This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism often refers to full political secession,[1][2][3] though separatist movements may seek nothing more than greater autonomy or to be recognised as a national minority.[4]
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Criteria
What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with active members.
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
- They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
- Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).
Various ethnic groups in Europe are seeking greater autonomy or independence. In the European Union (EU), several of these groups are members of the European Free Alliance (EFA). In some cases, the group seeks to unify into a different state – in cases where this does not involve the creation of a new state entity, this is considered to be irredentism. Analogous irredentist movements are included in the list of active irredentist movements.
Azerbaijan
 |
Territory of the short-lived 
Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic
- People: Talysh people
- Proposed: Talysh province with regional administration within the borders of Azerbaijan[5] or independence.[6]
- Political organisation: Talysh National Movement
- Government in exile:
Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic[7]
- Proposed: Talysh province with regional administration within the borders of Azerbaijan[5] or independence.[6]
- Ethnic group: Lezgins
- Proposed: Independence or greater autonomy for
Lezgistan - Political organisation:
Sadval movement,[8][9] Federal Lezgian National and Cultural Autonomy, Samur[10]
- Proposed: Independence or greater autonomy for
Belgium
 Flemish and French Community |
- Autonomist movements
- People: Flemish
- Autonomous area: Flanders[11]
- Movements: Flemish Movement
- Autonomous area: Flanders[11]
- People: Walloons
- Autonomous area: Wallonia[12]
- Movements: Walloon Movement
- Autonomous area: Wallonia[12]
- Secessionist movements
Flanders or Flemish Community (the latter includes 
Brussels-Capital Region)
- People: Flemish
- Proposed state:
Flanders, unification with the 
Netherlands[13][14][15]- Political parties: New Flemish Alliance (member of the European Free Alliance), Libertair, Direct, Democratisch, Vlaams Belang and Flemish-Socialist Movement
- Movements: Vlaamse Volksbeweging (VVB), Overlegcentrum van Vlaamse Verenigingen, Taal Aktie Komitee and Voorpost[better source needed]
- Proposed state:
Wallonia or French Community of Belgium (the latter includes Brussels-Capital Region)
- People: Walloons
- Proposed state: Unification with
France[16][17][13]- Political parties: Walloon Rally, Rassemblement Wallonie France
- Proposed state: Unification with
Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Secessionist movements
- People: Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Proposed: independence or unification with
Serbia[18][19]- Political organisation: National Assembly of Republika Srpska (Government of Republika Srpska)
- Political parties: Alliance of Independent Social Democrats, Serbian Democratic Party[20]
- Proposed: independence or unification with
- Autonomist movements
Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia
- People: Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Proposed state:
Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, as a refounded third entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina[21]- Political organisation: Croatian National Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina[22]
- Political parties: Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian Democratic Union 1990, Croatian Christian Democratic Union
- Proposed state:
Bulgaria
- People: Macedonians
- Proposed: Blagoevgrad becoming a part of
North Macedonia- Political party: OMO Ilinden-Pirin (EFA member)
- Proposed: Blagoevgrad becoming a part of
Croatia
- Autonomist movements
- People: Istrians (Croats, Istrian Italians, Istro-Romanians, and Istriot-speakers)
- Proposed: Autonomy for
Istria within Croatia[25]- Political party: Istrian Democratic Assembly (factions, not officially)[26][27]
- Proposed: Autonomy for
Cyprus
The northeastern 1/3 territory of island of Cyprus
- People: Turkish Cypriots
- De facto state:
Northern Cyprus (recognized only by Turkey)- Proposed: re-unification with
Cyprus,[28] unification with 
Turkey[29] or recognition of Northern Cyprus[30] - Political organisation: Government of Northern Cyprus
- Militant organisation: Security Forces Command
- Proposed: re-unification with
- De facto state:
Czechia
Denmark
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- People: Faroese
- Proposed state:
Faroe Islands[34][32] or autonomy[35]- Political parties: Republican Party, Progress, People's Party, Centre Party, Self-Government Party
- Proposed state:
Minor Movements
- Proposed state:
Bornholm[36] - Proposed autonomous area: Bornholm
- Political party: Bornholm's Self-Government Party
Finland
- People: Åland Swedes
- Proposed state:
Åland[37]- Political party: Future of Åland (EFA member)
- Proposed state:
France
- Secessionist movements
French Basque Country/
Pyrénées-Atlantiques
- People: Basque
- Proposed state: unification with the
Basque Country and 
Navarre – Euskal Herria[38][39][40] as an independent state or autonomy.[41]
Euskal Herria Bai- Political parties: Abertzaleen Batasuna (AB), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party).
- Trade unions: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth advocacy groups: Gazte Abertzaleak, Segi
- Militant organisations: Irrintzi
- Proposed state: unification with the
Historic Brittany, comprising Brittany (administrative region) and 
Loire-Atlantique
- People: Bretons
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Brittany[36]- Advocacy groups: Celtic League[42]
- Political parties: Unvaniezh Demokratel Breizh, Adsav, Strollad Breizh, Emgann
- Militant organisation: Talbenn Dieubiñ Breizh (Breton Revolutionary Army) (ARB)
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
- People: Corsicans
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Corsica[43][36]- Political party: Corsica Libera, Pè a Corsica, Partitu di a Nazione Corsa (EFA member)
- Militant group: National Liberation Front of Corsica
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
- People: Flemings
- Proposed state: French Flanders, Pale of Calais and Audomarois and re-unification with West Flanders, East Flanders, Tournaisis and Zeelandic Flanders into an independent Flemish state, unification with the Netherlands (separatist) or
Belgium (autonomist)[44][45]- Political party: Flemish movement
- Proposed state:
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- People: Provençals (Occitans)
- Proposed state:
Provence or autonomy- Militant group: Front Nacionala Liberacion de Provença[46]
- Political party: Prouvènço Nacioun[47]
- Proposed state:
Northern Catalonia/Pyrénées-Orientales
- People: Northern Catalans
- Proposed state:
Catalonia or unification with Catalan Countries (Spain)- Political parties: Esquerra Republicana- Catalunya del Nord,[48] Oui au Pays Catalan (autonomist),[49] Popular Unity Candidacy
- Advocacy organisations: Catalunya Nord per la independència,[50] Òmnium Catalunya Nord[51]
- Youth organisations: Joventuts d'Esquerra Republicana (Catalunya Nord)[52]
- Proposed state:
- Proposed: "Proposed Federating of Nice, Savoy, Valle d'Aosta, Liguria and Piedmont into a multilingual and plurinational state on the Swiss model."[53]
- Political parties: Piemonte Stato[53]
- Ethnic group: Pieds-Noirs
- Political party: Etat Pied-Noir[54][55][56][57]
- Status: Active (Established in 2016)
- Proposed state: The federation of the two shores^
- Autonomist movements
- People: Alsatians (Allemanics)
- Proposed autonomous area:
Alsace[58][59][60]- Political parties: Elsass Zuerst, Nationalforum Elsass-Lothringen, Unser Land (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Savoyans
- Proposed autonomous area:
Savoy[64][65][66]- Political party: Movement Règion Savouè (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Occitans
- Proposed autonomous area:
Occitania- Political parties: Partit Occitan[67] (EFA member), Assemblada Occitana,[68][69] Libertat
- Proposed autonomous area:
- Proposed autonomous area:
Franche Comté[70][71]- Political party: Mouvement Franche-Comté, Yes Franche-Comté
- militant organization: Franche-Comtât Abada!
- Political party: Mouvement Franche-Comté, Yes Franche-Comté
Georgia
Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia
- People: Abkhazians
- De facto state:
Abkhazia[72] (recognized by 5 UN members) - Proposition: Recognition of Abkhazia as an independent state.
- Political organisation: Government of Abkhazia
- Militant organisation: Abkhazian Armed Forces
- De facto state:
Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast
- People: Ossetians
- De facto state:
South Ossetia[73] (recognized by 5 UN members) - Proposition: Recognition of South Ossetia as an independent state or unification with Russia[74][75][76][77]
- Political organisation: Government of South Ossetia
- Militant organisation: Armed Forces of South Ossetia
- De facto state:
- Ethnic group: Armenians in Samtskhe–Javakheti
- Proposed: Autonomy for the region
Javakhk (Javakheti) - Political party: United Javakhk Democratic Alliance[78][79][80]
- Proposed: Autonomy for the region
Germany
- People: Bavarians, Franconians, Swabians
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Free State of Bavaria- Political party: Bavaria Party (EFA member)[81][82][83]
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
- People: Upper Saxons, Saxons
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Saxony- Political party: Free Saxony[84][85][86]
- Political party:
- People: Sorbs
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Lusatia- Political party: Lusatian Alliance[87][88][89]
- Non-governmental organization: Domowina
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
- Proposed autonomous area:
East Frisia- Ethnic group: Frisians
- Political party: Die Friesen (former EFA member)[90][91][92]
- Proposed autonomous region:
Franconia[93]- Political party: Party for Franconia[94]
Greece
- Proposition: Creation of Republic of Chameria[95][96][97]
- Ethnic group: Cham Albanians
- Advocacy group: Democratic Foundation of Chameria (Activity[citation needed])
- Militant organization: Liberation Army of Chameria (Activity[citation needed])
Hungary
Italy
- People: Friulians
- Proposed state:
Friuli- Political parties:
- Secessionist parties: Res Publica Furlane-Parlament Furlan,[101] Patrie Furlane, Friulian Front,[102]
- Autonomist parties: Pact for Autonomy[102]
- Political parties:
- Proposed state:
- Proposed state:
Republic of Lombardy or autonomy.- Political parties (autonomist): Lega per l'Autonomia – Alleanza Lombarda[103]
- Political parties (secessionist): Pro Lombardy Independence, Lega Lombarda[104][105]
- Proposed state:
Padania[106]- Political parties (autonomist): Lega Nord, Great North[107][108]
- Political parties (secessionist): Lega Nord (formerly),[107] Lega Padana, Padanian Union, Alpine Padanian Union
- Proposed state:
Mezzogiorno,[109][110] Magna Graecia, Due Sicilie[111][112]- Political parties (autonomist):[113] We the South, Great South, Movement for Autonomy[114] Autonomy South, Force of the South and I the South,
- Political parties (secessionist): Lega Sud Ausonia[115]
- People: Sicilians
- Proposed state:
Sicily[116][106]- Political parties (autonomist): Sicilian Socialist Party, Party of the Sicilians Movement for Autonomy[114]
- Political parties (secessionist): Free Sicilians[117][118]
- Groups: Sicilian National Front,[119] Sicilia Nazione,[120] Sicilian National Liberation Movement.[121]
- Proposed state:
- Proposed: Greater autonomy or independence for South Tyrol or unification with Tyrol in Austria[122][123]
- Political parties: Die Freiheitlichen (independence), South Tyrolean Freedom (unification)
- Proposed state: Proposed Federating of Nice, Savoy, Valle d'Aosta, Piedmont, Lomellina and Oltrepò Pavese, the old Province of Bobbio, Oneglia and Dolceacqua[124] "into a multilingual and plurinational state on the Swiss model."[53]
- Political parties: État de Savoie, Piemonte Stato[53]
- Groups: Gioventura Piemontèisa[125][124]
- Ethnic group: Tuscans
- Proposed: independence or greater autonomy for
Tuscany - Political party: Tuscan Autonomist Movement, Toscano Stato[126][127][128]
- Proposed: independence or greater autonomy for
- Proposed state:
Republic of Venice or autonomy[129][130][131]- Political parties (autonomist): Liga Veneta, Veneto for Autonomy[132]
- Political parties (secessionist): Party of Venetians, Venetian Independence, We Are Veneto, Liga Veneta Repubblica, Venetian People's Unity, Venetian Left
- youth organization: Independentist Youth
- National Liberation Movement (Self-determination): Venetian National Liberation Movement
- Proposed state: Free Territory of Trieste
- Proposition: Greater autonomy for Aosta
- Political party: Valdostan Union[136][137][138]
- Ethnic group: Sardinian people
- Proposition: Greater autonomy or independence for
Sardinia.[139][140] - Advocacy groups: Canton Marittimo[141]
- Political parties: Sardinian Action Party
- Proposition: Greater autonomy or independence for
- Ethnic group: Romagnol people[142]
- Proposal: divide of
Romagna from 
Emilia-Romagna - Political party: Movement for the Autonomy of Romagna, Lega Romagna
- Proposal: divide of
Kosovo
- People: Kosovo Serbs
- Proposed state:
Community of Serb Municipalities within 
Kosovo[143] or unification with Serbia- Political organisations: Assembly of the Community of Municipalities (status unknown), Serb List[144]
- Proposed state:
Lithuania
- Ethnic group: Samogitians
- Proposed autonomous region:
Samogitia[145]- Political party: Samogitian Party
- Proposed autonomous region:
Malta
- People: Gozitan
- Proposed autonomous area:
Gozo[146]- Political organisation: People's Party (Malta),[147] Gozo Party (Defunct)
- Proposed autonomous area:
Moldova
.svg){kind=spacer}
- Breakaway state
- People: Equal proportions of Russians, Ukrainians and Moldovans
- De facto state:
Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic- Proposed state: Transnistria [148] or unification with
Russia[148]- Political organisation: Government of Transnistria
- Militant organisation: Army of Transnistria
- Political organisation: Government of Transnistria
- Proposed state:
- De facto state:
- People: Gagauz people
- Proposed State: Gagauz Republic
Netherlands
Location of Friesland
- People: Frisians, West Frisians
- Proposition: Greater autonomy for
West Frisia- Political party: Frisian National Party, (EFA member) (Greater autonomy)[151][152]
- Proposition: Greater autonomy for
Poland
- People: Kashubians
Portugal
- ethnic group: Azoreans
- proposed state:
Azores- militant organization: Azores Liberation Front[162]
- proposed state:
Romania
Location of Transylvania (left) and Banat (right)
- People: Romanians, Hungarians, Transylvanian Saxons
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Transylvania or Banat[164]
- Political party: Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party[165]
- Advocacy organisations: Liga Pro Europa,[166] Provincia,[166] Autonomy for Transylvania[167] Székely-Hungarian National Guard,[168][169][170] Democratic League of Transylvania (Liga Transilvania Democrată),[171][172] League of Banat (Liga Bănățeană)[173][174]
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Transylvania or Banat[164]
- People: Székelys
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
Székely Land- Political organisations: Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, the demand for Hungarian autonomy has been part of their program since 1993.[175] Hungarian Civic Party, they signed a settlement with the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania about cooperation and joint support for Hungarian autonomy.[176] Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania (PPMT), the party proposes the establishments of Transylvanian parliament and government and supports the case of Székely autonomy in Székely Land.[177] It also advocates territorial autonomy for Partium.[178]
- Advocacy organisations: Szekler National Council[179]
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
- People: Hungarians
- Proposed autonomous area: Partium
- Advocacy organisations: Hungarian National Council of Transylvania[180]
- Proposed autonomous area: Partium
Russia
- People: Chechens
- Proposed state:
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (government in exile) - Government in exile: Ichkerian government in exile (Proposed to be recognized by UN member: Ukraine)
- Militant organisation: Chechen separatists, Ajnad al-Kavkaz, Chechen volunteers in Ukraine, Dzhokhar Dudayev Battalion, Ichkerian Special Purpose Battalion, Khamzat Gelayev Detachment
- Advocacy group: Adat People's Movement[181]
- Proposed state:
- People: Circassians
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
Circassia- Advocacy groups: International Circassian Association (former member of UNPO)
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
- People: Ingush
- Proposed state:
Ingushetia, unification with 
Chechnya- Militant organisation:
Ingush Liberation Army - Advocacy group: Ingush Independence Committee,
Dagestani National Center[184]
- Militant organisation:
- Proposed state:
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- People: Russian
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
Baltic Republic/Königsberg- Advocacy groups: Kaliningrad Public Movement, Respublika Movement[186]
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
- People: Russians, Izhorians, Ingrians, Votes, Estonians
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Ingria or Republic of St. Petersburg[188]- Advocacy groups: Free Ingria, Ingria Without Borders,[189] Ingermanland National Cultural Autonomy[187]
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
- People: Karelians, Vepsians, Russians, Finns, Pomors
- Proposed state:
Karelia- Militant organisation: Karelian National Battalion
- Advocacy groups: Karelian National Movement
- Militant organisation: Karelian National Battalion
- Proposed state:
Republic of Kalmykia[191][192][193]
- People: Kalmyks
- Proposed federal subject or state:
Kalmykia, unification with 
Astrakhan Oblast[194]- Advocacy group:
Oirat-Kalmyk People's Congress
- Advocacy group:
- Proposed federal subject or state:
- People: Bashkirs
- Proposed federal subject or nation:
Bashkortostan[195] - Militant organisation: Committee of Bashkir Resistance,[196] Bashkir Company[197]
- Advocacy groups: Bashkort movement, Bashkir National-Political Center of Lithuania[198] Bashkir Company
- Proposed federal subject or nation:
- People: Chuvash
- Proposed federal subject or state:
Chuvashia or Volga Bulgaria[199][200]- Advocacy Movements: Chuvash National Movement, Chuvash Republican Youth, Suvar movement
- Proposed federal subject or state:
- People: Bashkirs, Chuvash, Erzya, Mari, Mokshas, Russians, Tatars, Udmurts
- Proposed state:
Idel-Ural Republic- Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural[201]
- Proposed state:
- People: Mari
- Proposed federal subject or state:
Mari El- Advocacy groups: Mari Ushem
- Proposed federal subject or state:
- People: Erzyas, Mokshas
- Proposed state:
Erzyan Mastor[202]- Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural[203]
- Proposed state:
- People: Tatars
- Proposed state:
Tatarstan - Government in exile: Tatarstan government in exile[204]
- Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
- Advocacy groups: Ittifaq Party, Free Idel-ural, All-Tatar Public Center
- Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
- Proposed state:
Serbia
Image Note: Republic of Vojvodina within federalized Serbia, proposed by the League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina in 1999 – the map also includes an autonomous Sandžak, Kosovo and the metropolitan area of Belgrade as a distinctive administrative unit as well
- Autonomist movements
- Proposals for Hungarian Regional Autonomy[205] in the northern part of Vojvodina:
- People: Bosniaks of Serbia
- Proposed autonomous province:
Sandžak - Advocacy groups (autonomist): Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak, Islamic Community in Serbia[206]
- Proposed autonomous province:
- Separatist movements
- ethnic group: Albanians in Serbia
- proposal: Independence or autonomy for the Preševo Valley[207] or unification with Kosovo[citation needed]
- political party: Association of Albanian Municipalities,[208] Party for Democratic Action
- political party (autonomist): Albanian Coalition of Preševo Valley
- proposal: Independence or autonomy for the Preševo Valley[207] or unification with
- People: Albanians in Kosovo
- Proposed: Republic of Kosovo
- De facto state: Republic of Kosovo (recognised by 52% of UN member states)
- Political organisation: Government of Kosovo
- Movement: Albanian nationalism in Kosovo
- De facto state:
Slovakia
- Autonomist movements
Southern Slovakia:
- People: Hungarians
- Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of Hungarian presence,[209] or unification with
Hungary- Political parties (autonomist): Party of the Hungarian Community,[210] In 2010, the party renewed their demand for autonomy.[211]
- Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of Hungarian presence,[209] or unification with
Spain
- Secessionist movements
Basque Country (autonomous community) and 
Navarre
- People: Basques
- Proposed state: Basque Country (greater region) – Euskal Herria[38]
- Political parties: Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party) (member of the European Democratic Party), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Bildu, Eusko Abertzale Ekintza (Basque Nationalist Action), Alternatiba
- Trade union: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth advocacy groups: EGI, Gazte Abertzaleak, Haika] (illegalised) Segi, Ikasle Abertzaleak
- Proposed state:
- People: Catalans
- Proposal state:
Catalan Republic – 
Catalan Countries (i.e. including other Catalan-speaking areas)- Political parties (independentist): Republican Left of Catalonia (33/135), Together for Catalonia (32/135), Popular Unity Candidacy (9/135), supported by other small parties and civil organisations Corròp, Popular Unity Candidacy
- Political parties (autonomist): Catalunya en Comú–Podem (8/135)
- Civil organisations: Assemblea Nacional Catalana, Òmnium Cultural, Association of Municipalities for Independence, Procés Constituent, Catalunya Acció, Sobirania i Progrés, Committees for the Defense of the Republic, Negres Tempestes
- Trade unions: Intersindical-CSC, Coordinadora Obrera Sindical
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran, La Forja, Jovent Republicà, Joves d'Esquerra Verda, Joventut Nacionalista de Catalunya, Joventut Comunista de Catalunya
- Proposal state:
- People: Galicians
- Proposed state:
Galiza (possibly containing Galicia irredenta territories in Asturias and Castille and León)- Political party: Galician Nationalist Bloc (sovereigntist, EFA member), Anova-Nationalist Brotherhood (independentist, includes the Galician Popular Front), Compromiso por Galicia (centrist federalist), Terra Galega (Centrist autonomist), Galician Coalition (Centrist nationalist Party), Abrente–Galician Democratic Left, Acción Galega, Renewal–Nationalist Brotherhood, Assembleia da Mocidade Independentista
- Unions: Confederación Intersindical Galega (CIG) and Central Unitaria de Traballadores (CUT)
- Youth advocacy groups: Galiza Nova, Xeira, BRIGA and Erguer-Estudantes da Galiza (students)
- Militant organisation: Resistência Galega
- Proposed state:
- People: Valencians – Catalanics (those with Catalan ancestry)
- Proposed state:
Valencian Country or unification with Catalan Countries- Political parties: Valencian Nationalist Bloc, Initiative of the Valencian People, Popular Unity Candidates, Republican Left of the Valencian Country, Valencian State, Valencian Nationalist Left, Valencian Left
- political party (Pro Catalan): Popular Unity Candidacy
- Advocacy groups: Pro-Catalan Valencianists (who defend Pan-Catalanism and Fuster's theories) propose the creation of a Valencian State and some type of reconnection with the rest of Catalan-speaking areas. Only a minor tendency within anti-Catalan Valencianism (Blaverism) proposed independence of the Kingdom of Valencia from both Catalonia and Spain.[214][215]
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran
- Student movement: AGIR
- Proposed state:
- ethnic group: Aragonese people
- Proposed state:
Aragon- political parties (regionalist and Nationalist): Chunta Aragonesista, Puyalón de Cuchas, Aragonese Party, Estado Aragonés
- political parties (separatist): Puyalón de Cuchas, A Enrestida, Aragonese Workers' Union
- coalition: Bloque Independentista de Cuchas
- movement: Independentismo aragonés
- Proposed state:
- ethnic group: Catalan people
- proposed: Independence for the
Balearic Islands or unification with the other Catalan countries- political parties: Balearic Anticolonialist Group, Esquerra Republicana de les Illes Balears
- political party (pro Catalan): Popular Unity Candidacy
- political parties (regionalist): People's Party of the Balearic Islands
- proposed: Independence for the
- ethnic group: Andalusian people
- proposed state:
Andalusia- political parties (regionalist): Adelante Andalucía (2021)
- political party (separatist): Andalusian Nation
- political party (self governing): Unitarian Candidacy of Workers
- proposed state:
- ethnic group: Asturians
- proposed state:
Asturias- political party (autonomist): Asturias Forum
- political party (nationalist): Asturian Left, Compromisu por Asturies, Conceyu Abiertu, Partíu Asturianista, Unidá, Bloc for Asturias, Conceyu Abiertu
- political party (regionalist):Asturian Renewal Union
- political party (separatist): Andecha Astur
- proposed state:
- Autonomist movements
- Proposed: extended autonomy for
Cartagena within Region of Murcia- Political party: Movimiento Ciudadano de Cartagena
- People: Leonese
- Proposed autonomous area:
Leonese region- Political parties: Unión del Pueblo Leonés UPL
- Youth movements: RUCHAR Mocedá Llionesa[220]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- proposed: Breaking the Province of Granada from Andalusia as a separate autonomous community
- political party: Juntos por Granada[222]
Sweden
- People: Swedes
- Proposed State:
Scania - Political Party: Scania Party
- Proposed State:
Switzerland
The seven Jura districts in Switzerland
The French-speaking part of Switzerland is shown in green on this map
- Autonomist movements
Jura region
- People: Jurassien (French-speaking)
- Proposed autonomous area: unification of the three districts of Bernese Jura and the Laufen District with the
Canton of Jura- Militant organisations: Mouvement Autonomiste Jurassien (Jurassian Autonomist Movement),[223] Groupe Bélier (Youth activists movement)[224]
- Proposed autonomous area: unification of the three districts of Bernese Jura and the Laufen District with the
- ethnic group: Italians
- proposed autonomous region:
Ticino or unification with 
Italy- political party: Ticino League[226]
- proposed autonomous region:
Ukraine
Autonomous Republic of Crimea and 
Sevastopol
- People: Russians in Ukraine
- De facto entity:
Republic of Crimea and 
Sevastopol within the Russian Federation[227]- Political organisation: State Council of Crimea, Legislative Assembly of Sevastopol
- De facto entity:
- People: Crimean Tatars
- Proposed:
Crimean Tatar autonomy or independence[228] within unitary 
Ukraine[229]- Political organisations: Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People
- Proposed:
Donetsk Oblast, 
Luhansk Oblast
- People: Russians in Ukraine
- De facto entity:
Donetsk People's Republic, 
Luhansk People's Republic (Annexed by Russia in 2022)- Political organisations: People's Council of the Donetsk People's Republic, People's Council of the Luhansk People's Republic
- paramilitary organisation: Russian people's militias in Ukraine
- De facto entity:
Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast, .svg){kind=small}
Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast, 
Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast[230]
- People: Russians in Ukraine
- De facto states:
Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast,
Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast
Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast- Proposed: unification with Russia[231]
- Political organisations: Volodymyr Saldo Bloc, Derzhava, Opposition Bloc
- Military organisation: Russian Ground Forces
- Proposed: unification with
- De facto states:
Carpathian Ruthenia[232][233][234][235]
- People: Russians in Ukraine, Hungarians in Ukraine,
Rusyns[236]- Proposed: autonomy or independence within unitary Ukraine or unification with Hungary[237][238]
- Political organisations: "Subcarpathian republican party", "Volodymyr Saldo Bloc", "Derzhava", "World Congress of Rusyns[239]", "Opposition Bloc", "Russkiy dom", "Subcarpathian Ruthenia movement" "Russkiy Mir Foundation", "Association of Zakarpattia democrats", and other pro-Russian organizations.[240][241][242][243][244][245] "Rusyn separatist movement" led by the Orthodox priest Dimitry Sydor (now Archbishop of Uzhorod, in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)) [246][247][248][249]
- Proposed: autonomy or independence within unitary
United Kingdom
- Major movements
- People: English
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
England- Political parties: English Democrats,[250] English Constitution Party,[251][252] UKIP[253]
- Advocacy groups: Campaign for an English Parliament
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
- People: Irish, Northern Irish (Nationalists)
- Proposed state: Re-unification with
Ireland or independence[254][255]- Political parties: Sinn Féin,[256] Fianna Fáil, Éirígí, Social Democratic and Labour Party, Aontú,[257][258] People Before Profit, Communist Party of Ireland, Irish Republican Socialist Party, Republican Network for Unity, Socialist Workers Network, Workers' Party of Ireland
- Militant organisations: RIRA, CIRA[259]
- Proposed state: Re-unification with
- People: Scots
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Scotland- Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member),[260] Scottish Greens, Scottish Socialist Party, Alba, Red Party of Scotland,[261] Scotland's Independence Referendum Party,[262] Independence for Scotland Party, Scottish Libertarian Party, parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member)
- Advocacy groups: Yes Scotland (defunct), Scottish Independence Convention (Common Weal, People's Voice, Scottish CND, Voice for Scotland, Women for Independence), Labour for Independence, Siol nan Gaidheal
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
- People: Welsh
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Wales- Political parties: Gwlad, Plaid Cymru, Propel, Plaid Glyndŵr, Wales Green Party, Independent Alliance for Reform
- Advocacy groups: YesCymru
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
- Minor movements
- People: Cornish
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Cornwall (possibly including the Isles of Scilly)
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
- People: Northerners
- Proposed state:
Northumbria or greater autonomy within the United Kingdom.- Advocacy group: Campaign for the North (Devo-Max)[267][268]
- Political parties: Northern Independence Party[269][270][271]
- Proposed state:
- People: Midlanders
- Proposed state:
Mercia- Advocacy groups: Acting Witan of Mercia, Sovereign Mercia
- Proposed state:
- Autonomist movements
- People: Canvey Islanders
- Proposed autonomous area: Canvey Island
- Political Parties: Canvey Island Independent Party[276][277][278]
- Proposed autonomous area: Canvey Island
- People: Welsh
- Proposed autonomous area: Cynon Valley
- Political parties: The Cynon Valley Party
- Proposed autonomous area: Cynon Valley
- People: Welsh
- Proposed autonomous area:
Gwynedd- Political parties: Llais Gwynedd
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: People from the Isle of Wight (Vectians)
- Proposed autonomous area:
Isle of Wight- Political parties: Vectis National Party
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: People of Shetland
- Proposed autonomous area:
Shetland- Advocacy group: Wir Shetland
- Political Parties: Shetland Movement, Orkney and Shetland Movement, Scottish Green Party[279]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: People of Yorkshire
- People: People of North East England
- Proposed autonomous area: North East England
- Political parties: North East Party[286]
- Proposed autonomous area: North East England
- People: People of Wessex
- Proposed: autonomy for Wessex
- Political party: Wessex Regionalists
- Advocacy group: Wessex Constitutional Convention[287][288][289][290]
- Proposed: autonomy for Wessex
- People: Orkney islanders
- Proposed: Autonomy within the United Kingdom[291] or self governance under Norway[292][293]
- Advocacy group: Orkney Council
- Political Parties: Orkney and Shetland Movement
- Proposed: Autonomy within the United Kingdom[291] or self governance under Norway[292][293]
- Separatist movements of dependent territories
- Ethnic group: Gibraltarians
- Proposed state:
Gibraltar
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Manx people
- Proposed state:
Isle of Man- Political party: Mec Vannin
- Proposed state:
See also
References
External links
- "Manifest" (PDF), Politiskaprogram [Political program], AX: Ålands framtid, 2011, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2018, retrieved 21 June 2014.
- From Spain to Iraq, states have to see that suppressing secession won't work
- Disintegration of Britain and Spain both possible