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List of diprotodonts

Diprotodontia is an order of Australian marsupial mammals. Members of this order are called diprotodonts. Diprotodontia is the largest order of marsupials and currently comprises 140 extant species, which are grouped into 39 genera. They are found in Australia, New Guinea, and Indonesia, in forests, shrublands, grasslands, and savannas, though some species are found in deserts and rocky areas. They come in a wide array of sizes, ranging from the Tasmanian pygmy possum, at 5 cm (2 in) plus a 6 cm (2 in) tail, to the red kangaroo, at 160 cm (63 in) plus a 120 cm (47 in) tail.

Four diprotodont species
Clockwise from upper left: koala (Phascolarctos cinereus), mahogany glider (Petaurus gracilis), eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) and Sulawesi bear cuscus (Ailurops ursinus)

Diprotodontia is subdivided into three suborders: Macropodiformes, Phalangeriformes, and Vombatiformes. Macropodiformes has 72 species in 3 families: Hypsiprymnodontidae, Macropodidae, and Potoroidae, and includes kangaroos, wallabies, bettongs, potoroos, and rat-kangaroos. Phalangeriformes has 64 species in 6 families: Acrobatidae, Petauridae, Pseudocheiridae, Tarsipedidae, Burramyidae, and Phalangeridae, and includes cuscus and the brushtail, ringtail, and gliding possums. Vombatiformes has only four species in two families: Phascolarctidae, the koala, and Vombatidae, the wombats. The classification of species in the order is not fixed, with many recent proposals for changes made based on molecular phylogenetic analysis. Additionally, the present set of suborders was created beginning in 1997 by splitting the former suborder Phalangerida into Macropodiformes and Phalangeriformes, and further reorganizations have been proposed.[1]

In addition to the extant species, eight species in the suborder Phalangeriformes—four in the family Macropodidae and four in Potoroidae—have been made extinct in the modern era, all between the 1880s and the 1940s after the colonization of Australia began: the broad-faced potoroo, crescent nail-tail wallaby, desert bettong, desert rat-kangaroo, eastern hare-wallaby, Lake Mackay hare-wallaby, Nullarbor dwarf bettong, and toolache wallaby. Dozens of extinct, prehistoric Diprotodont species have also been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[2]

Conventions

Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the collective range of species in that genera is provided. Ranges are based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species unless otherwise noted. All extinct genera or species listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

Classification

Diprotodontia[3][4]  

The order Diprotodontia consists of 140 extant species belonging to 39 genera. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Modern molecular studies indicate that the 39 genera can be grouped into 11 families; these families are grouped into the suborders Macropodiformes, Phalangeriformes, and Vombatiformes, and many are further grouped into named clades or subfamilies. In addition to the extant species, eight species in the suborder Phalangeriformes—four in the family Macropodidae and four in Potoroidae, including one extinct genus—have been made extinct in the modern era, all between the 1880s and the 1940s after the colonization of Australia began.

Suborder Macropodiformes

  • Family Hypsiprymnodontidae (musky rat-kangaroo): 1 genus, 1 species
  • Family Macropodidae
    • Subfamily Macropodinae (kangaroos and wallabies) 12 genera, 66 species (4 extinct)
    • Subfamily Sthenurinae (banded hare-wallaby) 1 genera, 1 species
  • Family Potoroidae (bettongs, potoroos, and rat-kangaroos) 4 genera (1 extinct), 9 species (2 extinct)

Suborder Phalangeriformes

Suborder Vombatiformes

Diprotodonts

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.[5]

Suborder Macropodiformes

Hypsiprymnodontidae

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Hypsiprymnodon
(musky rat-kangaroo)

Ramsay, 1876

One species
Northeastern Australia
Size: 20–35 cm (8–14 in) long, plus 6–13 cm (2–5 in) tail[6]

Habitats: Forest[7]

Diet: Insects, as well as worms, tuberous roots, and palm berries[6]

Macropodidae

Subfamily Macropodinae – Gray, 1821 – twelve genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Dendrolagus
(tree-kangaroo)

Müller, 1840

Fourteen species
New Guinea and northeastern AustraliaSize range: 41 cm (16 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (Doria's tree-kangaroo) to 81 cm (32 in) long plus 94 cm (37 in) tail (dingiso)[8]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[9]

Diets: Leaves, flowers, and fruit, as well as ferns, soft vines, cereals, grass, bark, nuts, insects, sap, bird eggs, and young birds[10]
Dorcopsis
(dorcopsis)

Schlegel & Müller, 1842

Four species
New GuineaSize range: 34 cm (13 in) long, plus 27 cm (11 in) tail (brown dorcopsis) to 100 cm (39 in) long plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (black dorcopsis)[11]

Habitats: Forest[12]

Diets: Leaves, roots, grass and fruit[13]
Dorcopsulus
(forest wallaby)

Matschie, 1916

Two species
New GuineaSize range: 31–46 cm (12–18 in) long, plus 22–41 cm (9–16 in) tail[14]

Habitats: Forest[15]

Diets: Leaves, fruit, buds, and stems[16]
Lagorchestes
(hare-wallaby)

Gould, 1841

Four species
AustraliaSize range: 31 cm (12 in) long, plus 24 cm (9 in) tail (rufous hare-wallaby) to 49 cm (19 in) long plus 53 cm (21 in) tail (spectacled hare-wallaby)[17]

Habitats: Desert, grassland, forest, shrubland, and savanna[18]

Diets: Grass, forbs, herbs, seeds, fruit, sedges, and succulent shrubs[19]
Macropus
(grey kangaroo)

Shaw, 1790

Two species
Southern and eastern AustraliaSize range: 85–140 cm (33–55 in) long, plus 75–100 cm (30–39 in) tail[20]

Habitats: Savanna, grassland, shrubland, and forest[21]

Diets: Grass, forbs, leaves, tree bark, and shrubs[22]
Notamacropus
(brush wallaby)

Dawson & Flannery, 1985

Eight species
Australia and southern New GuineaSize range: 40 cm (16 in) long, plus 33 cm (13 in) tail (several) to 105 cm (41 in) long plus 75 cm (30 in) tail (red-necked wallaby)[23]

Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, savanna, and forest[24]

Diets: Grass, ferns, herbs, shrubs, bushes, and roots, as well as leaves and fruit[25]
Osphranter

Shaw, 1790

Four species
AustraliaSize range: 73 cm (29 in) long, plus 64 cm (25 in) tail (black wallaroo) to 160 cm (63 in) long plus 120 cm (47 in) tail (red kangaroo)[26]

Habitats: Desert, grassland, forest, shrubland, and savanna[27]

Diets: Grass and shrubs[28]
Onychogalea
(nail-tail wallaby)

Gray, 1841

Three species
Scattered AustraliaSize range: 37 cm (15 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (crescent nail-tail wallaby) to 70 cm (28 in) long plus 73 cm (29 in) tail (bridled nail-tail wallaby)[29]

Habitats: Savanna, grassland, shrubland, and forest[30]

Diets: Herbs, succulents, fruit, grass, forbs, and shrubs[31]
Petrogale
(rock-wallaby)

Gray, 1837

Sixteen species
AustraliaSize range: 29 cm (11 in) long, plus 25 cm (10 in) tail (monjon) to 70 cm (28 in) long plus 70 cm (28 in) tail (allied rock-wallaby)[32]

Habitats: Desert, grassland, forest, shrubland, rocky areas, and savanna[33]

Diets: Grass and leaves, as well as shrubs, forbs, fungi, sedges, ferns, roots, bark, fruit, seeds and flowers[34]
Setonix
(quokka)

Lesson, 1842

One species
Southwestern Australia
Size: 39–60 cm (15–24 in) long, plus 23–35 cm (9–14 in) tail[35]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and inland wetlands[36]

Diet: Succulents, shrubs, forbs, grasses and sedges, as well as seeds, berries, and fruit[37]
Thylogale
(pademelon)

Gray, 1837

Seven species
New Guinea, eastern Australia, and TasmaniaSize range: 29–67 cm (11–26 in) long, plus 24–57 cm (9–22 in) tail (several)[38]

Habitats: Savanna, grassland, shrubland, and forest[39]

Diets: Grass, leaves, shoots, seeds, and fruit, as well as grass, bark, fungi, and cicadas[40]
Wallabia
(swamp wallaby)

Trouessart, 1905

One species
Eastern Australia
Size: 66–85 cm (26–33 in) long, plus 64–87 cm (25–34 in) tail[41]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[42]

Diet: Buds, ferns, leaves, shrubs, and grasses, as well as bark and shoots from needle-leaf trees[41]
Subfamily Sthenurinae – Glauert, 1826 – one genus
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Lagostrophus
(banded hare-wallaby)

Thomas, 1887

One species
Western Australia
Size: 40–46 cm (16–18 in) long, plus 32–40 cm (13–16 in) tail[43]

Habitats: Shrubland[44]

Diet: Plants and fruit[43]

Potoroidae

Not assigned to a named subfamily – four genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Aepyprymnus
(rufous rat-kangaroo)

Garrod, 1875

One species
Northeastern Australia
Size: 37–52 cm (15–20 in) long, plus 35–40 cm (14–16 in) tail[45]

Habitats: Forest and savanna[46]

Diet: Grass, herbs, roots, tubers, and fungi, as well as carrion bones and larvae[45]
Bettongia
(bettong)

Gray, 1837

Six species
AustraliaSize range: 27–44 cm (11–17 in) long, plus 26–35 cm (10–14 in) tail (northern bettong)[47]

Habitats: Desert, forest, shrubland, and savanna[48]

Diets: Leaves, seeds, fruits, nuts, tubers, bulbs, flowers, and fungi, as well as insects, resin, marine carrion, and small invertebrates[49]
Caloprymnus†
(desert rat-kangaroo)

Thomas, 1888

One species
Central Australia
Size: 25–29 cm (10–11 in) long, plus 29–38 cm (11–15 in) tail[50]

Habitats: Desert[51]

Diet: Leaves and stems, as well as insects[52]
Potorous
(potoroo)

Desmarest, 1804

Four species
Southwestern Australia, southeastern Australia, and TasmaniaSize range: 24–42 cm (9–17 in) long, plus 19–33 cm (7–13 in) tail (several)[53]

Habitats: Shrubland, inland wetlands, and forest[54]

Diets: Fungi, insects, grass, roots, and other vegetation[55]

Suborder Phalangeriformes

Superfamily Petauroidea

Acrobatidae
Not assigned to a named subfamily – two genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Acrobates
(feathertail glider)

Desmarest, 1818

One species
Eastern Australia
Size: 6–8 cm (2–3 in) long, plus 7–8 cm (3 in) tail[56]

Habitats: Forest[57]

Diet: Honeydew and arthropods[56]
Distoechurus
(feather-tailed possum)

Peters, 1874

One species
New Guinea
Size: 10–12 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 6–12 cm (2–5 in) tail[58]

Habitats: Forest[59]

Diet: Nectar, pollen, insects, and soft fruit[58]
Petauridae
Not assigned to a named subfamily – three genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Dactylopsila
(triok)

Gray, 1858

Four species
New Guinea and northeastern AustraliaSize range: 17–32 cm (7–13 in) long, plus 16–40 cm (6–16 in) tail (several)[60]

Habitats: Forest[61]

Diets: Insects, fruit, and leaves[62]
Gymnobelideus
(Leadbeater's possum)

McCoy, 1867

One species
Southern Australia
Size: 15–17 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 14–18 cm (6–7 in) tail[63]

Habitats: Forest[64]

Diet: Insects, spiders, and sap[65]
Petaurus
(wrist-winged gliders)

Shaw, 1791

Six species
New Guinea and northern, eastern, and southern AustraliaSize range: 12–32 cm (5–13 in) long, plus 15–48 cm (6–19 in) tail (various)[66]

Habitats: Savanna and forest[67]

Diets: Nectar, pollen, sap, gum, seeds, insects, arachnids, and small vertebrates[68]
Pseudocheiridae
Subfamily Hemibelideinae – Kirsch, Lapointe & Springer, 1997 – two genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Hemibelideus
(lemuroid ringtail possum)

Collett, 1884

One species
Northeastern Australia
Size: 30–38 cm (12–15 in) long, plus 30–35 cm (12–14 in) tail[69]

Habitats: Forest[70]

Diet: Leaves[69]
Petauroides
(southern greater glider)

Thomas, 1888

One species
Southeastern AustraliaSize: 30–48 cm (12–19 in) long, plus 45–55 cm (18–22 in) tail[71]

Habitats: Forest[72]

Diet: Eucalyptus leaves[71]
Subfamily Pseudocheirinae – Winge, 1893 – three genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Petropseudes
(rock-haunting ringtail possum)

Thomas, 1923

One species
Northern Australia
Size: 33–38 cm (13–15 in) long, plus 20–27 cm (8–11 in) tail[73]

Habitats: Rocky areas[74]

Diet: Leaves, fruit, blossoms, and flowers, as well as termites[75]
Pseudocheirus
(ringtail possum)

Ogilby, 1837

Two species
Eastern, southern, and southwestern AustraliaSize range: 28–40 cm (11–16 in) long, plus 28–36 cm (11–14 in) tail (Western ringtail possum)[76]

Habitats: Savanna and forest[77]

Diets: Leaves, as well as flowers, buds, nectar, fruit, bark, and sap[78]
Pseudochirulus
(slender ringtail possum)

Matschie, 1915

Eight species
New Guinea and northeastern AustraliaSize range: 16 cm (6 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (several) to 40 cm (16 in) long plus 47 cm (19 in) tail (Herbert River ringtail possum)[79]

Habitats: Forest[80]

Diets: Leaves, fruit, ferns, pollen, fungus, moss, and lichens[81]
Subfamily Pseudochiropsinae – Kirsch, Lapointe & Springer, 1997 – one genus
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Pseudochirops
(ringtail possum)

Matschie, 1915

Five species
New Guinea and northeastern AustraliaSize range: 28–41 cm (11–16 in) long, plus 25–38 cm (10–15 in) tail (several)[82]

Habitats: Grassland and forest[83]

Diets: Leaves as well as fruit[84]
Tarsipedidae
Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Tarsipes
(honey possum)

Gervais & Verreaux, 1842

One species
Southwestern Australia
Size: 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 7–11 cm (3–4 in) tail[85]

Habitats: Shrubland[86]

Diet: Pollen and nectar[85]

Superfamily Phalangeroidea

Burramyidae
Not assigned to a named subfamily – two genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Burramys
(mountain pygmy possum)

Broom, 1895

One species
Southeastern Australia
Size: 10–12 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 13–16 cm (5–6 in) tail[87]

Habitats: Shrubland[88]

Diet: Insects, spiders, seeds, and berries[89]
Cercartetus
(pygmy possum)

Gloger, 1841

Four species
New Guinea and northeastern and southern AustraliaSize range: 5 cm (2 in) long, plus 6 cm (2 in) tail (Tasmanian pygmy possum) to 11 cm (4 in) long plus 16 cm (6 in) tail (long-tailed pygmy possum)[90]

Habitats: Shrubland and forest[91]

Diets: Nectar, pollen, invertebrates, and small lizards[92]
Phalangeridae
Subfamily Ailuropinae – Flannery, Archer & Maynes, 1987 – one genus
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Ailurops
(bear cuscus)

Wagler, 1830

Two species
Sulawesi island and Salibabu Island in IndonesiaSize range: 56–54 cm (22–21 in) long, plus 61–58 cm (24–23 in) tail (both species)[93]

Habitats: Forest[94]

Diets: Leaves, flowers, and fruit[95]
Subfamily Phalangerinae – Thomas, 1888 – five genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Phalanger

Storr, 1780

Thirteen species
New Guinea and nearby islandsSize range: 32–60 cm (13–24 in) long, plus 24–61 cm (9–24 in) tail (all species)[96]

Habitats: Savanna and forest[97]

Diets: Leaves, seeds, fruit, buds, vines, flowers, insects, small vertebrates, and eggs[98]
Spilocuscus

Gray, 1861

Five species
New Guinea, nearby islands, and northeastern AustraliaSize range: 33–64 cm (13–25 in) long, plus 31–59 cm (12–23 in) tail (several)[99]

Habitats: Forest[100]

Diets: Leaves, coconuts, fruit, insects, and small vertebrates[101]
Strigocuscus
(dwarf cuscus)

Gray, 1861

Two species
Sulawesi and nearby islands in IndonesiaSize range: 29–38 cm (11–15 in) long, plus 27–38 cm (11–15 in) tail (Sulawesi dwarf cuscus)[102]

Habitats: Forest[103]

Diets: Fruit, flowers, and leaves[104]
Trichosurus
(brushtail possum)

Lesson, 1828

Four species
Scattered AustraliaSize range: 32–58 cm (13–23 in) long, plus 24–35 cm (9–14 in) tail (several)[105]

Habitats: Savanna and forest[106]

Diets: Leaves, shoots, fruit, flowers, fungi, lichen, buds, and insects, as well as bark[107]
Wyulda
(scaly-tailed possum)

Alexander, 1918

One species
Northwestern Australia
Size: 29–47 cm (11–19 in) long, plus 25–33 cm (10–13 in) tail[108]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, and rocky areas[109]

Diet: Leaves[110]

Suborder Vombatiformes

Phascolarctidae

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Phascolarctos
(koala)

Blainville, 1816

One species
Eastern Australia
Size: 68–82 cm (27–32 in) long[111]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[112]

Diet: Eucalyptus leaves, as well as other leaves[113]

Vombatidae

Not assigned to a named subfamily – two genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Lasiorhinus
(hairy-nosed wombat)

Gray, 1863

Two species
Southern and eastern AustraliaSize range: 77 cm (30 in) long (southern hairy-nosed wombat) to 111 cm (44 in) long (northern hairy-nosed wombat)[114]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, and grassland[115]

Diets: Grass and herbs[116]
Vombatus
(common wombat)

Saint-Hilaire, 1803

One species
Southern and southeastern Australia
Size: 70–110 cm (28–43 in) long[117]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[118]

Diet: Leaves, grass, sedges, and moss, as well as shrubs, roots, tubers, and bark[117]

References

Sources

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