This article lists the heads of state of Iran since the establishment of the modern Iranian nation-state[1] in 1501 AD.
Heads of State of Iran
The Expansive Realm of Iran (1501–1736)Safavid dynasty | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Name | Birth–Death | Reign start | Reign end | Dynasty | ||
Shah of Persia | |||||||
1 | Shah Ismail I | 1487–1524 | July 1501[a] | 23 May 1524 | Safavid | ||
. | |||||||
2 | Shah Tahmasp I | 1514–1576 | 23 May 1524 | 14 May 1576 | Safavid | ||
Regency:
| |||||||
3 | Shah Ismail II | 1537–1577 | 23 May 1576 | 24 November 1577 | Safavid | ||
. | |||||||
4 | Shah Mohammad Khodabanda | 1532–1595/96 | 11 February 1578 | 1 October 1588 | Safavid | ||
. | |||||||
5 | Shah Abbas I | 1571–1629 | 1 October 1588 | 19 January 1629 | Safavid | ||
. | |||||||
6 | Shah Safi | 1611–1642 | 28 January 1629 | 12 May 1642 | Safavid | ||
. | |||||||
7 | Shah Abbas II | 1632–1666 | 12 May 1642 | 25 September 1666 | Safavid | ||
. | |||||||
8 | Shah Suleiman I | 1648–1694 | 1 November 1666 | 29 July 1694 | Safavid | ||
. | |||||||
9 | Shah Sultan Husayn | 1668–1726 | 6 August 1694 | 23 October 1722 | Safavid | ||
. | |||||||
Ghilji rebellion | |||||||
10 | Mahmud Shah | 1699–1725 | 23 October 1722 | 25 April 1725 | Hotak | ||
. | |||||||
11 | Ashraf Shah | 1700–1730 | 26 April 1725 | 13 November 1729 | Hotak | ||
. | |||||||
Safavid restoration | |||||||
12 | Shah Tahmasp II | 1704–1740 | 10 November 1722 | 2 September 1732 | Safavid | ||
He was crowned on 9 December 1729 after liberation of the Safavid Capital. Reigned at exile:
| |||||||
13 | Shah Abbas III | 1732–1740 | 2 September 1732 | 8 March 1736 | Safavid | ||
Realm of Iran (1736–1796)Afsharid dynasty | |||||||
14 | Nader Shah | 1688–1747 | 8 March 1736 | 20 June 1747 | Afsharid | ||
. | |||||||
15 | Adil Shah | 1719–1749 | 6 July 1747 | 29 September 1748 | Afsharid | ||
. | |||||||
16 | Ebrahim Shah | 1724–1749 | 29 September 1748 | May 1749 | Afsharid | ||
. | |||||||
17 | Shahrokh Shah | 1734–1796 | May 1749 | 30 December 1749 | Afsharid | ||
Proclaimed as Shah at 30 September 1748 and one day later crowned at Mashhad. | |||||||
Second Safavid restoration | |||||||
18 | Suleiman II | 1714–1763 | 13 January 1750 | 20 March 1750 | Safavid | ||
Proclaimed after deposing and blinding of Shahrokh Shah and crowned at 14 January 1750. | |||||||
19 | Ismail III | 1733–1773 | 29 June 1750 | 1773 | Safavid | ||
He was a Puppet ruler who raised to the throne by Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari and Karim Khan Zand as a front to legitimize their rule.[7] Regency:
| |||||||
Afsharid restoration | |||||||
(17) | Shahrokh Shah | 1734–1796 | 9 May 1755 | 14 May 1796 | Afsharid | ||
. | |||||||
Zand dynasty | |||||||
Wakil-al Raʿāyā | |||||||
20 | Karim Khan | 1705–1779 | 1773 | 1 March 1779 | Zand | ||
. | |||||||
21 | Abol-Fath Khan | 1755–1787 | 6 March 1779 | May/June 1779 | Zand | ||
He and his younger brother Mohammad Ali Khan were Co-rulers. | |||||||
22 | Mohammad Ali Khan | 1760–1779 | 6 March 1779 | 19 June 1779 | Zand | ||
He and his elder brother Abol-Fath Khan were Co-rulers until May/June 1779. | |||||||
(21) | Abol-Fath Khan | 1755–1787 | 19 June 1779 | 22 August 1779 | Zand | ||
. | |||||||
23 | Sadeq Khan | ?–1781 | 22 August 1779 | 14 March 1781 | Zand | ||
. | |||||||
24 | Ali-Morad Khan | c. 1720–1785 | 15 March 1781 | 11 February 1785 | Zand | ||
. | |||||||
– | Bagher Shah | ?–1786 | 12 February 1785 | 17 February 1785 | — | ||
After the death of Ali-Morad Khan, Bagher Khan Khorasgani Governor of Isfahan proclaimed himself as Shah and mentioned himself in the Khutbah and on coins. He was defeated from the corps of Jafar Khan.[9] | |||||||
25 | Jafar Khan | ?–1789 | 18 February 1785 | 23 January 1789 | Zand | ||
. | |||||||
26 | Seyd Morad Khan | ?–1789 | 23 January 1789 | 10 May 1789 | Zand | ||
. | |||||||
27 | Lotf Ali Khan | c. 1769–1794 | 10 May 1789 | 20 March 1794 | Zand | ||
. | |||||||
Shah of Iran | |||||||
(27) | Lotf Ali Shah | c. 1769–1794 | 21 March 1794 | 30 October 1794 | Zand | ||
. | |||||||
Sublime State of Persia (1796–1925) | |||||||
28 | Agha Mohammad Shah | 1742–1797 | 14 May 1796 | 17 June 1797 | Qajar | ||
Agha Mohammad decided to move his capital to the small town of Tehran on 1786.[10] He was formally crowned as Shah during spring 1796 at the Mugan plain, on his return after the conquest of Tbilisi.[11][12] | |||||||
29 | Fath-Ali Shah | 1772–1834 | 17 June 1797 | 23 October 1834 | Qajar | ||
. | |||||||
30 | Mohammad Shah | 1808–1848 | 9 November 1834 | 5 September 1848 | Qajar | ||
. | |||||||
31 | Naser al-Din Shah | 1831–1896 | 13 September 1848 | 1 May 1896 | Qajar | ||
Queen-mother Mahd-e Olia: 5 September 1848 – 1 October 1848. | |||||||
32 | Mozaffar ad-Din Shah | 1853–1907 | 2 May 1896 | 8 January 1907 | Qajar | ||
. | |||||||
33 | Mohammad Ali Shah | 1872–1925 | 8 January 1907 | 16 July 1909 | Qajar | ||
. | |||||||
34 | Ahmad Shah | 1898–1930 | 16 July 1909 | 31 October 1925 | Qajar | ||
Reigned in exile: from 2 December 1923 Regency:
| |||||||
Imperial State of Iran (1925–1979) | |||||||
No. | Name | Birth–Death | Took office | Left office | Political Affiliation | ||
Provisional Head of State | |||||||
35 | Reza Khan | 1878–1944 | 31 October 1925 | 15 December 1925 | Military | ||
. | |||||||
No. | Name | Birth–Death | Took office | Left office | Dynasty | ||
Shah of Iran | |||||||
(35) | Reza Shah | 1878–1944 | 15 December 1925 | 16 September 1941 | Pahlavi | ||
. | |||||||
36 | Mohammad Reza Shah | 1919–1980 | 16 September 1941 | 11 February 1979 | Pahlavi | ||
No. | Name | Birth–Death | Took office | Left office | Political Affiliation | ||
Islamic Republic of Iran (1979–present) | |||||||
Leader of the Revolution | |||||||
37 | Ruhollah Khomeini | 1900-1989 | 5 February 1979 | 3 December 1979 | Independent | ||
. | |||||||
Supreme Leader of Iran | |||||||
(37) | Ruhollah Khomeini | 1900-1989 | 3 December 1979 | 3 June 1989 | Independent | ||
. | |||||||
38 | Ali Khamenei | 1939–present | 4 June 1989 | Incumbent | Independent[b] | ||
. |
Timeline
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
- Axworthy, Michael (2008). Iran: Empire of the Mind: A History from Zoroaster to the Present Day. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0141903415.
- Gharipour, Mohammad (2012). The Bazaar in the Islamic City: Design, Culture, and History. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-9774165290.
- Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-337-8.
- Perry, John R. [in Persian] (1991). "The Zand dynasty". In Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin R. G. [in Persian]; Melville, Charles P. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 63–103. ISBN 978-0-52120-095-0.
- Potts, Daniel T. (2014). Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199330799.
- Zabir, Sepehr (2011). The Iranian Military in Revolution and War (RLE Iran D). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-81270-5.
- Bāmdād, Mahdī [in Persian] (2005). ʻAlīʹzādah Ishkavarī, D̲abīḥallāh (ed.). Šarḥ-i ḥāl-i riǧāl-i Īrān dar qarn-i 12 wa 13 wa 14 hiǧrī (in Persian). Tehran: Ferdows. ISBN 978-9643201395.
- Hambly, G. R. G. [in Persian] (1963). "Aqa Mohammad Khan and the establishment of the Qajar dynasty". Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society. 50 (2): 161–174. doi:10.1080/03068376308731821.
- Bakhash, Shaul (16 May 2016) [3 December 2015]. "NĀṢER-AL-MOLK, ABU'L-QĀSEM". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
- Mahbubi Ardakani, H. [in Persian] (18 August 2011) [15 December 1988]. "ʿAŻOD-AL-MOLK, ʿALĪ REŻĀ KHAN". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 3. Vol. III. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 271–272. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
- Mitchell, Colin P. (15 July 2009) [15 July 2009]. "ṬAHMĀSP I". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
- Perry, John R. [in Persian] (19 January 2012) [15 December 1998]. "ESMĀʿĪL III ṢAFAWĪ". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 6. Vol. VIII. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. p. 636. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
- Savory, Roger M. (13 July 2011) [15 December 1982]. "ʿABBĀS III". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 1. Vol. I. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. p. 76. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
- Savory, Roger M. (28 November 2011) [15 December 1995]. "DĪV SOLṬĀN". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 4. Vol. VII. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. p. 431. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
- Savory, Roger M. (23 March 2012) [15 December 2004]. "ḤOSAYN KHAN ŠĀMLU". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 5. Vol. XII. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 514–515. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
External links
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