speak Cameroonian Pidgin English, also called Kamtok, as a lingua franca.[11] Fulfulde serves the same function in the north, and Ewondo in much of the Center, South, and East provinces.[12]Camfranglais (or Frananglais) is a relatively new pidgin communication form emerging in urban areas and other locations where Anglophone and Francophone Cameroonians meet and interact. Popular singers have used the hybrid language and added to its popularity.[13]

Education for the deaf in Cameroon uses American Sign Language, introduced by the deaf American missionary Andrew Foster.[citation needed]

There is little literature, radio, or television programming in native Cameroonian languages. Nevertheless, many Cameroonian languages have alphabets or other writing systems, many developed by the Christian missionary group SIL International, who have translated the Bible, Christian hymns, and other materials. The General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages was developed in the late 1970s as an orthographic system for all Cameroonian languages.

In the late 19th century, the Bamum script was developed by Sultan Ibrahim Njoya to write the Bamum (Shüpamom) language.[14]

Official languages

R.
1
2
-
-
-
-

Literacy in official languages
according to the 2005 census[8]
(population of age 12 and above)
Language%#
French (total)57.66,405,981
English (total)25.22,802,794
   French only46.05,112,479
   English only13.61,509,292
   French and English11.61,293,502
   Neither French nor English28.83,199,221
Total100,0011,114,495[15]
R.
1
2
-
-
-
-
-

Literacy in official languages
according to the 2005 census[8]
(population of age 15 and above)
Language%#
French (total)575,566,339
English (total)252,448,914
   French only454,401,333
   English only131,283,908
   French and English121,165,006
   Neither French nor English302,909,664
   Undetermined185,568
Total100,009,845,479[16]

Literacy in French for individuals of age 12 and above rose from 41.3% to 57.6%[17] between 1987 and 2005 while that of English rose from 13.4% to 25.3%.[18] The global proportion of individuals literate in official languages has thus markedly increased between 1987 and 2005, rising from 53.3% to 71.2%.[19]

In 2005, the probability to be literate in French while being anglophone was 0.46 while that of being literate in English while being francophone was 0.20, resulting from the predominant status of the French language in Cameroon as a whole.

Indigenous languages

Most of the 260 languages spoken in Cameroon are indigenous languages. With a population estimated in 25 million people, UNESCO classified the country as a distinctive cultural density. The National Institute of Statistics of Cameroon reported that four percent of the indigenous languages have disappeared since 1950. Currently, ten percent of them are neglected, and seven percent of them are considered as threatened.[20]

Ethnologue

The following list of languages in Cameroon is mostly based from Ethnologue.

NameSpeakers
Abo
Afade
Aghem[21]26,700[22]
Akoose[23]100,000[22]
Akum
Ambele
Arabic, Chadian[24]145,000[24]
Atong[25]4,200[22]
Awing[26]19,000[22]
Baba[27]24,500[22]
Babanki[28]22,500[22]
Bafanji[29]17,000[22]
Bafaw-balong[30]8,400[22]
Bafia[31]60,000[22]
Bafut[32]105,000[22]
Baka[33]40,000[22]
Bakaka[34]30,000[22]
Bakoko[35]50,000[22]
Bakole
Bakundu-balue
Bakweri
Baldamu4
Balo
Balundu-bima[36]106,000[22]
Bamali[37]10,800[22]
Bambalang[38]29,000[22]
Bambili-Bambui[39]10,000[22]
Bamenyam[40]4,000[22]
Bamukumbit[41]12,000[22]
Bamum (Shüpamom)[42]215,000[22]
Bamunka[43]31,000[22]
Bana[44]23,000[22]
Bangandu
Bangolan[45]13,500[22]
Bangwa
Bankon[46]12,000[22]
Lamnso
Barombi[47]3,000[22]
Bassa[48]230,000[22]
Bassossi[49]5,000[22]
Bata
Batanga6,000
Bati
Bayangam
Beba[50]3,000[22]
Bebe
Bebele[51]24,000[22]
Bebil[52]6,000[22]
Beezen
Befang
Bekwel
Beti
Bikya
Bishuo
Bitare
Bokyi
Bomwali
Bu
Bubia
Buduma
Bulu[53]858,000[22]
Bum[54]21,400[22]
Bumbung
Busam
Busuu3
Buwal[55]7,000[22]
Byep[56]9,500[22]
Caka[57]5,000[22]
Cung
Cuvok[58]5,000[22]
Daba[59]24,000[22]
Dama
Dek
Denya[60]11,200[22]
Dii[61]47,000[22]
Dimbong
Doyayo[62]18,000[22]
Duala[63]87,700[22]
Dugun[64]7,000[22]
Dugwor[65]5,000[22]
Duli
Duupa[66]5,000[22]
Dzodinka2,600
Efik
Ejagham
Elip[52]6,400[22]
Eman
Esimbi[67]20,000[22]
Eton[68]52,000[22]
Evand
Ewondo[69]578,000[22]
Fali
Fang111,000
Fe'fe'[70]124,000[22]
Fulfulde12,000,000
Gaduwa
Gavar[71]7,000[22]
Gbaya-Mbodomo[72]20,000[22]
Ghomala[73]260,000[22]
Gidar[74]54,000[22]
Gyele[75]4,250[22]
Gimme[76]3,000[22]
Gimnime[77]3,000[22]
Hausa25,000
Hdi[78]25,000[22]
Iceve-Maci[79]7,000[22]
Isu[80]10,400[22]
Jimi[81]3,500[22]
Kako[82]100,000[22]
Karang[83]17,000[22]
Kemedzung[84]4,500[22]
Kenswei Nsei[85]25,000[22]
Kenyang[86]65,000[22]
Kol[87]12,000[22]
Kom[88]233,000[22]
Koonzime[89]30,000[22]
Kotoko
Kwasio / Ngumba[90]9,000[22]
Kwakum[91]10,000[22]
Kwanja[92]20,000[22]
Kuk[93]3,000[22]
La’bi[94]4,400[22]
Laimbue[95]5,000[22]
Lefa[96]10,000[22]
Limbum[97]73,000[22]
Ncane[98]15,500[22]
Ngiemboon[99]250,000
Ngomba[100]63,000[22]
North Giziga[101]20,000[22]
North Mofu[102]27,500[22]
Mafa[103]136,000[22]
Makaa[104]80,000[22]
Malgbe[105]6,000[22]
Mambai[106]8,000[22]
Mambila[107]30,000[22]
Manta[108]5,300[22]
Massa
Matal[109]18,000[22]
Mazagway[110]17,000[22]
Mbedam[111]6,000[22]
Mbo[112]45,000[22]
Mbum[113]38,600[22]
Mbuko[114]13,000[22]
Medumba[115]210,000[22]
Mefele[116]11,000[22]
Mendankwe-Nkwen[117]23,100[22]
Mengaka[118]20,000[22]
Mengisa[119]20,000[22]
Menka[120]5,200[22]
Merey[121]10,000[22]
Mesaka[122]14,000[22]
Meta'[123]87,000[22]
Mfumte[124]24,700[22]
Mmaala[125]5,300[22]
Mmen[126]35,000[22]
Mokpwe[127]32,200[22]
Mousgoum
Mouse
Moghamo
Mofu-gudur[128]60,000[22]
Moloko[129]8,500[22]
Mpade[130]16,000[22]
Mpongmpong[131]45,000[22]
Mundang
Mundani[132]34,000[22]
Musgu[133]61,500[22]
Muyang[134]30,000[22]
Nda'nda'[135]10,000[22]
Ndemli[136]5,950[22]
Nga'ka[137]50,100[22]
Ngamambo[138]8,000[22]
Ngemba[139]18,800[22]
Ngie[140]37,000[22]
Ngombale[141]45,000[22]
Ngoshie[142]9,200[22]
Ngwo[143]22,000[22]
Nomaande[144]6,000[22]
Noone[145]25,000[22]
North Fali[146]16,000[22]
Nso'[147]125,000[22]
Nugunu[148]35,000[22]
Nweh[149]73,200[22]
Nyong[150]30,000[22]
Oku[151]40,000[22]
Parkwa[152]30,000[22]
Peere[153]15,000[22]
Pinyin[154]24,600[22]
Pol[155]38,700[22]
Psikye[156]40,500[22]
Saari[157]7,000[22]
Sharwa[158]5,100[22]
So[159]9,000[22]
South Fali[160]20,000[22]
South Giziga[161]60 000[22]
Suga[162]10,000[22]
Tikar[163]25,000[22]
Tigon Mbembe[164]36,000[22]
Toupouri[165]125,000[22]
Tunen[166]35,300[22]
Tuki[167]26,000[22]
Usaghade[168]10,000[22]
Vame[169]8,500[22]
Vengo[170]27,000[22]
Vute[171]20,000[22]
Wandala[172]23,500[22]
Weh[173]6,900[22]
Wushi[174]25,000[22]
Wumboko[175]4,000[22]
Wuzlam[176]10,500[22]
Yabassi
Yamba[177]40,800[22]
Yambeta[178]3,700[22]
Yemba[179]300,000[22]
Zulgo-Gemzek[180]26,000[22]
Mousgoum, Massa, Kotoko, and Mousseye are spoken on the Logone River in the Far North.[22]
Gyele[22]
Psikye[22]

ALCAM (2012)

The Atlas linguistique du Cameroun (ALCAM, or "Linguistic Atlas of Cameroon") lists about 250 languages in Cameroon. The list is provided below.[181]

CodeLanguage nameFrench spellingOther namesClassification
001FulfuldeFulfuldeSenegambian
002KanuriKanuriSaharan
003SaraSaraCentral Sudanic
004Pidgin EnglishPidgin-Englishcreole
005ArabicArabeSemitic
101HausaHausaWest Chadic
102GedarGédarCentral Chadic
103MunjukMunjukCentral Chadic
104YedinaYedinaCentral Chadic
105KeraKeraEast Chadic
111WandalaWandalaCentral Chadic
112GelvaldaxaGélvaldaxaCentral Chadic
113ParekwaParékwaCentral Chadic
121GevokoGévokoCentral Chadic
122HdiHdiCentral Chadic
123MabasMabasCentral Chadic
131PelaslaPélaslaCentral Chadic
132MbukoMbukoCentral Chadic
140MatalMatalCentral Chadic
151WuzlamWuzlamCentral Chadic
152MuyangMuyangCentral Chadic
153MadaMadaCentral Chadic
154MelokwoMélokwoCentral Chadic
161Zelgwa MinewZélgwa MinewCentral Chadic
162DugworDugworCentral Chadic
163MereyMereyCentral Chadic
164GemzekGemzekCentral Chadic
171GizigaGizigaCentral Chadic
173Mofu-DuvangarMofu-DuvangarMofou-NordCentral Chadic
174Mofu-GudurMofu-GudurMofou-SudCentral Chadic
175BaldamuBaldamuCentral Chadic
181CuvokCuvokCentral Chadic
182MefeleMefeleCentral Chadic
183MafaMafaCentral Chadic
191PsikyaPsikyáCentral Chadic
192HyaHyaCentral Chadic
193BanaBanaCentral Chadic
211JimjimenJimjiménCentral Chadic
212GudeGudeCentral Chadic
213ZizilivekenZizilivékénCentral Chadic
214SharwaSharwaCentral Chadic
215TsuvanTsuvanCentral Chadic
220NjanyiNjanyiCentral Chadic
230GbwataGbwataCentral Chadic
240Buwal–GavarBuwal–GavarCentral Chadic
251BesleriBesleriCentral Chadic
252DabaDabaCentral Chadic
253Mazagway HideMazagway HideCentral Chadic
254MbedamMbédamCentral Chadic
261JinaJinaCentral Chadic
262MajeraMajéraCentral Chadic
271LagwanLagwanCentral Chadic
272MserMsérCentral Chadic
281AfadeAfadéCentral Chadic
282MaslamMaslamCentral Chadic
283MalgbeMalgbeCentral Chadic
284MpadeMpadéCentral Chadic
291MasaMasaMasa
292ZumayaZumayaMasa
293MuseyMuseyMasa
294ZimeZimeMasa
300SambaSambaSamba
301LongtoLóñtóVere-Duru
302PaarePáárePááráVere-Duru
303DoayoDoayoDoyayoVere-Duru
304TupuriTupuriMbum
305MundangMundañMbum
306MambayMambayMbum
307DamaDamaMbum
308MonoMonoMbum
309BakaBakaUbangian
311KoboKoboVere-Duru
312Koma NderaKoma NderaVere-Duru
321GimnimeGímnímeVere-Duru
322KompanaKompanaVere-Duru
330DuupaDuupaVere-Duru
341DugunDugunVere-Duru
342DiiDiiVere-Duru
343KolbilaKolbilaVere-Duru
351MbumMbumMbum
352KarangKarangMbum
353PanaPanaMbum
354Kali-DekKali-DekMbum
355KuoKuoMbum
356GbataGbátáMbum
361PamPamMbum
362NdaiNdaiMbum
371Fali, NorthernFali-NordFali
372Fali, SouthernFali-SudFali
381GbayaGbayaUbangian
382BanganduBanganduBangandoAdamawa
391GeyGeyAdamawa
392DuliDuliAdamawa
393NimbariNimbariAdamawa
394ObloObloAdamawa
395MomeMomeAdamawa
401BasaaBasaaBantu
402BakokoBakokoBantu
403Beti–FangBéti–FañBantu
404BembeleBémbéléBantu
405BebilBébilBantu
406BankonBankonBarombiBantu
411MekaMékaMékaaBantu
412SoSóSó'Bantu
413BikeleBikeleBantu
421KwasioKwasioBantu
422BagyaliBagyáliBagyeliBantu
431MpoMpoBantu
432KoozimeKóózimeBantu
440KakoKakóBantu
462PolriPolriBantu
463KwakumKwakumBantu
501TikariTikariTikarBantu
502NdemliNdemliBantu
511TunanTunánBantu
512NomandeNomandeNómaandeBantu
513AtompAtómpBantu
514Ninyo'oNinyó'óBantu
520NigiNigiBantu
530BatiBatiBantu
541NugunuNugunuBantu
542NuasuaNuasuáNuaswáBantu
543NubacaNubacaBantu
544DumbulaDumbuláBantu
550TukiTukiBantu
570TebayaTébáyaBantu
581Lefa'Léfa'Bantu
582DembongDémbóñDimbóñBantu
583RipayRípáyBantu
584RikpaRíkpa'Bantu
601YasaYasaBantu
602BatangaBatangaBantu
610DualaDualaBantu
621MokpweMokpweBantu
622WumbokoWumbokoBantu
623BubiaBubiaBantu
624IsuIsuBantu
625BakolaBakóláBantu
630OrokoOrokoBantu
640Lifo-BalongLifó-BaloñBantu
651MboMboBantu
652AkoosaAkóósáBantu
653NsosaNsósáBantu
701NjukunNjukunJukunoid
702KutepKutepJukunoid
703Uuhum-GigiUuhum-GigiYukubenic
704KoropKoropCross River
705EfikEfikCross River
706BokiBokiBendi
707AkumAkumCross River
708Baazen NsaaBáázen NsaaBáázán NsaaYukubenic
709MbembeMbembeCross River
710MambilaMambilaMambiloid
720VuteVúteMambiloid
730NizaaNizååMambiloid
741KwanjaKwanjaMambiloid
742BungBuñMambiloid
743KamkamKamkamMambiloid
750NjoyamaNjóyamáNjoyameMambiloid
760TwendiTwendiMambiloid
780NjangaNjangaMambiloid
791YeniYeniMambiloid
792KasabeKasabeMambiloid
793LuoLuoMambiloid
801NjwandaNjwandáNjwandeTivoid
802TivTivTivoid
803EsimbiEsimbiTivoid
804AmasiAmasiMantaTivoid
805NjenNjenMomo
806MbongaMbóñaJarawan
807Ngong-NagumiNgoñ-NagumiJarawan
808EjaghamEjaghamJarawan
810AghemAghemEkoid
821MmanMmánRing
822ItangikomItangikomKomRing
823BumBumRing
824BabankiBabankiRing
825EbkuoEbkuoÉbkuóRing
830Lamnso'Lamnsó'Ring
841Kenswei NseiKénswei NseiRing
842NiemengNiemengRing
843VengoVéñoRing
844WushiWushiRing
851BefangBefangMenchum
852ModeleModeleMenchum
861NgwoNgwóMomo
862BasaBasaMomo
863KondaKondaMomo
864WidikumWidikumMomo
865MenkaMenkaMomo
866AmbeleAmbeleMomo
867MundaniMundaniMomo
868NgamamboNgamamboMomo
869BusamBusamMomo
871BebeBebeEast Beboid
872KemezungKémézuñEast Beboid
873NcaneNcaneEast Beboid
874NsariNsariEast Beboid
875NooneNóónéEast Beboid
876NakiNakiWest Beboid
877BuBuWest Beboid
878MissongMissongWest Beboid
879KoshinKoshinWest Beboid
881KenyangKenyangNyang
882DenyaDenyaNyang
883KendemKendemNyang
885MungongMuñgóñWest Beboid
886CungCuñWest Beboid
887BusuuBusuuWest Beboid
888BishuoBishuóWest Beboid
889BikyaBikyaWest Beboid
891UgareUgaréTivoid
892BatomoBatomoTivoid
893CakaCakaTivoid
894IyiveIyiveTivoid
895IceveIceveTivoid
896EvandEvandTivoid
897AsumboAsumboTivoid
898EmanEmanTivoid
899IhatumIhatumTivoid
901Kwa'Kwa'KwaEastern Grassfields
902MengamboMéñgamboEastern Grassfields
903LimbumLimbumEastern Grassfields
904DzodinkaDzodinkaEastern Grassfields
905Nda'nda'Nda'nda'Eastern Grassfields
906YambaYambaEastern Grassfields
907Mbe'Mbé'Eastern Grassfields
911MundumMundumEastern Grassfields
912BafutBafutEastern Grassfields
913MankonMankonEastern Grassfields
914BambiliBambiliEastern Grassfields
915Nkwan-MendankweNkwán-MendankweNkwen-MendankweEastern Grassfields
916PinyinPinyinEastern Grassfields
917AwingAwingEastern Grassfields
920NgombaleNgombaleEastern Grassfields
930MegakaMégakaEastern Grassfields
940NgombaNgombaEastern Grassfields
951NgyamboongNgyámbóóñEastern Grassfields
952YembaYembaEastern Grassfields
953NgweÑweEastern Grassfields
960Ghomala'Ghómala'Eastern Grassfields
970Fe'fe'Fe'fe'Eastern Grassfields
980MfumteMfumteEastern Grassfields
991ShüpamomShüpamomShü PamémEastern Grassfields
992BangolanBangolanEastern Grassfields
993MboyakumMboyakumCiramboEastern Grassfields
994NgoobechopNgoobechopBamaliEastern Grassfields
995ChuufiChuufiBafanjiEastern Grassfields
996MungakaMungakaEastern Grassfields
997MedumbaMédúmbaEastern Grassfields

Classification

The 2012 edition of the Atlas linguistique du Cameroun (ALCAM) provides the following classification of the Niger–Congo languages of Cameroon.[181]

Adamawa
  • Samba
  • Daka
  • Kobo-Dii (Vere-Duru)
    • North: Doyayo, Longto
    • South: Peere
  • Mumuye
  • Mbum
    • North: Tupuri, Mundang, Mambay
    • South: Mbum, Pana, Kali-Dek, Kuo, Gbete, Pam, Ndai
  • Fali: North, South
  • Nimbari
Ubangian
  • Gbaya; Bangando
  • Baka
Benue-Congo
  • Jukunoid: Mbembe, Njukun, Kutep, Uuhum-Gigi, Busua, Bishuo, Bikya, Kum, Beezen Nsaa
  • Cross River: Korop; Efik
  • Bendi: Boki
  • Bantoid (see below)
Bantoid
  • Mambiloid: Njoyame, Nizaa, Mambila, Kwanja, Bung, Kamkam, Vute
  • Tivoid: Njwande, Tiv, Iyive, Iceve, Evand, Ugare, Esimbi, Batomo, Assumbo, Eman, Caka, Ihatum, Amasi
  • Ekoid: Ejagham
  • Nyang: Denya, Kendem, Kenyang
  • Beboid
    • Western: Naki, Bu, Misong, Koshin, Muŋgɔŋ, Cuŋ
    • Eastern: Bebe, Kemezuŋ, Ncane, Nsari, Noone, Busuu, Bishuo, Bikya
  • Grassfield (see below)
  • Bantu (see below)
Grassfield
  • Western
    • Momo
      • Ngwɔ, Widikum
    • Menchum
      • Modele, Befang
    • Ring
      • West: Aghem
      • Central: Mmen
      • East: Lamnso'
      • South: Kənswei Nsei, Niemeng, Vəŋo, Wushi
  • Eastern
    • Ngemba: Bafut, Mundum, Mankon, Bambili, Nkwen, Pinyin
    • Bamileke-Central: Ngomable, New; Kwa', Ghomala', Fe'fe', Nda'nda'
    • Noun: Mamenyan, Shüpamem, Bangolan, Cirambo, Bamali, Bafanji, Mungaka, Medumba
    • Northern: Limbum, Dzodinka, Yamba, Mbe', Central Mfumte, Southern Mfumte
Bantu
  • Jarawan: Ngoŋ-Nagumi, Mboŋa
  • Mbam (see below)
  • Equatorial: A, B, C, D (partial) (see below)
  • Zambeze: D (partial), E, F, G, H ,I, J, K, L, M, N, P, R, S
Mbam
  • ex-A40b
    • Ndemli, Tikari
    • Ninyoo, Tunan, Nomande, Atomp
    • Nigi
    • Bati
  • ex-A60
    • Yambasa: Nugunu, Nuasua, Nubaca, Dumbula
    • Sanaga: Tuki
Equatorial Bantu
  • North
    • A
      • Bafia (A50): Təbɛya, Lefa', Dimboŋ, Ripɛy, Rikpa
    • B
      • Coastal
        • A10: Oroko (West, East dialects), Lifɔ'-Balɔŋ, Nsose, Akoose
        • A20: Bakɔlɛ, Wumbuko, Mokpwe, Isu, Bubia; Duala
        • A30: Yasa, Batanga
      • Basaa-Beti (A40, A70): Bankon, Basaa, Bakoko; Bəti-Faŋ, Bəmbələ, Bəbil
      • Meka (A80): Məkaa, Sɔ, Bikele, Kwasio, Bagyɛli, Kɔɔzime, Mpo
      • Kakɔ (A90): Polri, Kwakum, Kakɔ
  • South: B, C, D (partial)

See also

References

Sources

External links

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