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List of cardinal-nephews

A cardinal-nephew is a cardinal elevated by a pope who was his uncle, or more generally, his relative. The practice of creating cardinal-nephews originated in the Middle Ages, and reached its apex during the 16th and 17th centuries.[1] From the Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) until Pope Innocent XII's anti-nepotism bull, Romanum decet pontificem (1692), nearly every pope who appointed cardinals appointed at least one relative to the College of Cardinals,[n 1] including every Renaissance-era pope.[2]

portrait of Ippolito de' Medici
Ippolito de' Medici, a cardinal-nephew of Pope Clement VII and illegitimate son of Giuliano di Lorenzo de' Medici

Although nephews were the most common relation to be elevated to the College, other family members include (legitimate, illegitimate, or adopted) sons and grandsons, brothers, grandnephews, cousins and even uncles.[1][2] At least 15, and possibly as many as 19 cardinal-nephews were later elected pope (Gregory IX, Alexander IV, Adrian V, Gregory XI, Boniface IX, Innocent VII, Eugene IV, Paul II, Alexander VI, Pius III, Julius II, Leo X, Clement VII, Benedict XIII, and Pius VII, perhaps also John XIX, Benedict IX, if they were really promoted cardinals, as well as Innocent III and Benedict XII, if in fact they were related to their elevators). One became antipope (John XXIII), and two or three were canonized (Charles Borromeo, Guarinus of Palestrina, and perhaps Anselm of Lucca, if in fact he was really elected cardinal).[n 2]

Similarly created cardinals include cardinal-nephews of antipopes and papal relatives made cardinals by other popes.

Notes on symbols

Because statements concerning the familial ties of popes and cardinals prior to 14th century are often of much later origin, some sources regard their factual accuracy as dubious. Thus, individuals are marked with:

  • , when the existence of the familial relationship is disputed, or
  • , when their promotion to the cardinalate is disputed.

Occupants of the curial office of the Cardinal Nephew are denoted with †.

11th century

Pope Benedict VIII elevated his cousin, brother, and nephew to the cardinalate.
Elevating popeCardinal-nephewDate of elevationRelationshipNotes
Benedict VIII
(1012–1024)		Lotario (or Loctarius), seniore circa 1015Cousin[5][6]
Giovanni ,UnknownBrotherFuture Pope John XIX[5][7]
Teofilatto ,UnknownNephew[n 3]Future Pope Benedict IX[5][8]
John XIX
(1024–1032)		Pietro1024[9]Cousin[5][10]
Benedict IX
(1032–1044, 1045, 1047–1048)		Giovannibefore April 1044Nephew[11]
Alexander II
(1061–1073)		St. Anselm of Lucca Circa 1062Brother or nephew[5][n 4]
Urban II
(1088–1099)		Odon de ChâtillonCirca 1095Nephew[5][n 5]

12th century

Pope John XIX, the first cardinal-nephew elected pope
Pope Innocent III created an unprecedented four cardinal-nephews.
Elevating popeCardinal-nephewDate of elevationRelationshipNotes
Callixtus II
(1119–1124)		Etienne de Bar 1120Nephew[15][n 6]
Innocent II
(1130–1143)		Gregorio Papareschi1134/1137 Nephew[15][n 7]
Pietro Papareschi17 September 1143 Brother[15][n 8]
Lucius II
(1144–1145)		Ubaldo19 May 1144 Cousin or nephew[15][n 9]
St. Guarinus of Palestrina22 December 1144Relative[21][n 10]
Adrian IV
(1154–1159)		Boso Breakspeare21 December 1156 Nephew[24][25]
Lucius III
(1181–1185)		Uberto Allucingoli Circa 1182Nephew[15][n 11]
Gerardo18 December 1182 Nephew[n 12]
Clement III
(1187–1191)		Lotario de' Conti22 September 1190 UnknownFuture Pope Innocent III[30][n 13]
Niccolò ScolariNephew[34][n 14]
Celestine III
(1191–1198)		Bobo20 February 1193Relative[37][38]
Giovanni di San Paolo Nephew[37][n 15]
Innocent III
(1198–1216)		Ugolino dei Conti di Segni19 December 1198CousinFuture Pope Gregory IX[40]
Giovanni dei Conti di Segni3 June 1200[41]Cousin[40]
Ottaviano dei Conti di Segni27 May 1206[41]Cousin[40]
Stefano Conti5 March 1216[41]Unknown[42]

13th century

Pope Alexander IV, a cardinal-nephew of Gregory IX, himself a cardinal-nephew of Innocent III, who was a cardinal-nephew of Clement III
Elevating popeCardinal-nephewDate of elevationRelationshipNotes
Gregory IX
(1227–1241)		Rinaldo Conti18 September 1227UnknownFuture Pope Alexander IV[40][43][n 16]
Niccolò dei Conti di Segni December 1228Nephew[46][n 17]
Riccardo Annibaldeschi di Molaria1238Unknown[48]
Innocent IV
(1243–1254)		Guglielmo Fieschi28 May 1244Nephew[40][43]
Ottobono FieschiDecember 1251NephewFuture Pope Adrian V[40][43]
Urban IV
(1261–1264)		Anchero Pantaleone22 May 1262Nephew[40]
Gregory X
(1271–1276)		Vicedomino de Vicedominis3 June 1273UnknownIt is a widely disseminated misconception that he was elected but died before proclamation.[40][49]
Giovanni Visconti 1275Unknown[50][n 18]
Nicholas III
(1277–1280)		Latino Malabranca Orsini12 March 1278Nephew[40]
Giordano OrsiniBrother[40][52]
Honorius IV
(1285–1287)		Giovanni Boccamazza22 December 1285Relative[40]
Nicholas IV
(1288–1292)		Pietro Colonna16 May 1288 Relative[53][n 19]
Boniface VIII
(1294–1303)		Benedetto II Caetanibetween 23 January and 13 May 1295Nephew[40][57]
Giacomo Tomasi Caetani (Iacopo Tommasi)17 December 1295Unknown[40][57]
Francesco CaetaniUnknown[40][57]
Leonardo Patrasso2 March 1300Uncle[40]

14th century

The Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) produced an unprecedented number of cardinal-nephews.
Pope Clement V, the first Avignon Pope, created an unprecedented four or five cardinal-nephews on the same day.
Pope Clement VI created more cardinal-nephews than any other pontiff.
Jean de Murat de Cros
Elevating popeCardinal-nephewDate of elevationRelationshipNotes
Clement V
(1305–1314)		Berengar Fredol the Elder15 December 1305 Nephew, son of Guillaume de Frédol[58][59]
Arnaud Frangier de ChanteloupClose relative, possible nephew[58]
Arnaud de PellegrueRelative, possible nephew[58]
Raymond de GotNephew, son of Arnaud Garcie de Got[58]
Guillaume ArrufatRelative, possible nephew[58]
Raymond Guillaume des Forges19 December 1310Nephew, son of Marquise de Got[58]
Bernard Jarre (or Garve)Relative[58]
Arnaud d'Aux23 December 1312Relative[60]
Berengar Fredol the Younger Grandnephew[58][61]
John XXII
(1316–1334)		Jacques de Via17 December (or 18), 1316Nephew, son of Marie Duese[58]
Gauscelin Jean d'EuseRelative[62][58]
Bertrand du Pouget Relative, possible nephew[58][63]
Arnaud de Via20 June 1317Nephew, son of Marie Duese[58]
Raymond Le Roux19 December (or 20), 1320 Close relative, possible nephew[58][64]
Jacques Fournier18 December 1327 Unknown relativeFuture Pope Benedict XII)[65]
Imbert Dupuis Relative, possible nephew[58][66]
Benedict XII
(1334–1342)		Guillaume Court18 December 1338 Relative, mother's side[58][67]
Clement VI
(1342–1352)
Aymeric de Chalus20 September 1342Cousin[68]
Hugues Roger [fr; it; no; pl]Brother[58][69]
Adhémar RobertCousin or nephew[58]
Gérard Lagarde (or Domar)Cousin[58]
Bernard de la TourNephew[58]
Guillaume de la Jugée (Guillaume II Roger)Nephew, son of Guillaumette Rogier[58][69]
Nicolas de Besse19 May 1344Nephew, son of Dauphine Roger[70]
Pierre-Roger de Beaufort28 May (or 29), 1348NephewFuture Pope Gregory XI[58][69][71]
Raymond de Canillac17 December 1350Nephew[58]
Guillaume d'Aigrefeuille, senioreCousin[72]
Pierre du CrosNephew or cousin[58]
Innocent VI
(1352–1362)		Andouin Aubert15 February 1353Nephew, son of Guy Aubert[58]
Pierre de Salvete Monteruc23 December 1356Nephew of mother's side[58]
Etienne Aubert, iuniore17 September 1361Grandnephew[58]
Urban V
(1362–1370)		Angelic de Grimoard18 September 1366Brother[58]
Pierre d'Estaing7 June 1370Relative[73]
Gregory XI
(1370–1378)		Jean de Murat de Cros30 May 1371Nephew or cousin[58]
Jean de La TourBrother-in-law of niece[74]
Pierre de la Jugée (or Jugie)20 December 1375Cousin[58]
Gui de MaillesecNephew on mother's side[75]
Gérard du PuyCousin or nephew[58]
Urban VI
(1378–1389)		Francesco Moricotti Prignani18 September 1378Nephew[76]
Filippo Carafa della Serra18 September 1378Relative[77]
Francesco Renzio21 December 1381Distant relative[77][78]
Pietro TomacelliDistant relativeFuture Pope Boniface IX[77][78]
Tommaso Orsinica.1383Relative[77]
Rinaldo Brancaccio17 December 1384Relative[77]
Marino BulcaniDistant relative, nephew of cardinal Francesco Renzio[77][79]
Boniface IX
(1389–1404)		Enrico Minutoli18 December 1389Distant relative[80]
Cosimo MiglioratiDistant relativeFuture Pope Innocent VII (1404–1406)[80]
Baldassare Cossa27 February 1402RelativeFuture Antipope John XXIII[80][81]

15th century

Paul II, cardinal-nephew of Eugene IV, who was cardinal-nephew of Gregory XII
Pope Pius II names his nephew Francesco Piccolomini (future Pope Pius III) cardinal.
Elevating popeCardinal-nephewDate of elevationRelationshipNotes
Innocent VII
(1404–1406)		Giovanni Migliorati12 June 1405Nephew[82]
Gregory XII
(1406–1415)		Antonio Correr9 May 1408Nephew, son of Filippo Correr[82]
Gabriele CondulmerNephew, son of Beriola CorrerFuture Pope Eugene IV[83]
Angelo Barbarigo19 September 1408Nephew, son of Caterina Correr[83]
Martin V
(1417–1431)		Prospero Colonna24 May 1426
published 8 November 1430		Nephew, son of Lorenzo Onofrio Colonna[82]
Eugene IV
(1431–1447)		Francesco Condulmer19 September 1431Nephew[83]
Pietro Barbo1 July 1440Nephew, son of Polissena CondulmerFuture Pope Paul II[83]
Nicholas V
(1447–1455)		Filippo Calandrini20 December 1448Half-brother[82]
Callixtus III
(1455–1458)		Luis Juan del Mila y Borja20 February 1456
published 17 September 1456		Nephew[82]
Rodrigo BorjaNephewFuture Pope Alexander VI[82]
Pius II
(1458–1464)		Francesco Piccolomini5 March 1460NephewFuture Pope Pius III[82]
Niccolò FortiguerraRelative on mother's side[82]
Giacomo Ammannati-Piccolomini18 December 1461Adopted[82]
Paul II
(1464–1471)		Marco Barbo18 September 1467Unknown[82]
Giovanni Battista Zeno21 November 1468Unknown[82]
Giovanni MichielUnknown[82]
Sixtus IV
(1471–1484)		Pietro Riario16 December 1471Unknown[82]
Giuliano della RovereUnknownFuture Pope Julius II[82]
Girolamo Basso della Rovere10 December 1477Unknown[82]
Raffaele RiarioUnknown[82]
Cristoforo della RovereUnknown[82]
Domenico della Rovere10 February 1478Unknown[82]
Innocent VIII
(1484–1492)		Lorenzo Cybo de Mari9 March 1489Unknown[82]
Giovanni de' MediciRelativeFuture Pope Leo X[84]
Pantaleone Cybo9 March 1489
Never published		Nephew[85]
Niccolò CyboNephew[85]
Alexander VI
(1492–1503)		Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romaní, el mayor31 August 1492Son of cousin[82]
Cesare Borgia20 September 1493SonResigned 18 August 1498[86]
Giuliano Cesarini, iunioreBrother-in-law of daughter, Gerolama Borgia[87]
Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romaní, el menor19 February 1496Grandnephew[82]
Amanieu d'Albret20 March 1500Brother-in-law of Cesare Borgia[88]
Pedro Luis de Borja Lanzol de RomaníGrandnephew[82]
Francisco de Borja28 September 1500Disputed relationship[89]
Juan de VeraRelative[89]
Juan Castellar y de Borja31 May 1503Cousin of Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romaní, el mayor[90]
Francisco Lloris y de BorjaGrandnephew[90]

16th century

Pope Leo X with his cousins Giulio de' Medici (left, future Pope Clement VII) and Luigi de' Rossi (right), whom he appointed as cardinals
Giovanni Salviati
Pope Paul III with his cardinal-nephew Cardinal Alessandro Farnese (left) and his other grandson (right), Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma
Ranuccio Farnese was made cardinal by Paul III at the age of 15.
Charles Borromeo, one of the few canonized cardinal-nephews
Elevating popeCardinal-nephewDate of elevationRelationshipNotes
Julius II
(1503–1513)		Clemente Grosso della Rovere29 November 1503Unknown[91]
Galeotto Franciotti della RovereUnknown[91]
Marco Vigerio della Rovere1 December 1505Distant relative[91]
Leonardo Grosso della RovereCousin[91]
Sisto Gara della Rovere11 September 1507Unknown[91]
Leo X
(1513–1521)		Giulio de' Medici23 September 1513CousinFuture Pope Clement VII[86]
Innocenzo CyboUnknown[91]
Luigi de' Rossi1 July 1517Cousin[92]
Francesco Armellini Pantalassi de' MediciAdopted as son[92]
Franciotto OrsiniSon of Orso Orsini di Monteredondo[92]
Giovanni SalviatiSon of Lucrezia de' Medici[92]
Niccolò RidolfiSon of Contessina de' Medici[92]
Clement VII
(1523–1534)		Niccolò Gaddi3 May 1527Related through Catherine de' Medici[93]
Ippolito de' Medici10 January 1529Illegitimate son of Giuliano de' Medici[94]
Paul III
(1534–1549)		Alessandro Farnese18 December 1534Grandson[86][91]
Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa FioraGrandson[91]
Niccolò Caetani22 December 1536
published 13 March 1538		Son of cousin[91]
Tiberio Crispo19 December 1544Brother, on his mother's side, of pope's daughter Costanza Farnese, possibly natural son of Paul III[95]
Ranuccio Farnese16 December 1545Grandson[91]
Giulio Feltre della Rovere27 July 1547Relative[96]
Julius III
(1550–1555)		Innocenzo Ciocchi Del Monte30 May 1550Adopted[91]
Cristoforo Guidalotti Ciocchi del Monte20 November 1551Cousin[91]
Fulvio della CorgnaNephew on his mother's side[97]
Roberto de Nobili22 December 1553Grandnephew[91]
Girolamo SimoncelliGrandnephew[91]
Paul IV
(1555–1559)		Carlo Carafa7 June 1555Unknown[98]
Diomede Carafa20 December 1555Relative[91]
Alfonso Carafa15 March 1557Grandnephew[99]
Pius IV
(1559–1565)		Giovanni Antonio Serbelloni31 January 1560Cousin of Charles Borromeo[100]
St. Charles BorromeoNephew[91][101]
Mark Sittich von Hohenems (or Marco Sittico d'Altemps26 February 1561Nephew[91][102]
Alfonso GesualdoBrother-in-law of Charles Borromeo[103]
Gianfrancesco GàmbaraStepbrother of Charles Borromeo[103]
Francesco Alciati12 March 1565Relative[104]
Guido Luca FerreroCousin of Charles Borromeo[104]
Gianfrancesco CommendoneRelative[104]
Pius V
(1566–1572)		Michele Bonelli†6 March 1566Grandnephew[105]
Girolamo Rusticucci17 May 1570Relative[106]
Gregory XIII
(1572–1585)		Filippo Boncompagni†2 June 1572Unknown[107]
Filippo Guastavillani5 July 1574Unknown[91]
Francesco Sforza di Santa Fiora12 December 1583Relative through his sister Costanza, wife of pope's son[108]
Sixtus V
(1585–1590)		Alessandro Peretti di Montalto†13 May 1585Unknown[91][109]
Gregory XIV
(1590–1591)		Paolo Emilio Sfondrati†19 December 1590Unknown[110]
Flaminio Piatti6 March 1591Relative[111]
Innocent IX
(1591)		Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti de Nuce†18 December 1591Grandnephew[91]
Clement VIII
(1592–1605)		Pietro Aldobrandini†17 September 1593Nephew[112][113]
Cinzio Passeri Aldobrandini†Nephew[114]
Silvestro Aldobrandini17 September 1603Grandnephew[91]
Giovanni Battista Deti3 March 1599Relative[115]
Bonifazio Bevilacqua AldobrandiniAdopted while already a cardinal on 3 April 1601[115]

17th century

The tomb of Pope Gregory XV and his cardinal-nephew Ludovico Ludovisi
Camillo Astalli-Pamphili, painted by Velasquez
Elevating popeCardinal-nephewDate of elevationRelationshipNotes
Paul V
(1605–1621)		Scipione Borghese Caffarelli†18 July 1605Nephew[116]
Giambattista Leni24 November 1608Distant relative[117]
Tiberio Muti2 December 1615Unknown[118]
Gregory XV
(1621–1623)		Ludovico Ludovisi†15 February 1621Nephew[116]
Marcantonio Gozzadini21 July 1621Cousin[116]
Urban VIII
(1623–1644)		Francesco Barberini†2 October 1623Nephew[116]
Lorenzo Magalotti7 October 1624Brother-in-law of Brother[116]
Antonio Marcello BarberiniBrother[116]
Antonio Barberini30 August 1627Nephew[116]
Francesco Maria Macchiavelli6 December 1641Relative[119]
Innocent X
(1644–1655)		Camillo Francesco Maria Pamphili†14 November 1644Son of Innocent X's sister-in-law Olimpia MaidalchiniResigned 21 January 1647[116]
Francesco Maidalchini†7 October 1647Nephew of Olimpia Maidalchini[120]
Camillo Astalli†19 September 1650Cousin of Olimpia MaidalchiniDeprived of the title of nipote in February 1654[121]
Alexander VII
(1655–1667)		Flavio Chigi†9 April 1657Nephew[116]
Antonio BichiUnknown[122]
Clement IX
(1667–1669)		Giacomo Rospigliosi†12 December 1667Nephew[116]
Clement X
(1670–1676)		Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni†24 January 1664
(by Pope Alexander VII)		Adopted while already a cardinal[123][124][125]
Vincenzo Maria Orsini22 February 1672RelativeFuture Pope Benedict XIII[126]
Innocent XI
(1676–1689)		Carlo Stefano Anastasio Ciceri2 September 1686Distant relative[127]
Alexander VIII
(1689–1691)		Pietro Ottoboni†7 November 1689Grandnephew[128]
Giovanni Battista Rubini13 February 1690Unknown[116]

18th century

Romualdo Braschi-Onesti
Elevating popeCardinal-nephewDate of elevationRelationshipNotes
Clement XI
(1700–1721)		Annibale Albani23 December 1711Unknown[129]
Fabio Olivieri6 May 1715Cousin[130]
Innocent XIII
(1721–1724)		Bernardo Maria Conti16 June 1721Brother[131]
Clement XII
(1730–1740)		Neri Maria Corsini14 August 1730Nephew[132]
Giovanni Antonio Guadagni24 September 1731Nephew on mother's side, son of Maddalena Corsini[133]
Clement XIII
(1758–1769)		Carlo Rezzonico11 September 1758Nephew[134][135]
Pius VI
(1775–1799)		Giovanni Carlo Bandi29 May 1775Uncle[132]
Barnaba Chiaramonti14 February 1785Relative on his mother's sideFuture Pope Pius VII[136]
Romualdo Braschi-Onesti18 December 1786Nephew[137]

19th century

Giuseppe Pecci
Elevating popeCardinal-nephewDate of elevationRelationshipNotes
Leo XIII
(1878–1903)		Giuseppe Pecci12 May 1879Brother[138]

Footnotes

Notes

References

  • (in German) Brixius, Johannes M. 1912. Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130–1181. Berlin.
  • (in Latin) Eubel, Konrad 1913. Hierarchia Catholica, vol. I-IX. Münster.
  • (in German) Ganzer, Klaus 1963. Die Entwicklung des auswärtigen Kardinalats im hohen Mittelater. Tübingen.
  • (in German) Hüls, Rudolf 1977. Kardinäle, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049–1130. Tübingen.
  • (in German) Kartusch, Elfriede 1984. Das Kardinalskollegium in der Zeit von 1181–1227. Vienna.
  • (in German) Klewitz, Hans-Walter. 1957. Reformpapsttum und Kardinalkolleg. Darmstadt.
  • (in German) Maleczek, Werner 1984. Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216. Vienna.
  • (in Italian) Paravicini Bagliani, Agostino. 1972. Cardinali di curia e "familiae" cardinalizie dal 1227 al 1254, 2 vols. Padova.
  • Robinson, I.S. 1990. The Papacy 1073–1198. Continuity and Innovation. Cambridge University Press.
  • Thomson, John A. F. 1980. Popes and Princes, 1417–1517: Politics and Polity in the Late Medieval Church. Boston: George Allen & Unwin. ISBN 0-04-901027-1.
  • Trollope, Thomas Adolphus. 1876. The papal conclaves, as they were and as they are. Chapman and Hall.
  • Williams, George L. 2004. Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-2071-5.
  • (in German) Zenker, Barbara. 1964. Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130 bis 1159. Würzburg.

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