Bedfordshire is a county in the East of England.[1] It is bounded by Hertfordshire to the south-east, Cambridgeshire to the north-east, Northamptonshire to the north, and Buckinghamshire to the west.[2] It has an area of 1,235 square kilometres (477 sq mi), and a population estimated in 2016 at 640,000, with an increase of 11% over the previous ten years.[3] Geographically, it is mainly rural, but still the fourteenth most densely populated county of England, with over half the population living in the two largest built-up areas, Luton and Bedford.[4] The county is governed by three unitary authorities, Bedford, Central Bedfordshire and Luton.[5] The county town is Bedford, and the name is first recorded in the treaty in about 879 between King Alfred the Great and Guthrum, which divided English and Danish territory by a line which went through Bedford.[6]
Much of Luton and southern Bedfordshire lies in the Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.[7] North and mid Bedfordshire are undulating claylands with broad river valleys of the River Great Ouse and its tributaries, and the Bedfordshire Greensand Ridge. Jurassic and Cretaceous clays are overlaid by Quaternary glacial deposits of chalky boulder clay.[8]
Local nature reserves (LNRs) are designated by local authorities under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949. The local authority must have a legal control over the site, by owning or leasing it, or having a legal agreement with the owner. LNRs are sites which have a special local interest either biologically or geologically, and local authorities have a duty to care for them. They can apply local bye-laws to manage and protect LNRs.[9][10]
As of March 2016 there are twenty local nature reserves in Bedfordshire:[11] eight in Bedford, eleven in Central Bedfordshire and one in Luton. The largest is Harrold-Odell Country Park with 59.3 hectares (147 acres); it is a former quarry on the bank of the River Great Ouse which has river meadows and two lakes.[12] The smallest is Hill Rise at 0.9 hectares (2.2 acres); it is close to Bedford town centre and surrounded on three sides by houses, but it has a variety of habitats.[13][14] There is public access to all the sites.
Key
Other classifications
Sites
| Site | Photograph | Area[a] | Location[b] | Borough | Map[c] | Details[d] | Other classifications | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bromham Lake |  | 10.9 hectares (27 acres) | Bromham 52°09′07″N 0°30′02″W / 52.1519°N 0.5005°W TL 025 515 | Bedford | Map | Details | The lake was created during mineral working, and birds include the great crested grebe. Other habitats include a wildflower meadow, grassland, woodland and a limestone cliff.[15] | |
| Browns Wood |  | 6.0 hectares (15 acres) | Clapham 52°10′51″N 0°30′12″W / 52.1807°N 0.5032°W TL 025 545 | Bedford | Map | Details | The wood was planted by the Duke of Bedford in the middle of the eighteenth century. It is ancient semi-natural woodland of beech, larch and poplar. Ground flora include wood anemone and nettle leaved bellflower, and there are birds such as great spotted woodpeckers and song thrushes.[16] | |
| Cooper's Hill |  | 12.7 hectares (31 acres) | Ampthill 52°01′38″N 0°30′06″W / 52.0273°N 0.5016°W TL 029 376 | Central | Map | Details | SSSI,[17] WTBCN[18] | In the view of Natural England, this site has the best remaining area in the county of heathland on the thin acidic soils of the Lower Greensand Ridge. It also has varied invertebrates and two areas of marshy woodland.[17] |
| Cottage Bottom Fields | _-_geograph.org.uk_-_657349.jpg) | 14.1 hectares (35 acres) | Dunstable 51°52′27″N 0°29′27″W / 51.8743°N 0.4907°W TL 040 206 | Central | Map | Details | The site is chalk grassland on a steep slope, and the wide variety of flowers include what may be the largest population of pignut in the country. Birds include Northern wheatears, European stonechat, whinchat and ring ouzels.[19] | |
| Fenlake Meadows |  | 19.2 hectares (47 acres) | Bedford 52°07′38″N 0°26′39″W / 52.1272°N 0.4442°W TL 066 488 | Bedford | Map | Details | This site is on the bank of the River Great Ouse, and it is often wet and waterlogged. The meadows are grazed by cattle, and there are wetland plants of ecological interest.[20] | |
| Flitton Moor |  | 6.9 hectares (17 acres) | Flitton 52°00′45″N 0°27′46″W / 52.0124°N 0.4628°W TL 056 360 | Central | Map | Details | The site was open moorland in the Middle Ages, but it was converted to agricultural land in the nineteenth century. The central area is pasture with a strip of woodland around the edge. Other habitats are fen and wetland. Trees include osiers.[21][22] | |
| Flitwick Wood |  | 14.2 hectares (35 acres) | Flitwick 52°00′08″N 0°30′40″W / 52.00222°N 0.5112°W TL 023 348 | Central | Map | Details | This is semi-natural woodland, with some ancient trees and others which have recently been planted. It has a varied flora, including wood anemones, wood spurges and primroses, and diverse birds, bats and insects.[23][24] | |
| Galley and Warden Hills SSSI |  | 44.6 hectares (110 acres) | Luton 51°55′37″N 0°24′53″W / 51.9269°N 0.4147°W TL 092 265 | Luton | Map | Details | SSSI[25] | The site is chalk grassland with areas of dense scrub, and it has many plants which are rare nationally and locally.[25] It has a wide variety of wild flowers and more than twenty species of butterflies.[26] |
| Harrold-Odell Country Park |  | 59.3 hectares (147 acres) | Harrold 52°12′14″N 0°35′53″W / 52.2038°N 0.5981°W SP 959 571 | Bedford | Map | Details | This former quarry[12] is bordered on its southern and eastern side by the River Great Ouse. It has two lakes, water meadows and woodland, some of which is seasonally flooded.[27] | |
| Henlow Common and Langford Meadows |  | 18.4 hectares (45 acres) | Langford 52°03′01″N 0°16′29″W / 52.0503°N 0.2748°W TL 184 405 | Central | Map | Details | This site on the bank of the River Ivel is mainly grassland with areas of scrub and bushes. There are also some native trees and a stream, which make it an important area for wildlife. Plants include marsh marigolds and there are birds such as kingfishers. The river bank has otters and water voles.[28] | |
| Hill Rise |  | 0.9 hectares (2.2 acres) | Bedford 52°08′52″N 0°28′16″W / 52.1478°N 0.4710°W TL 047 511 | Bedford | Map | Details | The small site is surrounded on three sides by houses, but it has a variety of habitats, woodland, meadow, scrub and two ponds. Wildlife includes muntjac deer, foxes, birds, dragonflies and butterflies.[13][14] | |
| Kings Wood and Glebe Meadows, Houghton Conquest |  | 36.1 hectares (89 acres) | Houghton Conquest 52°03′04″N 0°28′39″W / 52.0512°N 0.4775°W TL 045 403 | Central | Map | Details | SSSI[29] | This site has ash and maple woodland on heavy clay, a habitat which has become rare in lowland England. It is biologically diverse, with a number of rare species. Several plants are indicative of ancient woodland, such as wood melick and wood anemone.[29] |
| Marston Thrift |  | 55.8 hectares (138 acres) | Cranfield 52°03′54″N 0°34′55″W / 52.0651°N 0.5820°W SP 973 417 | Central | Map | Details | SSSI[30] | Like Kings Wood and Glebe Meadows, this site has ash and maple woodland on heavy clay. It also has areas of damp grassland, and a grassland valley. It is an important site for butterflies, including the rare black hairstreak.[30][31] |
| Maulden Church Meadow |  | 3.3 hectares (8.2 acres) | Maulden 52°01′56″N 0°27′28″W / 52.0321°N 0.4577°W TL 059 382 | Central | Map | Details | SSSI[32] | This is unimproved pasture on the Lower Greensand Ridge. It has many grass and herb species, and there are small areas of acidic grassland. An open pond has aquatic plants, while two ponds which have been filled in have a varied marsh vegetation.[32] |
| Mowsbury Hill |  | 2.8 hectares (6.9 acres) | Bedford 52°10′00″N 0°26′34″W / 52.1668°N 0.4428°W TL 066 532 | Bedford | Map | Details | SM[33] | The site is an old orchard with a wildflower meadow, woodland, scrub, a moat and ponds.[34] It is also the site of an early Iron Age hillfort and a medieval moated settlement with two fishponds.[33] |
| Park Wood, Bedford |  | 5.2 hectares (13 acres) | Bedford 52°09′23″N 0°28′21″W / 52.1563°N 0.4724°W TL 046 520 | Bedford | Map | Details | The site has diverse habitats with mature trees, grassland, scrub and ponds. Flowers include bee and pyramidal orchids. An orchard has been planted with traditional fruit trees.[35] | |
| Putnoe Wood |  | 10.4 hectares (26 acres) | Bedford 52°09′44″N 0°26′29″W / 52.1623°N 0.4415°W TL 067 527 | Bedford | Map | Details | This is ancient woodland with hazel coppice in the northern half, and the ground flora has areas of bluebells.[36] Bird species include wood pigeons, blue tits and great tits.[37] | |
| The Riddy |  | 8.4 hectares (21 acres) | Sandy 52°07′27″N 0°17′48″W / 52.1243°N 0.2968°W TL 167 487 | Central | Map | Details | WTBCN[38] | This water meadow is one of the few surviving areas of flood plain of the River Ivel. Aquatic plants include celery leaved buttercup and water plantain, and there are birds such as lapwings, fieldfares and redwings. Water voles are found along the river.[39] |
| Stotfold Mill Meadows |  | 3.4 hectares (8.4 acres) | Stotfold 52°00′51″N 0°13′04″W / 52.0143°N 0.2179°W TL 224 366 | Central | Map | Details | The meadows are on the east bank of the River Ivel, and have water birds and invertebrates such as frogs, toads and newts. The site also has meadows with a number of ponds, and an area of woodland.[40] | |
| Totternhoe Knolls |  | 13.3 hectares (33 acres) | Totternhoe 51°53′17″N 0°34′44″W / 51.8880°N 0.5789°W SP 979 220 | Central | Map | Details | CAONB,[41] SM,[42] SSSI,[43] WTBCN[44] | Part of this site was formerly a chalk quarry. It is now grassland with a rich variety of plant species, including some that are now rare. There are a number of orchids and a wide variety of invertebrates, including butterflies such as the scarce small blue and Duke of Burgundy.[43][45] |
See also
- List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Bedfordshire
- List of local nature reserves in England
