List of military equipment used by Syrian opposition forces

List of military equipment^[1]^[2] used by Syrian opposition forces in the Syrian Civil War. This list does not include equipment used by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and the Syrian Democratic Forces.

Sources

Large equipment like tanks and vehicles are generally captured from Syrian Army supplies, but small arms are likely a mixture of captured Syrian Army weapons, weapons imported by foreign combatants joining the opposition forces, or other sources. These include funding by private donors (notably from the Gulf region) and equipment supplied by friendly nations.

The U.S. supplied a considerable amount of weapons and ammunition, of both American and Soviet-type from Eastern Europe, to Syrian rebel groups under operation Timber Sycamore. For example, Jane's Defence Weekly reported that in December 2015 the U.S. shipped 994 tonnes of weapons and ammunition (including packaging and container weight).^[3]^[4]

Small arms

Model	Image	Caliber	Type	Origin	Details
Pistols
TT-33		7.62×25mm Tokarev	Semi-automatic pistol	Soviet Union	Commonly used by rebels, captured from the Syrian Arab Army.
Makarov PM		9×18mm Makarov	Semi-automatic pistol	Soviet Union	Commonly used by rebels, captured from the Syrian Arab Army.
M1911^[5]		.45 ACP	Semi-automatic pistol	United States	Rarely used by Syrian rebels
Browning Hi-Power^[6]		9×19mm Parabellum	Semi-automatic pistol	Belgium	Is an apparent popular pistol in Syria.
Kral Arms Canas^[7]	N/A	9 mm	Blank pistol	Turkey	Blank pistol, possibly converted to fire live rounds. Only has been seen once in the war.
Rifles and Carbines
Mosin–Nagant^[8]		7.62×54mmR	Bolt-action rifle	Russian Empire	Seen common service by snipers, who usually put modern optics on it. The Mosin Nagant 1891/30 variant is used most but the M1944 (or Bulgarian 91/59 mosin nagant) carbine are also used, though to a lesser extent.
MAS-36^[9]		7.5×54mm French	Bolt-action rifle	France	Seen moderate usage by snipers through 2013–2014 in Aleppo when in July 2013, the FSA (probably 16th Division or some other branch of the FSA. 16th Division did use MAS-36s.)^[10] captured large amounts of stockpiled MAS-36s from the Syrian Arab Army. Other rebel groups such as the Al-Tawhid Brigade also captured and used large amounts of MAS-36s captured from the Syrian Arab Army. Most rebel groups stopped using the MAS-36 around 2015 as ammo seemed to ran out.^{[citation needed]}
Karabiner 98k^[11]		7.92×57mm	Bolt-action rifle	Nazi Germany
SKS^[12]		7.62×39mm	Semi-automatic rifle	Soviet Union	Somewhat uncommon usage. Usually when it is used, it is seen being used by marksmen attached with optics.
Type 56 carbine^{[citation needed]}		7.62×39mm	Semi-automatic carbine	People's Republic of China	Chinese copy of SKS. Used in the same way as the SKS.
Heckler & Koch G3^[13]^[14]		7.62×51mm NATO	Battle rifle	Germany Turkey	Sourced from Turkey and Saudi Arabia. Used as a DMR. Used very rarely.
FN FAL^[14]^[15]^[16]		7.62×51mm NATO	Battle rifle	Belgium	Often used as Marksman Rifle and Operations Specialist Weapon, sourced from Libya and UAE.
M14 rifle^[17]		7.62×51mm NATO	Battle rifle	United States	Rare.
Assault rifles and Carbines
StG 44^[18]^[19]		7.92×33mm Kurz	Assault rifle	Nazi Germany	On 8 August 2012, the FSA captured around 5,000 from a Syrian Arab Army storage container.
AK-47		7.62×39mm	Assault rifle	Soviet Union	Isn't the most common gun in the war, but is used. The AKS-47 variant is also used.^[20]
AKM		7.62×39mm	Assault rifle	Soviet Union	The AKMS variant is seen most (at least in the early part of the war), but the AKM is also seen. One of the most common weapons used in the Syrian Civil War.
Type 56		7.62×39mm	Assault rifle	People's Republic of China	Chinese variant of the Russian AK-47 and AKM. The Type-56 has been seen in use by various rebel groups. The Type-56-1 and Type-56-2 are also seen.
Zastava M70^[21]		7.62×39mm	Assault rifle	Yugoslavia	Yugoslavian variant of the Russian AK-47 and AKM.
PM md. 63		7.62×39mm	Assault rifle	Socialist Republic of Romania	Used commonly in the early part of the war. Isn't seen too commonly now.
AMD 65^[22]^[23]		7.62×39mm	Assault rifle	Hungarian People's Republic	Isn't the most common gun in the war but is used occasionally. Seen more commonly in the early part of the war
vz. 58^[24]		7.62×39mm	Assault rifle	Czechoslovakia	6,600 donated by Czechoslovakia to Iraqi and Kurdish regional governments to fight against ISIS.^[25]
AK-74 AKS-74^[26]		5.45×39mm	Assault rifle	Soviet Union	Mostly used by opposition special forces and elite units. Isn't too common elsewhere.
AK-74M		5.45×39mm	Assault rifle	Russia	Unknown quantity, captured during the Syrian Civil War.^[26]
AK-103		7.62×39mm	Assault rifle	Russia	Unknown quantity, captured during the Syrian Civil War.^[26]
AK-9		9×39mm	Assault rifle	Russia	Unknown quantity, captured during the Syrian Civil War.^[26]
FB Tantal		5.45×39mm	Assault rifle	Poland	Unknown quantity, captured during the Syrian Civil War.^[26]
M16A1 M16A2^[23]		5.56×45mm NATO	Assault rifle	United States	Used by Division 30, the New Syrian Army, Al-Moutasem Brigade and Euphrates Shield rebels. The M16A1 was used commonly as a marksman rifle in the early parts of the war.
M4^[27]		5.56×45mm NATO	Carbine	United States
Norinco CQ^[28]		5.56×45mm NATO	Assault rifle	People's Republic of China	"Where they are coming from is not certain. Iran is known to have purchased CQ rifles and produce it under license, but rifles similar to those seen in the Middle East have been seen and manufactured under license in Sudan, the National Interest report said." said by the Asia times.
FAMAS^[29]^[30]		5.56×45mm NATO	Assault rifle	France	Seen once in 2013, possibly smuggled out of Lebanon.
Steyr AUG^[15]		5.56×45mm NATO	Assault rifle	Austria	Origin unclear; serial numbers removed. Used by Syrian Opposition special forces.^[31]^[32] Sometimes used by Syrian rebels as a marksman rifle.^[33]
IMI Galil^[23]		5.56×45mm NATO	Assault rifle	Israel	Limited usage
Sniper rifles and anti-material rifles
Steyr SSG 69^[34]		7.62×51mm NATO	Sniper rifle	Austria	Is a common bolt-action rifle used by Syrian rebels.
M14 EBR^[35]		7.62×51mm NATO	Designated marksman rifle	United States
Dragunov SVD		7.62×54mmR	Designated marksman rifle	Soviet Union	The most common sniper rifle in the war.
Zastava M91		7.62×54mmR	Designated marksman rifle	Yugoslavia
PSL		7.62×54mmR 7.62×51mm NATO	Designated marksman rifle	Socialist Republic of Romania
OSV-96^[36]		12.7×108mm	Anti-materiel rifle	Russia
M99^[37]	N/A	12.7×108mm	Anti-materiel rifle	People's Republic of China	Supplied by Qatar.^[38] Is one of the most common anti-material rifles used by Syrian rebels.
Sayad-2		.50 BMG	Anti-materiel rifle	Austria Iran	Unlicensed Iranian produced copy of the Steyr HS .50. Captured from the Syrian Army.^[39]
PTRS-41^[40]		14.5×114mm	Anti-tank rifle	Soviet Union	Used by rebels as an anti-material rifle, has seen very limited use.
Submachine guns
Sterling submachine gun^[41]		9×19mm Parabellum	Submachine gun	United Kingdom	Rare. Unknown how it got there.
Sten^[42]^[23]		9×19mm Parabellum	Submachine gun	United Kingdom	Possibly leftover from the 1948 arab-israeli war
Sa vz. 23^[23]^[43]		7.62×25mm Tokarev	Submachine gun	Czechoslovakia
MAB 38^[44]		9×19mm Parabellum	Submachine gun	Kingdom of Italy	Only one has been seen in the war. As of 2017.^{[citation needed]}
MP-40^[45]		9×19mm Parabellum	Submachine gun	Nazi Germany	"Few MP-40s have been seen during the Syrian civil war, and of those that have, they appeared a year or two into the conflict.” “The Saudi-Croatian deal is one possibility” “as is Libya, which had bought some WWII-vintage MP-40s from Yugoslavia in the 1980s."^{[citation needed]}
Beretta M12^[23]		9×19mm Parabellum	Submachine gun	Italy
Machine guns
RPD^[46]^[47]		7.62×39mm	Light machine gun	Soviet Union
RPK^[48]		5.45×39mm	Light machine gun	Soviet Union
PKM		7.62×54mmR	General-purpose machine gun	Soviet Union
PKP Pecheneg		7.62×54mmR	General-purpose machine gun	Russia	Unknown quantity, captured during the Syrian Civil War.
MG-34^[49]		7.92×57mm Mauser	General-purpose machine gun	Nazi Germany	Captured from some Syrian stockpiles. Very rare usage but was one of the FSA's first machine guns looted from Syrian army warehouses.^{[citation needed]}
M240B^[50]		7.62×51mm NATO	General-purpose machine gun	United States	Used by the NSA and Al-Moutasem Brigade and Euphrates Shield forces
FN MAG^[51]		7.62×51mm	General-purpose machine gun	Belgium
Ksp 58^[23]		7.62×51mm	General-purpose machine gun	Sweden
DShK^[3] Type 54 HMG^{[citation needed]}		12.7×108mm	Heavy machine gun	Soviet Union People's Republic of China	Often mounted on technicals. Sometimes is planted in holes in walls or on flat surfaces when in lack of a tripod. Chinese copy of DShK.
NSV^[52]		12.7×108mm	Heavy machine gun	Soviet Union	Rarely used
W85^[53]		12.7×108mm	Heavy machine gun	People's Republic of China	Used very commonly.^[28] Sometimes is planted in holes in walls or on flat surfaces when in lack of a tripod.^[54]^[55]
KPV^[56]		14.5×114mm	Heavy machine gun	Soviet Union	Often mounted on technicals.
M2 Browning^[57]^[58]^[50]		12.7×99mm NATO	Heavy machine gun	United States	Used by US-backed FSA groups, including the al-Mu'tasim Brigade and the Hamza Division.
M1919 Browning^[23]^[42]		.30-06 Springfield	Medium machine gun	United States	Seen at least once in the war. It’s possible it was taken off a disabled Israeli vehicle during the Yom Kippur War or the 1980s fighting in Lebanon.^{[citation needed]}
Vickers machine gun^[42]		.303 British	Heavy machine gun	United Kingdom	Seen at least once in the war. May or may not be usable.

Grenades, grenade launchers and explosives

Model	Diameter	Type	Origin	Details
F1^[59]^[42]	55 mm	Hand grenade	Soviet Union	The most common grenade used by the Free Syrian Army and other rebel groups.
Mk 2 grenade^{[citation needed]}	59 mm	Hand grenade	United States
M26 grenade^{[citation needed]}	57 mm	Hand grenade	United States
RGD-5^[42]	58 mm	Hand grenade	Soviet Union	The second most common grenade.
OHG-92^[60]	65mm^[61]	Hand grenade	Switzerland	Grenades originally delivered to the United Arab Emirates in 2003–2004 and then given to Jordan in 2004. Unclear how the hand grenades reached the Syrian rebels.^[62]
AGS-17^[63]	30×29mm grenade	Automatic grenade launcher	Soviet Union
Type 87^{[citation needed]}	35×32mm grenade	Automatic grenade launcher	People's Republic of China
Mark 19 grenade launcher^{[citation needed]}	40×53mm grenade	Automatic grenade launcher	United States	Supplied by the United States.
RBG-6^[64]^[65]^[66]	40×46mm grenade	Grenade launcher	Croatia	Croatian-produced copy of South African Milkor MGL. Supplied by Saudi Arabia.^[67]
Arsenal MSGL^[68]	40×46mm grenade	Grenade launcher	Bulgaria
FN 303^{[citation needed]}	18 mm	Riot gun	Belgium	Used by Free Syrian Police.^{[citation needed]}
IED^[69]		Improvised explosive device	Syrian opposition / Hayat Tahrir al-Sham
Molotov cocktail^[69]^{[better source needed]}		Improvised Incendiary device	Syrian opposition / Hayat Tahrir al-Sham

Anti-tank weapons

Model	Diameter	Type	Origin	Details
Shoulder-fired missiles
SPG-82^[70]	82 mm	Anti-tank rocket launcher	Soviet Union
RPG-2^{[citation needed]}	82 mm	Recoilless gun^[71]	Soviet Union	Although the 104th Brigade of the Syrian Republican Guard had used them,^[72] there is no proof of the Syrian Opposition using RPG-2s. Syrian rebels did use Chinese Type-69 RPGs which could be mistaken as the RPG-2.^[73]
RPG-7^[3]	40 mm (launcher only, warhead diameter varies)	Rocket-propelled grenade	Soviet Union	Very common, the most common anti-tank gun in Syria.
RPG-18^[74]	64 mm	Rocket-propelled grenade	Soviet Union
RPG-22^[65]	72.5 mm	Rocket-propelled grenade	Soviet Union	Supplied by Saudi Arabia.^[67]
RPG-26^[75]	72.5 mm	Rocket-propelled grenade	Soviet Union
RPG-29^[76]	105 mm	Rocket-propelled grenade	Soviet Union
RPG-75^[77]	68 mm	Rocket-propelled grenade	Czechoslovakia
M72 LAW^[16]	66 mm	Anti-tank rocket launcher	United States	Turkish HAR-66 (LAW copy) supplied by Turkey
M79 Osa^[65]^[78]	90 mm	Anti-tank rocket launcher	Yugoslavia	Supplied by Saudi Arabia.^[67]
RBR-120 mm M90^[79]	120 mm	Anti-tank rocket launcher	Serbia / Macedonia
Anti-tank guided weapons
9M14 Malyutka^[80]^[81]	125 mm	Wire-guided anti-tank missile	Soviet Union	Designated AT-3 Sagger by NATO.
9K111 Fagot^[3]^[82]^[81]	120 mm	Wire-guided anti-tank missile	Soviet Union	Designated AT-4 Spigot by NATO.
9M113 Konkurs^[3]^[83]^[81]	135 mm	Wire-guided anti-tank missile	Soviet Union	Captured from the Syrian Army and supplied by Saudi Arabia.^[84] Designated AT-5 Spandrel by NATO.
9K115 Metis^[81]	130 mm	Wire-guided anti-tank missile	Soviet Union	Designated AT-7 Spriggan by NATO.
9K115-2 Metis-M^[85]^[81]	130 mm	Wire-guided anti-tank missile	Russia	Designated AT-13 Saxhorn-2 by NATO.
9M133 Kornet^[86]^[81]	152 mm	Wire-guided anti-tank missile	Russia	Designated AT-14 Spriggan by NATO.
HJ-8^[87]^[88]	120 mm	Wire-guided anti-tank missile	People's Republic of China	Supplied by Qatar from Sudan.^[89]
MILAN^[90]^[81]	115 mm	Wire-guided anti-tank missile	France / West Germany	Captured from the Syrian Army and YPG.^[91] Some supplied by Qatar or from Libyan National Army stocks.^[92]
BGM-71 TOW^[93]^[81]	152 mm	Wire-guided anti-tank missile	United States	Allegedly supplied by the U.S., but origin remains "unclear"; serial numbers removed.^[94] The TOW missile system has seen extensive use during the Hama Offensive by Syrian opposition forces, mainly against armoured vehicles from both the SAA and NDF.

Anti-aircraft weapons

Model	Diameter	Type	Origin	Details
Towed anti-aircraft guns
ZU-23-2^[95]^[81]	23 mm	Anti-aircraft Autocannon	Soviet Union	Often mounted on technicals.
37 mm automatic air defense gun M1939 (61-K)^[96]	37 mm	Anti-aircraft Autocannon	Soviet Union	Mounted on technicals.
57 mm AZP S-60^[97]	57 mm	Anti-aircraft Autocannon	Soviet Union
ZPU^[69]^[81]	14.5×114mm	Anti-aircraft gun	Soviet Union	Based on the Soviet 14.5 mm KPV heavy machine gun. Often mounted on technicals.
ZPU-4^[81]	14.5×114mm	Anti-aircraft gun	Soviet Union	Mostly mounted on technicals.
ZPU-1^[81]	14.5×114mm	Anti-aircraft gun	Soviet Union	Mounted on technicals.
Self-propelled air defense
ZSU-23-4 "Shilka"^[98]^[81]	23 mm	Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun	Soviet Union	Often used against ground targets in urban environments.
9K33 Osa^[99]	209.6 mm 9M33 missile	Amphibious SAM system	Soviet Union	Two captured from the Syrian Armed Forces and used by Jaysh al-Islam and Jaysh al-Ahrar.
Man-portable air-defense systems
FN-6^[100]	72 mm	Man-portable air-defense system	People's Republic of China	Supplied by Qatar.^[101]
9K32 Strela-2^[102]	72 mm	Man-portable air-defense system	Soviet Union	Designated SA-7 Grail by NATO.
9K310 Igla-1^[103]	72 mm	Man-portable air-defense system	Soviet Union	Designated SA-16 Gimlet by NATO.
9K338 Igla-S^[104]	72 mm	Man-portable air-defense system	Soviet Union	Designated SA-24 Grinch by NATO.
FIM-92 Stinger^[105]	100 mm	Man-portable air-defense system	United States	Turkey reportedly helped to transport to a limited amount of FIM-92 Stingers to the Free Syrian Army

Artillery and Mortars

Model	Image	Caliber	Type	Origin	Details
Mortars
82-BM-37^[81]		82 mm	Infantry mortar	Soviet Union
2B9M Vasilek^[106]		82 mm	Gun-mortar	Soviet Union	Possible Chinese copy (W99). At least one in use by Ansar al-Sham. Unclear origin. Also being used by Syrian Turkmen Brigade.^[107]^[106]
M1938 mortar^[81]		120 mm	Infantry mortar	Soviet Union
120-PM-43 mortar^{[citation needed]}		120 mm	Infantry mortar	Soviet Union
Soltam K6		120 mm	Infantry mortar	Israel
Improvised mortars	N/A	Various	Improvised mortar	Syrian opposition / Hayat Tahrir al-Sham
Field artillery
10.5 cm leFH 18M		105 mm	Howitzer	Nazi Germany	Probably looted from Syrian Army warehouses or from museums, according to N.R. Jenzen-Jones.^[11]
122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30)^[81]		122mm	Howitzer	Soviet Union	Captured during Ramouseh Artillery Base assault by Jaish al Fateh
D-30^[81]		122 mm	Howitzer	Soviet Union	Captured from the Syrian Army
"Hell cannon"^[108]		Various	Improvised artillery	Syrian opposition	Improvised howitzer that fires propane gas cylinders. Originated with the Ahrar al-Shamal Brigades, now used widely.
M-46^[56]		130 mm	Field gun	Soviet Union
180 mm gun S-23^[109]		180mm	Heavy gun	Soviet Union	Captured during Ramouseh Artillery Base assault by Jaish al Fateh
152 mm howitzer 2A65^[81]		152mm	Howitzer	Soviet Union
Self-propelled artillery
2S1 Gvozdika^[110]^[81]		122 mm	Self propelled howitzer	Soviet Union	Armed with D-30 howitzer.
2S3 Akatsiya^[111]		152.4 mm	Self propelled howitzer	Soviet Union	Armed with D-22 howitzer.
Recoilless rifles
B-10^[81] Type 65		82 mm	Recoilless rifle	Soviet Union People's Republic of China	Chinese copy of B-10.
M60^[65]			Recoilless rifle	Yugoslavia	Supplied by Saudi Arabia.^[67]
M40^[112]		105 mm	Recoilless rifle	United States	Possible Iranian copy.
Carl Gustav 84mm^[113]		84 mm	Recoilless rifle	Sweden
SPG-9^[81]		73 mm	Recoilless rifle	Soviet Union
Rocket artillery
Type 63^[85]^[81]		106.7 mm	Multiple rocket launcher	People's Republic of China	Possible Iranian copy.^[114]
RAK-12^[115]^[116]^[117]		128 mm	Multiple rocket launcher	Croatia	Croatian built version of Yugoslavian M-63 Plamen with 12 rockets tubes instead of the original 32. Supplied by Saudi Arabia.^[67]
Katyusha^[118]^[119]^[120]	N/A		Multiple rocket launcher	Soviet Union
BM-21 Grad^[121]^[122]^[81]		122 mm	Multiple rocket launcher	Soviet Union	Initially captured from the Syrian Army,^[123] later supplied by Saudi Arabia from Bulgaria and Poland.^[124]
Grad-P		122 mm	Light portable rocket system	Soviet Union
Improvised rocket launchers^[69]		Various	Improvised Rocket launcher	Syrian opposition / Hayat Tahrir al-Sham
Khaibar	N/A	302 mm	Multiple rocket launcher	People's Republic of China Syrian opposition

Tanks and armoured vehicles

Model	Type	Origin	Details
T-54^[125]^[81]	Medium tank Main battle tank	Soviet Union	Captured from the Syrian Army, at least one operated by the al-Tawhid Brigade and the Conquest Brigade as of September 2013.
T-55^[126]^[81]	Medium tank Main battle tank	Soviet Union	Captured from the Syrian Army.
T-62^[127]	Main battle tank	Soviet Union	Captured from the Syrian Army. One of the most used tanks used by Syrian rebels.
T-72^[128]	Main battle tank	Soviet Union	Captured from the Syrian Army. At least 8 previously operated by Jaysh al-Islam. Liwa Dawood had another 6, then captured by ISIL.^[129] Total numbers currently unknown
T-90^[130]	Main battle tank	Russia	1 operated by Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki, captured from the Syrian Army.
BMP-1^[81]	Infantry fighting vehicle	Soviet Union	Captured from the Syrian Army.
BVP-1 AMB-S^[131]	Military ambulance	Czechoslovakia	Captured from the Syrian Army.
BMP-2	Infantry fighting vehicle	Soviet Union	Two BMP-2s were captured from Syrian Army when FSA overran Aleppo's Infantry School and another was destroyed in the fight for Aleppo's Central Prison.^[132]
BTR-60PB^[133]	Wheeled amphibious armoured personnel carrier	Soviet Union	Captured from the Syrian Army.
BRDM-2^[134]	Amphibious Armoured scout car	Soviet Union	Captured from the Syrian Army.
Humvee^{[citation needed]}	Military light utility vehicle	United States	Some captured from ISIS and YPG/SDF.
Improvised fighting vehicles	Improvised fighting vehicle	Syrian opposition	Examples are the Sham 1 armored pickup truck and the Sham 2 armored car used by the Al-Ansar Brigade.^[135]
Streit Cougar^{[citation needed]}	Infantry mobility vehicle	Canada
Streit Typhoon^{[citation needed]}	MRAP	Canada
Safir^{[citation needed]}	Off-road military light utility vehicle	Iran
Construction Vehicles^{[citation needed]}	Hitachi, Hidromek, Poclain, Caterpillar, Hyundai, Develon, Bobcat, JCB and Volvo etc.	Various

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