Mette Frederiksen

She was born 19 November 1977 in the city of Aalborg in North Denmark. Frederiksen's father was a typographer and her mother was a teacher.^[2] As a teenager, she campaigned to preserve rain forests, protect whales and end apartheid.^[10]

Frederiksen attended the Aalborghus Gymnasium. She holds a bachelor's degree in Administration and Social Science from Aalborg University, and a master's degree in African Studies from the University of Copenhagen.^[11]

Member of Folketing

Frederiksen worked as a youth consultant for LO, The Danish Confederation of Trade Unions.^[2] She was elected as a member of parliament for Copenhagen County in the 2001 general election which saw the Social Democrats losing the first place and placing second for the first time since 1920.^[2] After her election, Frederiksen was named as her party's spokesperson for culture, media and gender equality.^[2] In 2002, she received the Nina Bang award for showing political courage, enthusiasm and impact with social feeling.^[12] In addition, she received the Ting Prize in 2012 and has co-authored the books Epostler (2003) and From Fight to Culture (2004). After the 2005 general election loss, Frederiksen became her party's spokesperson for social affairs.^[2] Following the election, she also served as the vice-chairperson of the parliamentary group of the Social Democrats.^[2] In the 2007 general election which saw the Social Democrats losing two more seats, Frederiksen obtained 27,077 votes, placing her in seventh place in the ranking of the ten Danish politicians with the most votes.^[13]

After the 2011 general election which led to a Social Democrats government, Frederiksen served under Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt as Minister for Employment from 2011 to 2014 and Minister of Justice from 2014 until she succeeded her as party leader.^[2][3] As Minister of Employment, she headed for reforms of early retirement pensions, flex jobs and the employment system. Likewise, the controversial cash assistance reform meant lower cash benefits for young unemployed and provided cohabiting mutual support, among other things.^[14]

Leader of the Social Democrats

Under Frederiksen's leadership starting after the 2015 general election in which the Social Democrats returned to first place and gained three seats in the Folketing, the party has moved back to the left on economic issues while taking a conservative stance on immigration.^[15][16]

Premiership of Mette Frederiksen 27 June 2019 – present
Prime Minister	Mette Frederiksen
Cabinet	First Frederiksen Cabinet Second Frederiksen Cabinet
Party	Social Democrats
Election	2019 2022
Appointed by	Margrethe II
Seat	Christiansborg Palace
← Lars Løkke Rasmussen TBD →
Official website

2019 election

The 2019 general election saw the Social Democrats gaining a further seat while support for the Danish People's Party and the Liberal Alliance collapsed, costing Lars Løkke Rasmussen his majority. With the result beyond doubt on election night, Rasmussen conceded defeat.^[17] Frederiksen was appointed prime minister on 27 June 2019, heading an exclusively Social Democratic minority government supported by the red bloc of the Social Liberal Party, the Red-Green Alliance and the Green Left.^[18][1] Despite having run on an anti-immigration stance during the election, Frederiksen briefly shifted her stance on immigration by allowing more foreign labour and reversing government plans to hold foreign criminals offshore after winning government.^[19][20][21]

2020 mink cull

At a press conference on 4 November 2020, Mette Frederiksen stated that the government had decided that all mink in Denmark should be killed due to the risk of infection with COVID-19. Subsequently, it emerged that this order was illegal and was described by many as being in violation of the Danish Constitution.^[22] The government came up with changing explanations and several parties in the Folketing demanded an account of the mink case. The statement was published on 18 November 2020 and it emerged that six ministers had been warned on 1 October 2020 that the order was illegal. Minister of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Mogens Jensen withdrew immediately. Mette Frederiksen has denied knowledge of the lack of legal basis.^[23]

A commission of inquiry was set up to investigate the case,^[24] delivering its report on 30 June 2022. The report stated that Frederiksen's statements at the press conference on 4 November 2020 were "objectively grossly misleading", but that she was not aware of the illegality of the order to kill all mink.^[25][26] The Red-Green Alliance and Green Left, both of which are supporting parties of Frederiksen, announced they would not be voting for independent lawyer examination of the report, which could lead to impeachment.^[27] Leader of the Social Liberal Party, also a supporting party, Sofie Carsten Nielsen similarly did not want independent examination, but demanded a general election before 4 October 2022.^[28] If her demands were not met, she promised to support a motion of no confidence against Frederiksen.^[29] Frederiksen later announced on 5 October 2022 that a general election would be held on 1 November 2022.^[6]

Frederiksen received an official reprimand from the Folketing on 5 July 2022 for her actions in handling the mink case.^[30] The reprimand stated that Frederiksen had "acted highly criticisable". This was given to her by her own government, with her own party, Social Democrats, not stating that she had committed any errors;^[31] the opposition did not participate as they considered it inadequate.^[32]

Foreign policy

Frederiksen gained international attention in August 2019 when U.S. President Donald Trump cancelled a state visit to Denmark following her refusal to sell Greenland, an autonomous territory of the Kingdom of Denmark. On 15 August, The Wall Street Journal reported that Trump had discussed the possibility of buying Greenland with aides.^[33] Kim Kielsen, the premier of Greenland, responded by saying that Greenland is not for sale.^[34] On 18 August, after the rumor was confirmed by the White House, Frederiksen echoed Kielsen's comments, saying that "Greenland is not Danish. Greenland belongs to Greenland", and called the discussion "absurd".^[35] On 20 August, Trump cancelled the state visit, scheduled 2–3 September, with specific reference to Frederiksen's refusal to discuss a possible sale.^[36][37][38]

On 3 January 2020, Iranian General Qasem Soleimani was assassinated by the United States, which considerably heightened the existing tensions between the two countries. Frederiksen called it "a really serious situation". She avoided the question on whether the killing was right, instead calling for de-escalation.^[39]

At the request of the United States,^[40] Frederiksen initiated diplomatic talks in early 2022 on the possible presence of American troops on Danish soil. Frederiksen expressed enthusiasm for the talks, stating that "We want a stronger American presence in Europe and in Denmark".^[41] In December 2023, Frederiksen announced a US-Danish defence cooperation agreement, that allows for U.S. soldiers and military equipment to be based at Skrydstrup Air Base, Krarup Air Base and Aalborg Air Base.^[42]

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Frederiksen's government initiated political talks with the five main political parties of the Folketing (Social Liberal Party, Green Left, Venstre, and Conservative People's Party), and presented the "National Compromise on Danish Security Policy" on 4 March 2022,^[43] in which a significant increase in Danish defence spending, an emergency allocation of DKK 7 billion for the Danish defence, a plan for independence from Russian gas, and a referendum on the Danish EU defence opt-out were presented.^[44][45] The country will gradually increase defense spending to 2% of GDP by 2033 (as agreed within NATO), which corresponds to an increase in annual defense spending of around 18 billion DKK ($2.65 billion).^[46]

On 21 April, together with Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez, she visited Ukraine's capital Kyiv and President Volodymyr Zelenskyy. At the meeting, Frederiksen promised an increase in arms and military aid to Ukraine by 600 million DKK, bringing the total Danish aid to 1 billion DKK.^[47] Denmark has previously sent 2,700 M72 LAW light anti-tank weapons to the Ukrainian army.^[48][49]

European Union

In 2020, Frederiksen was labeled "Denmark's most eurosceptic PM in a long time" by the Danish online newspaper Altinget.^[50]

During the 2022 referendum on the EU defense opt-out, Frederiksen campaigned against maintaining the opt-out.^[51] Following the abolition of said opt-out, Frederiksen stated that she had no intentions of seeking the abolition of the remaining opt-outs. She had previously, as justice minister, supported the abolition of the judicial opt-out in the 2015 referendum.^[52]

2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage

Frederiksen said the 2022 Nord Stream gas leaks were sabotage, while cautioning that it was not an attack on Denmark as they occurred in international waters.^[53] Frederiksen travelled to London and Brussels to discuss the leaks with British Prime Minister Liz Truss, President of the European Council Charles Michel and NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg.^[54] She also talked with French President Emmanuel Macron over the phone. She reiterated to all she spoke with that there is a need for increased surveillance of critical infrastructure and that they must take Russian President Vladimir Putin's threats seriously.^[55]

Military spending

In May 2023, her government decided to triple Denmark's military spending over the next 10 years. This spending will be partly financed by the abolition of a public holiday for employees.^[56]

Response to the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-21)

Frederiksen led the Danish Government response to the COVID-19 pandemic.^[57] In 2020, she issued an order to mink farmers to cull millions of these animals in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic; this decision later turned out to be unconstitutional.^[58] In 2021, Danish Prime Minister Frederiksen joined forces with Austrian Chancellor Sebastian Kurz and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in setting up a joint research and development fund, and possibly production facilities for COVID-19 vaccines, to ensure they had long-term supplies for booster shots or to contend with new virus strains.^[59]

Education reform

In June 2021, Frederiksen's government announced a new model of distributing gymnasium applicants. The model aims to solve the issue of ethnic and economic disparity and "parallel society tendencies" between gymnasiums by considering parent income.^[60] Heavy criticism was directed at the suggestion by the blue bloc, who called it "forced distribution".^[61] A petition for scrapping the law gained over 50000 signatures, allowing it to be presented before the Folketing.^[62]

A year later, in June 2022, Frederiksen and her government announced their intention to introduce a ceiling to the entry quotient^[a] of higher education. Education offers with a higher entry quotient than the proposed ceiling of 10^[b] would have to offer admission through other means, such as a subject-specific admission test. The goal of the ceiling is to lessen the pressure on students by reducing the need for high grades, and to allow students greater freedom in selecting education.^[63]

In September 2022, Frederiksen proposed that approximately half of all Master's degrees would be shortened from two years to one year. This would mostly affect degrees in the social sciences and humanities, with natural sciences and medicine being left mostly untouched. The proposal was met with harsh criticism from students, academics, rectors and parts of the business world, claiming it would negatively affect the quality of education and require the learning of two years material in one year. Frederiksen denied this, claiming the quality of education was to increase and that workers could be trained on the job.^[64][65]

Social policies

Frederiksen has stated a desire to be "Prime Minister of Children",^[66] and in 2021, she presented a plan called "Law of Children", aiming to put children first in social cases, including giving municipalities more resources to take children away from violent parents, and to give children more rights in divorce cases.^[67] In 2020, she also made a deal with the Socialist People's Party, the Red-Green Alliance, and the Danish People's Party, in order to give people who have worked for long the ability to get early retirement. This was also one of Frederiksen's main promises during the 2019 election campaign.^[68]

Frederiksen is a vocal opponent of sex work because she considers it violence against women. For many years, she has strongly advocated for the prohibition of the purchase of sex, as in Sweden, Norway, and Iceland.^[69] In 2002, she opened the debate on the abolition of prostitution, and was behind the 2009 congressional decision that the Social Democrats would "work for a ban on the purchase of sexual acts", saying that prostitution caused mental health damage to the prostitute.^[70]

Immigration

Frederiksen became increasingly sceptical of mass immigration, as she believes it has had negative impacts for much of the population, a more pressing issue since at least 2001 after the September 11 attacks which intensified during the 2015 European migrant crisis. In a biography, Frederiksen stated: "For me, it is becoming increasingly clear that the price of unregulated globalization, mass immigration, and the free movement of labour is paid for by the lower classes."^[15][16]

Under Frederiksen, the Social Democrats voted in favour of a law allowing Danish authorities to confiscate money, jewellery, and other valuable items from refugees crossing the border.^[71] The bill received harsh condemnation from the United Nations Human Rights Council,^[72] and widespread comparisons between the plan and the treatment of Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe.^[73] The Social Democrats voted for a law banning the wearing of burqas and niqābs, while abstaining during a vote on a law on mandatory handshakes, irrespective of religious sentiment, at citizenship ceremonies and on a plan to house criminal asylum seekers on a bridgeless island on which they would have to stay at night.^[15] Frederiksen also backed the right-wing populist Danish People's Party in their paradigm shift push to make repatriation, rather than integration, the goal of asylum policy. She has called for a cap on non-Western immigrants, expulsion of asylum seekers to a reception centre in North Africa, and forced 37-hours-per-week labour for immigrants in exchange for benefits.^[15]

Frederiksen has referred to Islam as a "barrier to integration", arguing that some Muslims "do not respect the Danish judicial system", that some Muslim women refuse to work for religious reasons, and that Muslim girls are subject to "massive social control", and has called for Muslim schools to be closed.^[74]

In April 2021, Frederiksen announced that Denmark's "ultimate goal" shall henceforth be one of "zero spontaneous asylum seekers". Danish Integration Minister Mattias Tesfaye added that "no exceptions will be made" towards that goal. Danish Refugee Council's Secretary General Charlotte Slente called the move "irresponsible".^[75] The Danish state subsequently ceased the renewal of temporary residency permits to about 189 Syrian refugees, claiming that it is "now safe to return to Syria".^[76]

Despite having adopted new stricter migration policies than earlier Social Democratic governments, she and her government have also introduced a few relaxations of Danish immigration policies. Even though Mette Frederiksen and her government are against the idea of sudden asylum seekers, they are supporters of the UN refugee quota system and have reintroduced Denmark's participation in that system.^[77] Other relaxations include getting children out of infamous migration centre Sjælsmark and increasing social benefits for refugees.^{[citation needed]}

Globalisation

She has argued that the perception of the Social Democrats adopting the Third Way and practicing centrist, neoliberal economics and supporting unrestricted globalisation contributed to the party's poor electoral performance in the early 21st century. Labeling economic foreign policies of Europe as too liberal, Frederiksen has criticised other social democratic parties for losing their voters' trust by failing to prevent globalisation's chipping away of labour rights, increasing inequality and uncontrolled immigration.^[15]

Climate change

Frederiksen's government made international news with the agreement to reduce Denmark's territorial emissions by 70% in 2030 compared to 1990,^[78] the decision to stop oil and gas exploration after 2050^[79][80] (also driven by the fact that only one company applied for a lease in the latest auction^[81]), and the energy islands in the North Sea.^[82]

Frederiksen publicly said: "I was a social democrat before I got green. And when I wake up in the morning, I am still a social democrat before I am green."^[83]

More than a year after having set an ambitious reduction target for the decade, there are in March 2021 no concrete plans for dealing with the remaining two-thirds of the needed reductions to achieve the Danish 2030 emission target.^[84] Green NGOs have largely viewed Frederiksen's Minister of Climate Dan Jørgensen's tenure negatively in 2020.^[85][86]

Frederiksen's government has described its climate action strategy as a "hockey stick" model.^[87] This means it plans to await new technologies and falling costs and thus only achieve most reductions at the end of the decade. This strategy has been described by the other political parties as a "Bjørn Lomborg" dream.^[88]

Despite pleas from the UNFCCC,^[89] the International Monetary Fund,^[90] the World Bank,^[91] the Danish economic councils^[92] and the Danish Council on Climate Change,^[93] Frederiksen's government has postponed the implementation of a higher carbon pricing mechanism,^[94] even though Denmark was a pioneer with its adoption in 1992.^[95] The opposition to higher carbon taxes was positively received by associations representing the major emitting sectors such as the Confederation of Danish Industry^[96] and the Danish Agriculture and Food Council.^[97]

As of March 2021, Denmark stands to have a much lower price on carbon than its neighbours in 2030, with consequences such as trucks from Germany waiting to refuel until they are in Denmark to benefit from the low diesel prices in Denmark.^[98] Denmark is also one of the four EU countries without carbon taxes on passenger flights.^[99] In fact, Frederiksen's government had plans to guarantee domestic flights during the COVID-19 pandemic by subsidising domestic flights, a decision decried by green NGOs and the supporting parties: Red-Green Alliance and Socialist People's Party.^[100] The decision was not implemented as the European Commission would not approve of it due to regulations on state aid.^[101]

Frederiksen's government entered a formal agreement with the cement manufacturer Aalborg Portland (Denmark's largest carbon emitter standing for 4% of the national emissions) concluding that they did not have to reduce their annual emissions below their 1990 level of 1.54 million CO₂ tons.^[102] Previously, Mette Frederiksen had said: "I will chain myself to Portland before anyone is allowed to close them".^[103]

Similarly, her government has been criticised^[104] for allowing state-owned companies to continue the build-out of fossil fuel infrastructure like a natural gas pipeline of 115 km, with an associated socio-economic cost of $113 million for Denmark.^[105] In a formal answer to the Parliament, the Minister of Climate Dan Jørgensen confirmed that the gas pipeline would not reduce the carbon emissions in the short term nor add any jobs in Denmark.^[106]

As stipulated in the Climate Act, the Danish Council on Climate Change has to make annual recommendations for and provide a status update on the Danish government's climate efforts. In February 2021, the Danish Council on Climate found it was not likely that Frederiksen's government would achieve their original target of a 70% reduction of greenhouse gases by 2030.^[107]

Private school case

In May 2010, it was revealed that Frederiksen's daughter, along with the children of several other prominent Social Democrat politicians, was being educated at a private school.^[108] Along with her colleagues, Frederiksen was accused of hypocrisy by the Danish press as her party had long seen the promotion of public education as a key policy.^[108] In 2005, Frederiksen had openly criticised parents who sent their children to private schools.^[108] Frederiksen responded to the criticism by saying that her opinion on private education had become more nuanced since her remarks in 2005 and that it would have been hypocritical of her to put her own political career ahead of her daughter's best interest.^[109]

The unemployment benefit case

On 14 March 2013, Ekstra Bladet announced that she and her ministry had failed to inform the Folketing about the correct figures regarding how many unemployment benefit recipients would drop out of the unemployment benefit system in 2013.^[110] According to Ekstra Bladet, on 5 December 2012, the Ministry of Employment had new figures for how many people were expected to lose the right to unemployment benefits on 1 January 2013 and the following six months. The number was 22,679 people and thus significantly higher than the 7–12,000 people that the government had announced.^[111] She was strongly criticized for this - and both the Unity List and the Danish People's Party subsequently called her in consultation on the matter.^[112]

The new unemployment benefit rules were adopted in 2010 by the VK government and the Danish People's Party, and were to be fully implemented on 2 July 2012. The changes mean that the unemployment benefit period is shortened from 4 to 2 years. In the Finance Act agreement for 2012, it was agreed to extend the unemployment benefit period by up to half a year for all insured unemployed who exhausted the unemployment benefit entitlement in the second half of 2012. Therefore, it was not until 1 January 2013 that many began to lose their unemployment benefit entitlement.^[113]

Immigration policies

Her government endured criticism in 2020 and 2021 for refusing to repatriate children with Danish citizenship from Syrian refugee camps in Kurdish-controlled Syria, due to their parents having joined the Islamic State.^[114] A medical report released in April 2022 revealed that many of the children were undernourished and that one 4-year-old in particular needed hospitalization. This led to her government preparing to evacuate the children on the condition that their parents do not come with them, which again led to criticism, notably from her supporting parties, the Social Liberal Party and the Green Left.^[115][116]

Frederiksen has two children from her first marriage.^[10]

On 15 July 2020, Frederiksen married her longtime boyfriend Bo Tengberg, a film director. They were married at the Magleby Church, an affiliate of the Church of Denmark on the island of Møn.^[117]

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• Official website
• Biography on the website of the Danish Parliament (Folketinget)
• Appearances on C-SPAN