List of principals and fellows of Jesus College, Oxford

Jesus College, Oxford, one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford, is run by the principal and fellows of the college. The principal of the college must be "a person distinguished for literary or scientific attainments, or for services in the work of education in the University or elsewhere".[1] The principal has "pre-eminence and authority over all members of the College and all persons connected therewith" and exercises "a general superintendence in all matters relating to education and discipline".[2] The current principal, Sir Nigel Shadbolt, was appointed in 2015 and is the thirty first holder of the office. This figure does not include Seth Ward, who was elected principal by the fellows in 1657 but never installed: Oliver Cromwell, Chancellor of the University at the time, appointed Francis Howell instead.[3] Fourteen Principals have been former students of the college, the first being Griffith Powell, elected in 1613, and the most recent being Alfred Hazel, elected in 1925. The longest-serving Principal was Henry Foulkes, from 1817 to 1857.[4]

The Principal's lodgings (left) and the chapel (right) are located within the First Quad of Jesus College.

When the college was founded in 1571 by Queen Elizabeth I, the first charter installed David Lewis as principal and named eight others as the first fellows.[5] The statutes of 1622 allowed for 16 fellows.[6] There is now no limit on the number of fellowships that the governing body can create.[7] The college statutes provide for various categories of fellows.[8] Professorial fellows are those professors and readers of the university who are allocated to the college by the university.[9] One of these professorships is the Jesus Professor of Celtic, which is the only chair in Celtic studies at an English university. Holders of the position since its creation in 1877 include John Rhys, Ellis Evans and Thomas Charles-Edwards.[10][11] The zoologists Charles Godfray and Paul Harvey are both professorial fellows.[12][13] Official fellows are those who hold tutorial or administrative appointments in the college. Past official fellows include the composer and musicologist John Caldwell, the historians Sir Goronwy Edwards and Niall Ferguson, the philosopher Galen Strawson and the political philosopher John Gray. There are also senior and junior research fellows. Principals and fellows who retire can be elected as emeritus fellows.[8] The college can also elect "distinguished persons" to honorary fellowships.[14]

The college crest above the Ship Street entrance gate

A further category is that of Welsh supernumerary fellows, who are, in rotation, the Vice-Chancellors of Cardiff University, Swansea University, Lampeter University, Aberystwyth University, Bangor University and the University of Wales College of Medicine.[8] There is one Welsh supernumerary fellow at a time, holding the position for not longer than three years.[15] The first of these was John Viriamu Jones in 1897.[16]

The college formerly had a category of missionary fellows, known as Leoline fellows after their founder, Principal Leoline Jenkins. In his will in 1685, he stated that "It is but too obvious that the persons in Holy Orders employed in his Majesty's fleet at sea and foreign plantations are too few." To address this, he established two fellowships, whose holders should serve as clergy "in any of his Majesty's fleets or in his Majesty's plantations" under the direction of the Lord High Admiral and the Bishop of London respectively. The last of these, Frederic de Winton, was appointed in 1876 and held his fellowship until his death in 1932. This category was abolished in 1877 by the Oxford and Cambridge Universities Commission, without prejudice to the rights of existing holders such as de Winton.[17] Another category of fellowship that was abolished in the 19th century was that of the King Charles I fellows, founded by Charles I in 1636 and tenable by natives of the Channel Islands in an attempt by him to "reclaim the Channel Islands from the extreme Calvinism which characterised them."[18] The first such Fellow was Daniel Brevint.[18]

Whilst the founding charter did not require the fellows or the students to be Welsh, the college has long had strong associations with Wales. Between 1571 and 1915, only one principal (Francis Howell, 1657–1660) was not from Wales or of Welsh descent. Many of the fellows in the past were also Welsh, since when new fellowships were created by benefactions (often by people of Welsh descent) there was frequently a stipulation that the recipients would be related to the donor or come from a place in Wales specified by the donor. These specific limitations were removed as part of reforms of Oxford University during the 19th century.[19]

List of principals

Key:

A list of principals and fellows
NameFellowPrincipalNotesRef
David Lewis1571–72First Principal; Fellow of All Souls, former principal of New Inn Hall, Oxford, a judge of the High Court of Admiralty from 1558[20]
Griffith Lloyd1572–86Second Principal, and one of the first benefactors to leave land to the college in his will[4]
Francis Bevans1586–1602Chancellor to Herbert Westfaling (Bishop of Hereford), and spent much of his time as principal in Hereford, leaving Griffith Powell to run the college[4][21][22]
John Williams1590–16021602–13Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity (1594–1613) and Dean of Bangor (1605–1613)[23]
Griffith Powell (OM)1589–16131613–20First Jesus College student to become principal; as principal, he oversaw the building of the hall, buttery and kitchen, but died a year before the chapel was completed.[24]
Francis Mansell (OM)1620–21
1630–48
1660–61
Altered and enlarged the college buildings during his second term of office[25]
Sir Eubule Thelwall1621–30Lawyer and MP for Denbighshire (1624–26 and 1628–29), called the "second founder" of Jesus College for his expenditure on the chapel and hall and for obtaining a new charter and statutes from King James I[26]
Michael Roberts1625–371648–57Principal during the English Commonwealth[27]
Seth Ward1657Elected Principal by the Fellows, but never held the position as Oliver Cromwell installed Francis Howell instead; he later became Bishop of Exeter and Bishop of Salisbury[3]
Francis Howell1657–60Principal during the English Commonwealth, and the only non-Welsh Principal between 1571 and 1921[19][27]
Sir Leoline Jenkins (OM)1660–611661–73Lawyer, diplomat and Secretary of State (1680–84)[28]
John Lloyd1661–731673–86Resigned as principal when appointed Bishop of St David's in October 1686, but died in early 1687[29][30]
Jonathan Edwards1662–861686–1712Theologian and Treasurer of Llandaff Cathedral; first principal to serve as Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University[31]
John Wynne (OM)1687–17121712–20Bishop of St Asaph (1715–27) and Bishop of Bath and Wells (1727–43)[32]
William Jones (OM)1699–17071720–25Left his Fellowship when appointed Rector of Longworth, Oxfordshire[4][33][34]
Eubule Thelwall1702–251725–27Succeeded William Jones as both Rector of Longworth and principal, but died just two years after his promotion[4][35][34]
Thomas Pardo (OM)1711–271727–63As Principal, completed the north-west corner of the inner quadrangle and carried out alterations to the hall and front of college[36]
Humphrey Owen (OM)1725–631763–68Bodley's Librarian (1747–68)[37]
Joseph Hoare (OM)1734–621768–1802First married principal, who donated £200 whilst principal for restoration of the Old Quadrangle[4][33][38]
David Hughes (OM)1774–18021802–17Donated money to increase the value of scholarships from South Wales and England, to reduce disparity with North Wales scholarships[4][33]
Henry Foulkes (OM)1796–18171817–57Longest-serving Principal in the history of the college[33][39]
Charles Williams (OM)1829–451857–77Former Headmaster of Ruthin School and incumbent of Holyhead parish church[40][41]
Daniel Harper (OM)1845–521877–95Former headmaster of Cowbridge Grammar School and Sherborne School[42][43]
Sir John Rhys (OM/HF)1881–951895–1915First Jesus Professor of Celtic (1877–1915), honorary fellow (1877–81) and Bursar (1881–95)[44]
Ernest Hardy1875–78
1896–1921
1921–25Classics tutor who wrote a history of the college (1899) and succeeded Rhys as principal after a vacancy of six years – the first non-Welsh Principal since Francis Howell (1657–60)[45]
Alfred Hazel (OM)1898–19251925–44Former Liberal MP, Fellow in Law and All Souls Reader in English Law (1933)[46]
Sir Frederick Ogilvie1946–49Director-General of the BBC (1938–42) before becoming principal[47]
John Christie (HF)1949–67Former headmaster of Repton and Westminster Schools[48]
Sir John Habakkuk (HF)1967–84Served as Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University (1973–77) whilst principal[49]
Sir Peter North (HF)1984–2005Served as Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University (1993–97) whilst principal[50][51]
John Krebs, Baron Krebs2005–15Zoologist, chairman of the Food Standards Agency (2000–05), appointed to the House of Lords as a cross-bencher in 2007[50][52]
Sir Nigel Shadbolt2015–Professor of computer science at University of Oxford; chairman and co-founder of the Open Data Institute[53]

Other notable fellows

Key:

William Aubrey
The college chapel memorial to Principal Jonathan Edwards
The college chapel memorial to Principal Henry Foulkes
Daniel Harper
The college chapel memorial to Principal Joseph Hoare
The college chapel tombstone of Principal Sir Leoline Jenkins
The college chapel memorial to Principal John Lloyd
Bishop William Lloyd
The college chapel memorial to Principal Francis Mansell
The portrait of Principal Thomas Pardo hangs in the college hall.
Sir Edward Bagnall Poulton
The college chapel memorial to Principal Sir Eubule Thelwall
A list of Principals and Fellows
NameFellowNotesRef
David Acheson1977British applied mathematician and former president of the Mathematical Association[54]
Henry Archdall1941Australian priest and schoolteacher, who was a Welsh Supernumerary Fellow in his capacity as principal of St David's College, Lampeter[46][55]
Andrea Ashworth1997–2000Junior Research Fellow in English, who won the Somerset Maugham Award from the Society of Authors in 1999 for Once in a House on Fire, her autobiography about her traumatic childhood[56][57]
William Aubrey1571–95Regius Professor of Civil Law (1553–59), one of the eight original Fellows of the college[5]
J. N. L. Baker (OM)1939–71College Lecturer in Geography (1932–71) and Bursar (1939–62); Lord Mayor of Oxford (1964–65)[58]
James Bandinel (OM)1754–76University Proctor (1776) and Public Orator (1776–84)[33]
Peter Beer1996–2006Retired Air Vice-Marshal who held the college position of Home Bursar[59]
Colin Bennetts1975–78College chaplain for three years, later becoming Bishop of Coventry (1998–2008)[60]
Richard Bosworth2011–presentHistorian of the 20th century, appointed as a senior research fellow[61]
Henry Bould (OM)1623–38Named as one of the founding scholars in the college's third charter (1622) before becoming a Fellow[62]
Daniel Brevint1637–48
1660–62
The first holder of the Fellowship for Channel Islanders created by Charles I[18][33][63]
Thomas Briscoe (OM)1834–59Vice-Principal (1849–58), vicar of Holyhead (1858–95)[64]
Mark BrouardHelen Morag Fellow and former head of Oxford University’s Department of Chemistry[65][66]
Clark L. Brundin (HF)1963–85Engineer who later became Vice-Chancellor of the University of Warwick (1985–92)[67]
John Caldwell1999–2005Musicologist and composer, who became an emeritus fellow on his retirement[68][69]
Brian Cantor1987–95Senior Research Fellow in Material Processing, Vice-Chancellor of the University of York since 2002[70]
G. D. Hale Carpenter1933–48Hope Professor of Entomology (1933–48), succeeding Sir Edward Bagnall Poulton[71]
Alan Carrington1984–87Professor of Chemistry 1984–87; a former Fellow of Downing College, Cambridge; Royal Society Research Professor at Southampton University (1979–84 and 1987–99); awarded the Faraday Lectureship Prize (1985) and Davy Medal (1992)[53]
David Chapman (HF)1907–44Physical chemist who ran the college laboratories (the last college labs in Oxford)[72]
Thomas Charles-Edwards1997–2011Jesus Professor of Celtic[11][61][73]
Arthur Church (OM)1908–12University Reader in Botany (1910–30), elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1921[74]
J. R. Cohu (OM)1882–90Clergyman, headmaster and writer on biblical topics[75]
John Cotterell1571–75Clergyman and former principal of White Hall and Laurence Hall, and one of the eight original Fellows of the college[5][33]
Keith Cox1973–98Geologist with a particular interest in flood basalts[76]
Patricia Crone1979–90Historiographer of early Islamic history[77]
Leslie Cross1927–47College chaplain and tutor in theology, Estates Bursar (1941–43) and senior tutor (1945–47); appointed an emeritus fellow in 1960[78][79]
Francis Davies (OM)1640By 1640 – ?Bishop of Llandaff (1667–75), who was reputedly a Fellow of the college, although the college's records do not substantiate this[33][80]
Paul Davies2009–presentAllen & Overy Professor of Corporate Law since 2009; previously a Fellow of Balliol College then a professor at the London School of Economics[81]
Frederic de Winton1876–32The last Leoline Fellow; Archdeacon of Colombo (1902–25)[17][82]
Percy Dodd (OM)1919–31Classicist whose substantial bequest to the college is used to support non-academic travel by undergraduates[83][84][85]
Edward Edwards (OM)1747–83Welsh cleric and friend of Samuel Johnson, vice-principal (1762–83)[86]
Sir Goronwy Edwards (OM/HF)1919–48Welsh historian who served as senior tutor and vice-principal; left to become director of the Institute of Historical Research and professor of history at the University of London[87]
Jonathan Edwards (OM)1636–48Later Archdeacon of Derry[33]
William Edwards1874–77Later one of H.M. Inspectors of School in Wales for nearly 50 years[33]
John Ellis (OM)1696–1713Welsh cleric and antiquarian[33]
John Ellis1628–31Founder of Dolgellau Grammar School[33]
Thomas Ellis (OM)1649–73Fellow during and after the English Commonwealth, vice-principal under Francis Mansell[88]
Thomas Ellis (OM)1731–61Became Senior Fellow[89]
Daniel Silvan Evans1897–1900Welsh lexicographer, professor of Welsh at University College of Wales, Aberystwyth and chancellor of Bangor Cathedral[90][91]
Daniel Evans1817–46Welsh poet (known as Daniel Ddu o Geredigion)[33][92]
Ellis Evans (OM/HF)1978–96Jesus Professor of Celtic (1978–96)[73]
Roy Evans1998–99Civil engineer who was a Welsh Supernumerary Fellow in his capacity as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Wales, Bangor[93]
Niall Ferguson1992–presentLaurence Tisch Professor of History at Harvard University since 2004, senior research fellow since 2002 (having previously been an Official Fellow in History)[94]
Edmund Ffoulkes (OM)1843–55Anglican priest (and nephew of Principal Henry Foulkes) who converted to Roman Catholicism and back to Anglicanism, becoming vicar of the University Church of St Mary the Virgin[95]
Sir Idris Foster (HF)1947–78Jesus Professor of Celtic (1947–78)[96]
John Fraser1921–45Jesus Professor of Celtic (1921–45)[97]
Herbert George (OM)1919–39Chemistry tutor, who also acted as the college's Librarian and Bursar[98]
Lewis Gilbertson (OM)1840–72Served as Junior Bursar for a time, then as vice-principal (1855–72); tried to move the college towards Anglo-Catholicism and involved in the renovation of the chapel in 1864[99][100]
Charles Godfray2006–presentHope Professor of Entomology since 2006[12]
Albert Goodwin (OM)1933–53History Lecturer (1931) then Fellow; later professor of history at the University of Manchester[84][101]
David Grant2005–06Engineer who was a Welsh Supernumerary Fellow in his capacity as Vice-Chancellor of Cardiff University[102]
John Gray1976–97Political philosopher, who became School Professor of European Thought at the London School of Economics[60]
Ernest Howard Griffiths1905, 1909, 1913, 1917Physicist and principal of the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, and a Welsh Supernumerary Fellow[103]
John Griffiths (OM)1863–16Mathematician with a particular interest in analytical geometry[104]
Sir John Rigby Hale (OM/HF)1949–64Historian of the Renaissance[105]
David Hargreaves1979–84University Reader in Education; later became professor of education at the University of Cambridge (1988–2000)[53]
Paul Harvey1997–presentProfessor of Zoology[73]

Felicity Heal

1980-2011Historian of early modern Britain; Fellow in History and first woman Fellow of Jesus College; now Emeritus Fellow; editor of the 2021 Jesus College history[106][107]

Anthony Heath

1970–86Professor of Sociology at Oxford (1999–2010)[53]
Raymond Hide (HF)1983–96Geophysicist, working in meteorology, oceanography and geomagnetism[108][109]
John Higginson1571–1622 1571 – after 1622A Leicestershire priest who was one of the eight original Fellows of the college, and was still alive in 1622 when the college's third charter was granted by King James I[5][62][110]
Sir John Houghton (OM/HF)1960–83Professor of Atmospheric Physics (1976–83) and chair of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[53][111][112]
James Howell1623Elected to a Fellowship, but never formally admitted before his place was taken by another in 1626[113]
Thomas Huet1571–91Precentor of St David's Cathedral (1562–88), one of the eight original Fellows of the college[5][35]
Humphrey Humphreys (OM)1673–80Bishop of Bangor (1689–1701), Bishop of Hereford (1701–12)[33][114]
Thomas Huyck1571–75Chancellor of the Diocese of London, one of the eight original Fellows of the college[5][35]
Edward James (OM)1589 or 1590 – about 1596Welsh cleric who translated the first Book of Homilies into Welsh in 1606[115]
Francis Jayne1868–73Lecturer in modern history (1871–79), later Bishop of Chester[116]
John David Jenkins (OM)1852–76Leoline Fellow and Canon of Pietermaritzburg, later called the "Rail men's Apostle" for his ministry to railway workers in Oxford[33]
Robert Johnson1571–1625One of the eight original Fellows of the college, later Archdeacon of Leicester and founder of Oakham and Uppingham Schools[5][117]
Hugh Jones (OM)1839–44Welsh cleric, later Archdeacon of St Asaph[118]
John Viriamu Jones1897–98Scientist who was first principal of the University of Wales, Cardiff, first Vice-Chancellor of the University of Wales and the college's first Welsh Supernumerary Fellow[33][119]
John Jones (OM)1667–68Welsh cleric, physician, inventor and chancellor of Llandaff Cathedral[33]
Maurice Jones (OM/HF)1923–?Welsh Supernumerary Fellow (the length of his tenure of the Fellowship is unclear), principal of St David's College, Lampeter (1923–38)[120][121]
Merfyn Jones2004–05Historian who was a Welsh Supernumerary Fellow in his capacity as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Wales, Bangor[122]
Samuel Jones (OM)1653–56Non-conformist clergyman who established an academy in Wales for dissenting ministers[123]
Joseph Keble1648–?Lawyer and writer; said to have been appointed by the Parliamentary commissioners during the English Civil War, but not included in Hardy's list of Fellows[33][124]
Sir Malcolm Knox1931–36Philosopher who became professor of Moral Philosophy at St Andrews University (later becoming its principal)[125]
David Lewis1839–46Vice-Principal (1845–46) who resigned his Fellowship on conversion to Catholicism under influence of the Oxford Movement[126]
Wallace Lindsay (HF)1880–99Classicist who became professor of humanity at St Andrews University[127][128]
Hugh Lloyd1614–?Bishop of Llandaff (1660–67) who was reputedly a Fellow of the college, although the college's records do not substantiate this[129][130]
John Lloyd (OM)1765–73Welsh cleric[131]
John Lloyd1571–1607Former Dean of St Asaph, judge of the High Court of Admiralty, and one of the eight original Fellows of the college[5][35]
William Lloyd (OM)1641–48
1660–85
Bishop of St Asaph (1680–92), Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry (1692–99) and Bishop of Worcester (1699–1717), whose fellowship was interrupted by English Civil War[33][132]
Robert Lougher1571–85Principal of New Inn Hall, Oxford (1564–70 and 1575–80), Regius Professor of Civil Law and one of the eight original Fellows of the college[5][133]
Richard Lucas (OM)1671–84Later prebend of Westminster Abbey and President of Sion College[33]
Henry Maurice (OM)1670–85Chaplain to Leoline Jenkins on diplomatic missions abroad; elected Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity at Oxford shortly before his death in 1691[33]
Edmund Meyrick (OM)1662–63Benefactor of Jesus College who married shortly after his appointment as a probationary Fellow, making him ineligible for a full Fellowship[134]
Maurice Meyricke1622–?Named as one of the founding Fellows in the college's third charter (1622); college records do not give the end-date of his Fellowship[33][62]
Kenneth Morgan (OM)1991–92Welsh historian, who was a Welsh Supernumerary Fellow in his capacity as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Wales[135]
Sir John Morris-Jones (OM)1904–?Professor of Welsh at the University College of North Wales from 1895, who held a research fellowship (for an unclear length of time) at Jesus College as well[136]
Robert Owen (OM)1845–64Theologian and antiquarian, who was forced to resign his Fellowship after an allegation of immorality[137]
Christopher Page1977–80Junior Research Fellow, now a Fellow of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge specialising in medieval music[53]
Tim Palmer2010–presentPhysicist, who has held the post at Oxford of Royal Society 2010 Anniversary Research Professor of Atmospheric Oceanic and Planetary Physics since 2010[53]
John Parry1711–?Bishop of Ossory (1672–77); college records do not give the end-date of his Fellowship[33][138]
William Parry (OM)1714–27Clergyman and antiquarian[33]
Robert Pearce2007–08Lawyer who was a Welsh Supernumerary Fellow in his capacity as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Wales, Lampeter[139]
Sir Edward Bagnall Poulton (OM)1898–1943Hope Professor of Zoology (1893–1933); succeeded by G. D. Hale Carpenter[119][140]
Theodore Price (OM)1621–?Principal of Hart Hall, Oxford and Prebend of Westminster Abbey, who was appointed to a Fellowship when he was made one of the commissioners for settling the college statutes in 1621 (although college records do not give the end-date of his Fellowship)[33][141]
Thomas Prichard (OM)1615–?Appointed as a Fellow in 1615, then named as one of the founding Fellows in the college's third charter (1622); college records do not give the end-date of his Fellowship[33][62]
William Prichard (OM)1615–?Named as one of the founding Fellows in the college's third charter (1622); college records do not give the end-date of his Fellowship[33][62]
Brinley Rees1975–76Welsh Supernumerary Fellow in his capacity as principal of St David's College, Lampeter (1975–80)[46]
Rice Rees (OM)1828–39Welsh cleric and historian; Hardy gives his election year as 1830[33][142]
David George Ritchie1878–94Scottish philosopher, who was later professor of Logic and Metaphysics at the University of St Andrews[143]
Keith Robbins1996–97
2002–03
Historian who was a Welsh Supernumerary Fellow in his capacity as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Wales, Lampeter[73][144]
Percy Seymour (OM)1924–43Australian classicist, Bursar (1930–35)[145]
Robert Steel (OM/HF)1954–56
1974–75
1979–80
Geographer who left his fellowship to become professor of geography at Liverpool University; a Welsh Supernumerary Fellow on two occasions in his capacity as principal of the University College of Swansea (1974–82)[46]
George Stradling1641–42Dean of Chichester Cathedral (1672–88)[33]
Henry Stuart Jones1928–29, 1932–33Former Camden Professor of Ancient History at Oxford, who was later a Welsh Supernumerary Fellow in his capacity as principal of the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth[46][146]
Fredric William Taylor (OM)1980—Halley Professor of Physics at Oxford University); Head of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics (1980-2001)[53]
Thomas Llewellyn Thomas (OM)1872–97Welsh-language scholar who served as senior tutor and vice-principal (acting as principal 1887–95 during Daniel Harper's illness), but lost the 1895 election to become principal[147]
William Thomas (OM)1635–?Later Bishop of St David's and Bishop of Worcester; college records do not show when his Fellowship terminated[33][148]
Sir James Thursfield (HF)1864–81Naval historian and journalist, who became first editor of the Times Literary Supplement[149]
Sir Peter Tizard (HF)1972–83First Professor of Paediatrics at Oxford University[150]
Graham Tomlin1989–94Chaplain, later vice-principal of Wycliffe Hall, Oxford[151]
James Vincent (OM)1816–24Later Dean of Bangor[33]
Colin Webb1973–2005Professor of Physics at Oxford (1992–2002)[53]
James Williams (OM)1813–22Later Chancellor of Bangor Cathedral[152]
John Williams (OM)1783–?Welsh cleric, and Master of the free school at Llanrwst; college records do not give the end-date of his fellowship[33]
Leonard Woodward1939–70Chemist who was an authority on Raman spectroscopy[153]
Edward Wynne (OM)1703–11Chancellor of the Diocese of Hereford (1707–54) and an Anglesey landowner[33]
Robert Wynne (OM)1681–91Chancellor of St Asaph (1690–1743); the elder brother of William[33]
William Wynne (OM)1692–1704Welsh cleric and historian; the younger brother of Robert[33]

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links