List of off-season Atlantic hurricanes

An off-season Atlantic hurricane is a tropical or subtropical cyclone that existed in the Atlantic basin outside of the official Atlantic hurricane season. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration currently defines the season as occurring between June 1 and November 30 each calendar year, which is when 97% of all Atlantic tropical cyclones occur.[1] Peak activity is known to be between August and October.[1][2] Between 1938, when the United States Weather Bureau began issuing tropical cyclone warnings as a collaborative observation network for cities along the U.S. coastline, and 1963, the season was defined between June 15 and November 15.[3] In 1964, the season was extended to begin on June 1 and end on November 30,[2] which remains the official length of the season.

Satellite image of the most recent Atlantic off-season system, an unnamed subtropical storm on January 16, 2023

As of 2023, there have been 92 off-season cyclones recorded in the official Atlantic hurricane database, which dates back to 1851. In addition, six earlier such storms have been documented, but are not part of the database. The first off-season storm in the database was an 1865 storm that developed in the Caribbean Sea; an earlier documented 1863 hurricane is not part of the database. The most recent off-season system was an unnamed January subtropical storm in 2023.

Background

Tracks of all known storms that formed during the off-season between 1851 and 2023.

Off-season storms are most likely to occur in May, with approximately 60% of such storms occurring during that month. Off-season cyclones are most likely to develop in the central to western Atlantic Ocean, and most do not make landfall. Of the storms that have, a tropical storm in 1948 that struck the Dominican Republic, killing 80 people in the Dominican Republic, was the deadliest.[4] However, the unofficial hurricane in 1863 killed 110 people, in a shipwreck off Florida and on land. That same storm was estimated to have reached winds of 105 mph (169 km/h), making it the strongest hurricane between December and May; the strongest currently in the official database was a March hurricane in 1908 that reached winds of 100 mph (160 km/h). In addition, the strongest off-season cyclone to make landfall in the United States was Tropical Storm Beryl in May of 2012, which made landfall near Jacksonville Beach, Florida with 65 mph (105 km/h) winds.[5] Hurricane Alice was the only one of the cyclones to strike land as a hurricane, doing so to islands in the northern Lesser Antilles; it caused locally heavy rainfall and moderate damage.[6] Of all cyclones during the off-season, Hurricane Lili in 1984 lasted the longest, for a total of 12 days. In 2005, Hurricane Epsilon maintained hurricane status for five days, longer than any other storm in December; the previous record was two and a half days, set by Hurricane Lili.

The year with the most off-season storms was 1887, with a total of five existing in the off-season. The 1951 season had four, one of which a depression. Several others had three tropical cyclones, of which only 2003 had three tropical storms. The 1908 and 1951 seasons were the only ones with two hurricanes forming in the off-season. In eight seasons, there were storms both prior to the start of the season as well as after the season ended, those being 1887, 1911, 1951, 1953, 1954, 1970, 2003, and 2007; all but 1911 had tropical cyclones of at least tropical storm status before and after the season.[7][8] The longest streak of consecutive years featuring at least one pre-season storm was seven, from 2015 through 2021.

Chronology

Radar image of Hurricane Alice in 1955, the first recorded North Atlantic hurricane to span two calendar years.

Tropical cyclones have been named in the Atlantic since the 1947 Atlantic hurricane season, and subtropical cyclones have been recognized in HURDAT since 1968. The National Hurricane Center issues names for tropical and subtropical cyclones once their winds reach 39 mph (63 km/h). Before 1950, storms were numbered based on their appearance in the Atlantic hurricane database; tropical depressions were unnumbered.[7][8][9] Storms before 1851 are unofficial and are not part of the official Atlantic hurricane best track.[10] In addition, a hurricane from May 1863, labeled "Amanda", is included after being rediscovered in 2013.[11]

The wind speeds listed are maximum one-minute average sustained winds, and the pressure is the minimum barometric pressure; tropical cyclones listed with N/A under pressure indicates there is no known estimated pressure. For deaths, "None" indicates that there were no reports of fatalities; death tolls listed as "several" mean there were fatalities reported, but an exact total is unavailable. For both deaths and damage, N/A refers to no known total, although such storms may have impacted land. The damage totals are the United States dollar of the year of the storm.

NameDatesPeak intensityAreas affectedDamage
(USD)
DeathsRefs
CategoryWind speedPressure
UnnamedMay 23–24, 1771Tropical storm≥40 mph (64 km/h)Not specifiedCubaN/ANone[10]
UnnamedMay 25–26, 1779Tropical storm≥40 mph (64 km/h)Not specifiedCubaN/ANone[10]
UnnamedMay 28, 1794Tropical storm≥40 mph (64 km/h)Not specifiedCubaN/ANone[10]
UnnamedDecember 13–22, 1822Category 1 hurricane≥75 mph (121 km/h)Not specifiedEastern Caribbean SeaN/ANone[10]
UnnamedMay 28 – June 5, 1825≥Category 1 hurricane≥75 mph (121 km/h)Not specifiedCuba, United States East CoastN/A7[10][12]
UnnamedMay 20–21, 1838Tropical storm≥40 mph (64 km/h)Not specifiedJamaicaN/ANone[10]
"Amanda"May 24–29, 1863Category 2 hurricane105 mph (169 km/h)975 hPa (28.79 inHg)FloridaN/A110[11]
#1May 30, 1865Tropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)Not specifiedCaribbean SeaN/ANone[7]
#12November 25 – December 2, 1878Tropical storm70 mph (110 km/h)Not specifiedLesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, JamaicaN/ANone[7]
#1May 15–18, 1887Tropical storm70 mph (110 km/h)997 hPa (29.44 inHg)Atlantic CanadaN/ANone[8]
#2May 17–21, 1887Tropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)1,002 hPa (29.59 inHg)Jamaica, Cuba, BahamasN/ANone[8]
#17November 27 – December 4, 1887Category 1 hurricane80 mph (130 km/h)Not specifiedBahamasN/ANone[8]
#18December 4–8, 1887Category 1 hurricane80 mph (130 km/h)Not specifiedCentral Atlantic OceanN/ANone[8]
#19December 7–12, 1887Tropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)Not specifiedLesser Antilles, Colombia, NicaraguaN/ANone[8]
#1May 16–21, 1889Category 1 hurricane80 mph (130 km/h)Not specifiedWestern Atlantic OceanN/ANone[8]
#1May 27–29, 1890Tropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)Not specifiedCubaN/A4[8][4]
UnnamedMay 1–6, 1899Tropical depression25 mph (40 km/h)1,010 hPa (29.83 inHg)Haiti, CubaN/ANone[8]
UnnamedJanuary 17–19, 1900Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)Not specifiedCentral Atlantic OceanN/ANone[8]
#1March 6–9, 1908Category 2 hurricane100 mph (160 km/h)991 hPa (29.26 inHg)Lesser AntillesN/ANone[8]
#2May 24–31, 1908Category 1 hurricane75 mph (121 km/h)989 hPa (29.21 inHg)North CarolinaN/ANone[8]
UnnamedFebruary 19–21, 1911Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)1,009 hPa (29.80 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanN/ANone[13]
UnnamedMay 22–24, 1911Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)Not specifiedCentral Atlantic OceanN/ANone[13]
UnnamedDecember 11–13, 1911Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)1,005 hPa (29.68 inHg)Haiti, CubaN/ANone[13]
UnnamedApril 14–16, 1912Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)Not specifiedCentral AtlanticN/ANone[13]
UnnamedMay 5–8, 1913Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)1,003 hPa (29.62 inHg)Northern Atlantic OceanN/ANone[13]
UnnamedApril 29 – May 2, 1915Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)1,003 hPa (29.62 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanN/ANone[8]
#1May 13 – 16, 1916Tropical storm60 mph (95 km/h)990 hPa (29.23 inHg)Cuba, United States East CoastN/ANone[8][14]
UnnamedMay 12–15, 1922Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)1,008 hPa (29.77 inHg)NicaraguaN/ANone[8]
#4November 27 – December 1, 1925Tropical storm65 mph (105 km/h)995 hPa (29.38 inHg)Cuba, United States East Coast
Bermuda, Azores
$3 million73[8][15][16]
#1May 5–11, 1932Tropical storm65 mph (105 km/h)995 hPa (29.38 inHg)Dominican RepublicN/ANone[17]
#1May 14–19, 1933Tropical storm50 mph (80 km/h)1,001 hPa (29.56 inHg))Yucatán PeninsulaN/ANone[18]
#1May 15–18, 1935Tropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)1,003 hPa (29.62 inHg)HispaniolaN/ANone[19]
UnnamedMay 21–26, 1936Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)Not specifiedTexasN/ANone[20]
#17December 4–6, 1936Tropical storm65 mph (105 km/h)996 hPa (29.41 inHg)Eastern Atlantic OceanN/ANone[20]
#1January 3–6, 1938Category 1 hurricane80 mph (130 km/h)992 hPa (29.29 inHg)Eastern Atlantic OceanN/ANone[21]
#1May 19–24, 1940Tropical storm65 mph (105 km/h)<996 hPa (29.41 inHg)Western Atlantic OceanN/ANone[22]
#1May 22–28, 1948Tropical storm50 mph (80 km/h)1,004 hPa (29.65 inHg)Dominican RepublicN/A80[7][4]
#1January 4–9, 1951Tropical storm65 mph (105 km/h)997 hPa (29.44 inHg)Western Atlantic OceanN/ANone[7]
AbleMay 16–24, 1951Category 1 hurricane90 mph (140 km/h)973 hPa (28.73 inHg)Bahamas, North CarolinaN/ANone[23][24]
UnnamedMay 17–18, 1951Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)1008 hPa (29.77 inHg)Western Atlantic OceanN/ANone[8]
#12December 7–10, 1951Category 1 hurricane80 mph (130 km/h)995 hPa (29.38 inHg)AzoresN/ANone[7]
#1February 2–3, 1952Tropical storm70 mph (110 km/h)990 hPa (29.23 inHg))FloridaN/ANone[7]
AliceMay 25 – June 7, 1953Tropical storm70 mph (110 km/h)994 hPa (29.35 inHg)Cuba, FloridaN/A6[25][8]
IreneDecember 7–9, 1953Tropical storm65 mph (105 km/h)999 hPa (29.50 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanN/ANone[7]
UnnamedDecember 13–14, 1953Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)Not specifiedLesser AntillesN/ANone[8]
UnnamedJanuary 27–28, 1954Subtropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)1,010 hPa (29.83 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanN/ANone[8]
UnnamedMay 19–25, 1954Subtropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)1,010 hPa (29.83 inHg)Northeastern Atlantic OceanN/ANone[8]
#1May 28–30, 1954Tropical storm50 mph (80 km/h)997 hPa (29.44 inHg))North CarolinaN/ANone[7]
AliceDecember 30, 1954 – January 6, 1955Category 1 hurricane90 mph (140 km/h)980 hPa (28.94 inHg)Lesser Antilles$623,000None[6]
#1May 25–27, 1958Tropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)999 hPa (29.50 inHg)Western Atlantic OceanN/ANone[7]
ArleneMay 28–31, 1959Tropical storm65 mph (105 km/h)993 hPa (29.32 inHg)United States Gulf Coast$500,0001[26]
TDApril 30, 1962Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)Not specifiedWestern Atlantic OceanN/ANone[27]
#10November 28 – December 4, 1962Category 1 hurricane90 mph (140 km/h)988 hPa (29.18 inHg)Southeastern United StatesN/ANone[27]
#10November 29 – December 2, 1965Tropical storm50 mph (80 km/h)999 hPa (29.50 inHg)Western Atlantic OceanN/ANone[27]
AlmaMay 17–26, 1970Category 1 hurricane80 mph (130 km/h)993 hPa (29.32 inHg)Cuba, FloridaN/A8[28][29]
UnnamedNovember 28 - December 1, 1970Tropical storm65 mph (105 km/h)987 hPa (29.15 inHg)Western Atlantic OceanN/ANone[30]
AlphaMay 23–29, 1972Subtropical storm70 mph (110 km/h)991 hPa (29.26 inHg)Southeastern United States$100,0002[7][31][32]
#1April 18–21, 1973Tropical depression30 mph (48 km/h)Not specifiedCentral Atlantic OceanNoneNone[7]
#2May 2–5, 1973Tropical depression30 mph (48 km/h)Not specifiedCentral Atlantic OceanNoneNone[7]
#3May 19–20, 1974Tropical depression30 mph (48 km/h)Not specifiedBelize, Mexico, Cuba
Jamaica, United States Gulf Coast
N/ANone[33][34]
UnnamedDecember 9–13, 1975Subtropical storm70 mph (110 km/h)985 hPa (29.09 inHg)Northeast Atlantic OceanN/ANone[7]
OneMay 21–25, 1976Subtropical storm50 mph (80 km/h)994 hPa (29.35 inHg)FloridaN/ANone[7]
UnnamedJanuary 18–23, 1978Subtropical storm45 mph (72 km/h)1,002 hPa (29.59 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanN/ANone[7]
ArleneMay 6–9, 1981Tropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)999 hPa (29.50 inHg)Cuba, BahamasN/ANone[35]
LiliDecember 12–24, 1984Category 1 hurricane80 mph (130 km/h)980 hPa (28.94 inHg)HispaniolaN/ANone[36]
#14December 7–9, 1985Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)Not specifiedWestern CaribbeanN/ANone[7]
#1May 24 – June 1, 1987Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)1,011 hPa (29.85 inHg)BahamasN/ANone[7]
#1May 31 – June 2, 1988Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)1,004 hPa (29.65 inHg)CubaN/A37[37][38]
KarenNovember 28 – December 4, 1989Tropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)1,000 hPa (29.53 inHg)CubaN/ANone[39]
#1May 24–27, 1990Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)1,007 hPa (29.74 inHg)Cuba, FloridaNoneNone[40]
OneApril 21–24, 1992Subtropical storm50 mph (80 km/h)1,002 hPa (29.59 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanNoneNone[41]
#1May 31 – June 3, 1993Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)999 hPa (29.50 inHg)Cuba, FloridaNone20[42]
NicoleNovember 24 – December 1, 1998Category 1 hurricane85 mph (137 km/h)979 hPa (28.91 inHg)Northeastern Atlantic OceanNoneNone[43]
OlgaNovember 24 – December 6, 2001Category 1 hurricane90 mph (140 km/h)973 hPa (28.73 inHg)Western Atlantic OceanNoneNone[44]
AnaApril 20–24, 2003Tropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)994 hPa (29.35 inHg)FloridaNone2[45]
OdetteDecember 4–7, 2003Tropical storm65 mph (105 km/h)993 hPa (29.32 inHg)Hispaniola$8 million10[45][46]
PeterDecember 7–11, 2003Tropical storm70 mph (110 km/h)990 hPa (29.23 inHg)Eastern Atlantic OceanNoneNone[45]
OttoNovember 29 – December 3, 2004Tropical storm50 mph (80 km/h)995 hPa (29.38 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanNoneNone[47]
EpsilonNovember 29 – December 8, 2005Category 1 hurricane85 mph (137 km/h)981 hPa (28.97 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanNoneNone[48]
ZetaDecember 30, 2005 – January 7, 2006Tropical storm65 mph (105 km/h)994 hPa (29.35 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanNoneNone[48]
AndreaMay 9–11, 2007Subtropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)1,001 hPa (29.56 inHg)Southeast United States coastMinimal6[49]
OlgaDecember 11–12, 2007Tropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)1,003 hPa (29.62 inHg)Greater Antilles$45 million40[49][50]
ArthurMay 31 – June 2, 2008Tropical storm45 mph (72 km/h)1,004 hPa (29.65 inHg)Belize, Yucatán Peninsula$78 million9[51]
#1May 28–29, 2009Tropical depression35 mph (56 km/h)1,006 hPa (29.71 inHg)Western Atlantic OceanNoneNone[52]
AlbertoMay 19–22, 2012Tropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)995 hPa (29.38 inHg)South Carolina, North Carolina, GeorgiaMinimalNone[53]
BerylMay 26–30, 2012Tropical storm70 mph (110 km/h)992 hPa (29.29 inHg)Florida, Georgia, Cuba, The Bahamas$148,0003[5][54]
UnnamedDecember 5–7, 2013Subtropical storm50 mph (80 km/h)997 hPa (29.44 inHg)AzoresNoneNone[55]
AnaMay 8–11, 2015Tropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)998 hPa (29.47 inHg)Southeastern United StatesMinimal2[56]
AlexJanuary 12–15, 2016Category 1 hurricane85 mph (137 km/h)981 hPa (29.0 inHg)Bermuda, AzoresMinimal1[57]
BonnieMay 27 – June 4, 2016Tropical storm45 mph (72 km/h)1,006 hPa (29.71 inHg)Southeastern United States, The Bahamas$640,0002[58]
ArleneApril 19–21, 2017Tropical storm50 mph (80 km/h)990 hPa (29.23 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanNoneNone[59]
AlbertoMay 25–31, 2018Tropical storm65 mph (105 km/h)990 hPa (29.23 inHg)Yucatán Peninsula, Cuba, Southeastern United States$125 million18[60]
AndreaMay 20–21, 2019Subtropical storm40 mph (64 km/h)1,006 hPa (29.71 inHg)BermudaNoneNone[61]
ArthurMay 16–19, 2020Tropical storm60 mph (97 km/h)991 hPa (29.26 inHg)Florida, Bahamas, North Carolina, Bermuda$112,000None
BerthaMay 27–28, 2020Tropical storm50 mph (80 km/h)1,004 hPa (29.65 inHg)The Bahamas, Florida, Georgia, The Carolinas, Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania$133,000None
AnaMay 22–24, 2021Tropical storm45 mph (72 km/h)1,006 hPa (29.71 inHg)BermudaNoneNone
UnnamedJanuary 16–17, 2023Subtropical storm70 mph (110 km/h)976 hPa (28.82 inHg)New England, Atlantic CanadaNoneNone[62]

Systems by month

Off-season storms are most likely to occur in May, followed by December. Several late November systems have persisted into December thus enhancing its count. Conversely, only one storm has formed in March, followed by February with two. Additionally, a pair of hurricanes have spanned two calendar years: Hurricane Alice in 1954–1955, and Tropical Storm Zeta in 2005–2006.[7][8]

Number of recorded off-season cyclones by month[7][8]
MonthNumber of cyclones
January
7
February
2
March
1
April
7
May
50
December
28(Includes 11 that formed in November)

See also

References

External links