Manado Malay, or simply the Manado language, is a creole language spoken in Manado, the capital of North Sulawesi province in Indonesia, and the surrounding area. The local name of the language is bahasa Manado, and the name Minahasa Malay is also used,[2] after the main ethnic group speaking the language. Since Manado Malay is used primarily for spoken communication, there is no standard orthography.
| Manado Malay | |
|---|---|
| Bahasa Manado | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | North Sulawesi |
Native speakers | 850,000 (2001)[1] |
Malay Creole
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xmm |
| Glottolog | mala1481 |
Manado Malay differs from standard Malay in having numerous Portuguese, Dutch, Spanish, and Ternate loan words, as well as having traits such as its use of kita as a first person singular pronoun, rather than as a first person inclusive plural pronoun. It is derived from North Moluccan Malay (Ternate Malay), which can be evidenced by the number of Ternate loanwords in its lexicon.[3] For example, the pronouns ngana ('you', singular) and ngoni ('you', plural) are of Ternate–Tidore origin.[4] Manado Malay has been displacing the indigenous languages of the area.[5]
Phonology
Vowels
The vowel system of Manado Malay consists of five vowel phonemes.[6]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Low | a |
Consonants
Manado Malay has nineteen consonants and two semivowels.[7]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Plosive | p b | t d | c ɟ | k ɡ | ʔ |
| Fricative | f v | s | h | ||
| Lateral | l | ||||
| Trill | r | ||||
| Semivowel | w | j |
Stress
Most words in Manado Malay have stress on the pre-final syllable:
| kadéra | 'chair' |
| sténga | 'half' |
| dói | 'money' |
However, there are also many words with final stress:
| butúl | 'right, correct, true' |
| tolór | 'egg; testicle' |
| sabóng | 'soap' |
Grammar
Pronouns
Personal
| Pronoun | Standard Indonesian | Manado Malay |
|---|---|---|
| First singular | aku | kita |
| First plural | kami/kita | torang |
| Second singular | kamu | ngana |
| Second plural | kalian | ngoni |
| Third singular | dia | dia |
| Third plural | mereka | dorang |
Possessives
Possessives are built by adding pe to the personal pronoun or name or noun, then followed by the 'possessed' noun. Thus pe has the function similar to English "'s" as in "the doctor's uniform".
| English | Manado Malay |
|---|---|
| My friend | kita pe tamang / ta pe tamang |
| Your (sing.) friend | ngana pe tamang / nga pe tamang |
| His/her book | dia pe buku / de pe buku |
| This book is yours (pl.) | ini ngana pe buku |
Interrogative words
The following are the interrogative words or "w-words" in Manado Malay:
| English | Manado Malay |
|---|---|
| why | kyápa |
| where | di mána |
| who | sápa |
| which one(s) | tu mána |
Grammatical aspect
Ada ('to be') can be used in Manado Malay to indicate the perfective aspect, e.g.:
- Dorang ada turung pigi Wenang = 'They already went down to Wenang'
- Torang so makang = 'We ate already' or 'We have eaten already'
- kita = 'me', 'myself', 'I' or 'we', 'us'
- torang = 'we', 'us'.
Nasal final
The final nasals /m/ and /n/ in Indonesian are replaced by the "-ng" group in Manado Malay, similar with Terengganu dialect of Malaysia, e.g.:
- makang (Indonesian makan) = 'to eat',
- jalang (Indonesian jalan) = 'to walk',
- sirang (Indonesian siram) = 'to shower', etc.
Prefix
"ba-" prefix
The ber- prefix in Indonesian, which serves a function similar to the English -ing, is modified into ba- in Manado Malay. E.g.: bajalang (berjalan, 'walking'), batobo (berenang, 'swimming'), batolor (bertelur, 'laying eggs')
"ma(°)-" prefix
° = ng, n, or m depending on phonological context.
The me(°)- prefix in standard Indonesian, which also serves a function to make a verb active, is modified into ma(°)- in Manado Malay. E.g.: mangael (mengail, 'hooking fish'), manari (menari, 'dancing'), mancari (mencari, 'searching'), mamasa (memasak, 'cooking'), manangis (menangis, 'crying').
Influences
Loanwords
Due to the historical presence of the Dutch and the Portuguese in eastern Indonesia, several Manado Malay words originate from their languages. However, there is little influence from the local Minahasan languages, and borrowings from Spanish are not very prominent either – in spite of the historical Spanish dominance – suggesting that Manado Malay was transplanted from outside the Minahasa region.[8] On the other hand, Portuguese influence is comparatively significant,[8] considering that the Portuguese presence in the area was relatively limited.[9] There is also a layer of loanwords from the non-Austronesian language of Ternate, which was controlled by the Portuguese in the period 1512–1655.[8]
| Standard Indonesian | Colloquial Indonesian | Manado Malay loanword | Source language | Source word | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| topi | capéo | Portuguese | chapéu | cap, hat | |
| bosan | fastíu | Portuguese | fastio | bored | |
| untuk | for | Dutch | voor | for | |
| garpu | porok | fork | Dutch | vork | fork |
| tenggorokan | gargántang | Portuguese | garganta | throat | |
| kursi | kadèra | kadéra | Portuguese | cadeira | chair |
| bendera | bandéra | Portuguese | bandeira | flag | |
| saputangan | lénso | Portuguese | lenço | handkerchief | |
| tapi | mar | Dutch | maar | but | |
| jagung | mílu | Portuguese | milho | corn, maize | |
| sudah | kêlar | klar | Dutch | klaar | finished |
| paman | om | om | Dutch | oom | uncle |
| nenek | oma | oma | Dutch | oma | grandmother |
| kakek | opa | opa | Dutch | opa | grandfather |
| teduh | sómbar | Portuguese | sombra | shade | |
| keringat | suár | Portuguese | suar | sweat | |
| bibi | tantê | tánte | Dutch | tante | aunt |
| dahi | tésta | Portuguese | testa | forehead, temple | |
| penyu | tuturúga | Portuguese | tartaruga | turtle | |
| sepatu | chapátu | Portuguese | sapato | shoe(s) | |
| kebun | kintál | Portuguese | quintal | (agricultural) field or garden |
Indonesian loanwords from Manado Malay
Several words in Manado Malay are loaned to standard Indonesian:
- baku (which indicates reciprocality) e.g.: baku hantam ('to punch each other'), baku ajar ('to hit each other'), baku veto ('to debate one another'), baku sedu ('to laugh oneselves off'), and baku dapa ('to meet each other'). Originally a loanword from Ternate, it has spread through Manado Malay into other regions of Indonesia.[10]
Examples
Examples :
- Kita or ta= I
- Ngana or na= you
- Torang or tong= we
- Dorang or dong= they
- Io= yes
- Nyanda’ or Nda= no (' = glottal stop)
Sentences :
- Kita/ta pe mama da pi ka pasar : My mother went to the market
- Nyanda’/Nda’ makang Ngana dari kalamareng. : You haven't eaten since yesterday.
- Jang badusta ngana pa kita! : Don't lie to me!
- Pasti torang/tong bisa! : We can surely it.
References
Works cited
- Allen, Robert B. Jr.; Hayami-Allen, Rika (2002). "Orientation in the Spice Islands" (PDF). In Macken, Marlys (ed.). Papers from the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. Program for Southeast Asian Studies, Arizona State University. pp. 21–24.
- Bowden, John (2005). "Language Contact and Metatypic Restructuring in the Directional System of North Maluku Malay" (PDF). Concentric: Studies in Linguistics. 31 (2): 133–158.
- Henley, David (1996). Nationalism and regionalism in a colonial context: Minahasa in the Dutch East Indies. Leiden: KITLV Press.
- Prentice, Jack (1994). "Manado Malay: Product and agent of language change". In Dutton, Tom; Tryon, Darrell T. (eds.). Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 411–442. doi:10.1515/9783110883091.411. ISBN 978-3-11-012786-7.
- Schouten, M. J. C. (1998). Leadership and social mobility in a Southeast Asian society: Minahasa, 1677–1983. Leiden: KITLV Press. pp. 39–40.
- Stoel, Ruben (2007). "The Intonation of Manado Malay". In van Heuven, Vincent J.; van Zanten, Ellen (eds.). Prosody in Indonesian Languages. LOT Occasional Series, Vol. 9. Utrecht: LOT, Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics. pp. 117–150. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.464.9608. ISBN 978-90-78328-44-5.
- Warouw, Martha Salea (1985). Kamus Manado-Indonesia (PDF). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa.
External links
- Alkitab Bahasa Manado, the first Bible translation into Manado Malay (2017).
- Manado Malay-English-Indonesian Dictionary, Webonary.