Simón Bolívar International Airport (Venezuela)

The airport opened in 1945 as the Aeropuerto Internacional de Maiquetía.^[2] The site had been recommended as an appropriate location for an airport by Charles Lindbergh on behalf of Pan Am.^[3] The USA subsidised the construction of the airport as part of the Airport Development Program. Luis Malaussena was the architect who designed the original passenger terminal.^[4]

It was regularly visited by the Anglo-French supersonic airliner Concorde until the 1980s. Commencing in the late 1970s, Air France operated weekly Concorde service between Caracas and Paris via a stop at Santa Maria Airport located in the Atlantic Ocean.^[5]

Between 1952 and 1962, two new wings were added to the passenger terminal, and the runway was expanded to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). Lighting was installed on the runway and approach zones to allow night operations. In 1956 a new runway was built, and in 1962, it was expanded to 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) long by 60 metres (200 ft) wide.

In the 1970s a new international terminal was constructed to offer increased capacity with a domestic terminal opening in 1983. Viasa used to be the flag-carrier of Venezuela ceased operations on 23 January 1997. Since 2000, the airport has been undergoing major changes in order to meet international standards and to improve passenger traffic, security, immigration areas, and customs areas. Security measures have become top priority since the September 11, 2001 attacks, and now departure areas and arrival areas are completely split into the lower and upper levels of the airport. The Proyecto Maiquetía 2000 (Project Maiquetia 2000) was completed in 2007 which added new customs and immigration areas, a new cargo terminal, and a connecting passageway between the domestic and international terminal.

As part of an expansion plan, new international gates are currently in construction, and a section of the parking area has been cleared to build an airport hotel. In the 1950s under the regime of Marcos Pérez Jiménez, road transport between the airport and the capital was improved by the inauguration of the Caracas-La Guaira highway. However, the La Guaira and Caracas Railway, dating from the nineteenth century, was closed.

In March 2007, Iran Air introduced service to Tehran via Damascus.^[6] It had a codeshare agreement with Conviasa, which took over the route seven months later.^[7][8] Conviasa ended its nonstop service to Damascus in August 2012.^[9]

Crisis in Venezuela

During the ongoing crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela, domestic airlines are laboring under tremendous difficulties because of hyperinflation and parts shortages. Many international airlines have left the country.^[10] International airlines that have left Venezuela include Aeroméxico, Aerolíneas Argentinas, Air Canada, Alitalia, Avianca, Delta Air Lines, Lufthansa, LATAM, and United Airlines, making travel to the country difficult. According to the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the Bolivarian government has not paid US$3.8 billion to international airlines in a currency issue involving conversion of local currency to U.S. dollars.^[11] Airlines have left for other reasons, including crime against flight crews, stolen baggage, and problems with the quality of jet fuel and maintenance of runways.^[12]

In 2016, the old jetways in the international terminal were replaced with new glass-walled jetways.^{[citation needed]} Following the increasing economic partnership between Venezuela and Turkey in October 2016, Turkish Airlines started offering direct flights from December 2016 connecting between Caracas to Istanbul (via Havana, Cuba) in an effort to "link and expand contacts" between the two countries.^[13]

By 2018, terminals in the airport lacked air conditioning and utilities such as water and electricity. Flight crews are often sent to different cities to avoid crime that occurs in the area. The company charged with providing sanitation services ceased to exist, so cleaning no longer occurs as frequently at the facility. The Bolivarian National Guard, tasked with providing security, often extorts travelers by force.^[14]

In support of President Nicolas Maduro's government, Russian Air Force aircraft, including Tupolev Tu-160 bombers, were deployed to the airport in early December 2018.^[15] In March 2019, two Russian planes were deployed to the airport carrying 100 troops and 35 tonnes of matériel.^[16] The Russian planes left the country 3 months later on 26 June 2019, according to the Russian embassy announcement.^[17]

American Airlines, the last U.S. airline serving Venezuela, left on 15 March 2019, after its pilots refused to fly to Venezuela, citing safety issues.^[18] Two months later, the United States Department of Transportation and Department of Homeland Security indefinitely suspended all flights between Venezuela and the United States, due to safety and security concerns.^[19] The suspension affects mainly Venezuelan airlines that flew to Miami: Avior Airlines, LASER Airlines, and Estelar Latinoamerica.

Following the COVID-19 pandemic, the government announced on 3 February 2020 that the country has imposed epidemiological surveillance, restrictions and diagnostic systems to detect possible COVID-19 cases at this airport and that Venezuela will receive a diagnostic kit for the virus strain from the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO).^[20]

Passenger

The following airlines operate regular scheduled passenger flights at Simón Bolívar International Airport:

Cargo

Chronology of former international flights

Since 2014, foreign and domestic carriers have reduced and/or terminated their presence due to political instability and their inability to recover US$3.8 billion^[57] in funds owed to airlines. For fear of safety, some carriers have avoided overnight flight crews in Caracas, choosing to make a stop in a nearby country instead.^[14][58] The chronology of terminations is as follows:^[59]

Airline	Destination	Flight frequency	Terminated/Suspended
Aerolíneas Argentinas	Buenos Aires–Ezeiza	1 flight per week	5 August 2017
Aeroméxico	Mexico City	3 flights per week	23 June 2016
Air Canada	Toronto–Pearson	4 flights per week	18 March 2014
Air France	Paris–Charles de Gaulle	N/A	24 September 2020
Alitalia	Rome–Fiumicino	1 flight per week	3 April 2015
American Airlines	San Juan–LMM	Daily flights	1 July 2014
	Dallas–Fort Worth	1 flight per week	1 July 2014
	New York–JFK	5 flights per week	4 April 2016
	Miami	2 flights per day	15 March 2019
Avianca Costa Rica	San José (CR)	Daily flights	7 April 2014 (1st) 28 February 2024 (2nd)
Delta Air Lines	Atlanta	Daily flights	16 September 2017
Dynamic Airways	Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood	Daily flights	13 August 2016
	New York–JFK	2 flights per week	1 August 2017
Gol Transportes Aéreos	São Paulo–Guarulhos	1 flight per week	10 February 2016
Insel Air	Willemstad, Curaçao	Daily flights	7 June 2017
LATAM Brasil	São Paulo–Guarulhos	1 flight per week	28 May 2016
LATAM Chile	Santiago	2 flights per week	1 August 2016
	Miami	1 flight per week	1 August 2016
Lufthansa	Frankfurt	3 flights per week	17 June 2016
TAME	Quito via Bogotá	4 flights per week	3 February 2018
United Airlines	Newark	5 flights per week	20 January 2013
	Houston–Intercontinental	Daily flights	30 June 2017

From 1960 to 1997, it was the main hub for Viasa, Venezuela's former flag carrier until it went bankrupt in January 1997. It was also the hub for Avensa, Servivensa. Conviasa started operation in 2004, hoping to become in a big and leader airline, and flag carrier. However, due to financial crisis in Venezuela, several pilots quit and are leaving Conviasa in order to fly to other nations like Turkey which operates the same type of aircraft.^[60][61] The headquarters of Conviasa is located on the airport grounds.^[62]

• On 27 November 1956, Linea Aeropostal Flight 253, a Lockheed Constellation, crashed while on final approach to Caracas Airport. All 25 passengers and crew on board were killed.^[63]
• On 12 December 1968, Pan Am Flight 217, crashed while on approach to Caracas. All 51 passengers and crew on board were killed.
• On 3 December 1969, Air France Flight 212 crashed shortly after takeoff from Simón Bolívar International Airport. All 62 passengers and crew on board were killed.^[64]
• On 3 November 1980, a Latin Carga Convair CV-880 crashed on take-off from the airport, resulting in the deaths of 4 occupants, and total destruction of the aircraft. The aircraft involved, registration YV-145C, had flown from 1962 to January 1974 for Delta Air Lines of the United States and was retired by that airline, then sold to Latin Carga in 1979.^[65]
• On 16 October 2008, a RUTACA Airlines Boeing 737 went out of the runway while braking for arrival at 3:30 PM. It was flying from San Antonio de Tachira with 44 people. No one was killed or injured.
• On 16 May 2021 a TAP cargo flight to Lisbon, Portugal was prevented from departing after the Bolivarian National Guard (GNB) identified 124 bars of cocaine in the fuselage. A GNB sergeant fled the scene when the drugs were discovered.^[66]

The airport is shown in the 1981 movie Menudo: La Película, when a pair of Menudo's friends board a flight during the film's final scenes. The airport is also shown in the 1975 French film Le Sauvage starring Catherine Deneuve and Yves Montand, as several soap-opera and movie key scenes were filmed at the airport.^{[citation needed]}

• Los Roques Airport – an airport serving Los Roques archipelago national park, remotely controlled from Simón Bolívar International Airport
• List of airports in Venezuela
• List of airlines of Venezuela

• Media related to Simón Bolívar International Airport at Wikimedia Commons
• Aeropuerto Internacional de Maiquetía "Simón Bolívar" (official website)
• Accident history for CCS at Aviation Safety Network