Real-time gross settlement (RTGS) systems are specialist funds transfer systems where the transfer of money or securities[1] takes place from one bank to any other bank on a "real-time" and on a "gross" basis to avoid settlement risk. Settlement in "real time" means a payment transaction is not subjected to any waiting period, with transactions being settled as soon as they are processed. "Gross settlement" means the transaction is settled on a one-to-one basis, without bundling or netting with any other transaction. "Settlement" means that once processed, payments are final and irrevocable.
History
As of 1985, three central banks implemented RTGS systems, while by the end of 2005, RTGS systems had been implemented by 90 central banks.[2]
The first system that had the attributes of an RTGS system was the US Fedwire system which was launched in 1970. This was based on a previous method of transferring funds electronically between US federal reserve banks via telegraph. The United Kingdom and France both independently developed RTGS type systems in 1984. The UK system was developed by the Bankers' Clearing House in February 1984 and was called CHAPS. The French system was called SAGITTAIRE. A number of other developed countries launched systems over the next few years. These systems were diverse in operation and technology, being country-specific as they were usually based upon previous processes and procedures used in each country.
In the 1990s international finance organizations emphasized the importance of large-value funds transfer systems which banks use to settle interbank transfers for their own account as well as for their customers as a key part of a country's financial market infrastructure. By 1997 a number of countries, inside as well as outside the Group of Ten, had introduced real-time gross settlement systems for large-value funds transfers. Nearly all G-10 countries had plans to have RTGS systems in operation in the course of 1997 and many other countries were also considering introducing such systems.[3]
Operation
RTGS systems are usually operated by a country's central bank as it is seen as critical infrastructure for a country's economy. Economists believe that an efficient national payment system reduces the cost of exchanging goods and services, and is indispensable to the functioning of the interbank, money, and capital markets. A weak payment system may severely drag on the stability and developmental capacity of a national economy; its failures can result in inefficient use of financial resources, inequitable risk-sharing among agents, actual losses for participants, and loss of confidence in the financial system and in the very use of money.[4]
RTGS system does not require any physical exchange of money; the central bank makes adjustments in the electronic accounts of Bank A and Bank B, reducing the balance in Bank A’s account by the amount in question and increasing the balance of Bank B’s account by the same amount. The RTGS system is suited for low-volume, high-value transactions. It lowers settlement risk, besides giving an accurate picture of an institution’s account at any point in time. The objective of RTGS systems by central banks throughout the world is to minimize risk in high-value electronic payment settlement systems. In an RTGS system, transactions are settled across accounts held at a central bank on a continuous gross basis. The settlement is immediate, final, and irrevocable. Credit risks due to settlement lags are eliminated. The best RTGS national payment systems cover up to 95% of high-value transactions within the national monetary market.
RTGS systems are an alternative to systems of settling transactions at the end of the day, also known as the net settlement system, such as the BACS system in the United Kingdom. In a net settlement system, all the inter-institution transactions during the day are accumulated, and at the end of the day, the central bank adjusts the accounts of the institutions by the net amounts of these transactions.[5]
The World Bank has been paying increasing attention to payment system development as a key component of the financial infrastructure of a country and has provided various forms of assistance to over 100 countries. Most of the RTGS systems in place are secure and have been designed around international standards and best practices.[6]
There are several reasons for central banks to adopt RTGS. First, a decision to adopt is influenced by competitive pressure from the global financial markets. Second, it is more beneficial to adopt an RTGS system for the central bank when this allows access to a broad system of other countries' RTGS systems. Third, it is very likely that the knowledge acquired through experiences with RTGS systems spills over to other central banks and helps them make their adoption decision. Fourth, central banks do not necessarily have to install and develop RTGS themselves. The possibility of sharing development with providers that have built RTGS systems in more than one country (CGI of UK holding the IP, CMA Small System of Sweden, JV Perago of South Africa, SIA S.p.A. of Italy and Montran of USA) has presumably lowered the cost and hence made it feasible for many countries to adopt.[7]
Existing systems
Below is a listing of countries and their RTGS systems:
| Country | System |
|---|---|
 African Union | PAPSS (Pan-African Payment and Settlement System)[8] |
 Angola | SPTR (Portuguese: Sistema de pagamentos em tempo real; Real-time Payment System) |
 Argentina | MEP (Spanish: Medio electrónico de pagos; Electronic Means of Payment)[9] |
 Azerbaijan | AZIPS (Azerbaijan Interbank Payment System)[10] |
 Australia | RITS (Reserve Bank Information and Transfer System) |
 Bahrain | RTGS (Real Time Gross Settlement System)[11] |
 Bangladesh | RTGS (Bangladesh Bank Payment Service Division) |
 Barbados | CBRTGS (Central Bank Real Time Gross Settlement System)[12] |
 Bosnia and Herzegovina | RTGS |
 Belarus | BISS (Belarus Interbank Settlement System)[13] |
 Bulgaria | RINGS (Real-time Interbank Gross Settlement) |
 Brazil | STR (Portuguese: Sistema de Transferência de Reservas; Reserves Transfer System) |
 Canada | Lynx [14] |
 China | CIPS (Cross-Border Interbank Payment System) [15] |
 Chile | LBTR/CAS (Spanish: Liquidación Bruta en Tiempo Real; Real-time Gross Settlement) |
 Costa Rica | TEF (Spanish: Transferencia Electrónica de Fondos; Electronic Funds Transfer) [16] |
 Czech Republic | CERTIS (Czech Express Real Time Interbank Gross Settlement System) |
 Denmark | KRONOS2 |
 Dominican Republic | LBTR (Spanish: Liquidación Bruta en Tiempo Real; Gross Settlement in Real Time)[17] |
 Egypt | RTGS[18] |
 Eurozone | TARGET2 (Trans-European Automated Real-time Gross Settlement Express Transfer 2)[19] |
 Fiji | FIJICLEAR[20] |
 Hong Kong | CHATS (Clearing House Automated Transfer System) |
 Hungary | VIBER (Hungarian: Valós Idejű Bruttó Elszámolási Rendszer; Real-time Gross Settlement System) |
 Georgia | GPSS (Georgian Payment and Securities System)[21] |
 India | RTGS[22] |
 Indonesia | BI-RTGS (Bank Indonesia Real Time Gross Settlement Sistem) |
 Iran | SATNA (سامانه تسویه ناخالص آنی, Real-Time Gross Settlement System) |
 Iraq | RTGS (Real Time Gross Settlement System)[23] |
 Israel | Zahav (Hebrew: זה"ב זיכויים והעברות בזמן אמת; Zahav Real-time Credits and Transfers)[24] |
 Japan | BOJ-NET (Bank of Japan Financial Network System)[25] |
 Jordan | RTGS-J[26] |
 Kenya | KEPSS (Kenya Electronic Payment and Settlement System)[27] |
 Korea | BOK-WIRE+ (The Bank of Korea Financial Wire Network, 한은금융망) |
 Kuwait | KASSIP (Kuwait's Automated Settlement System for Inter-Participant Payments) |
 Lebanon | BDL-RTGS (Banque Du Liban – Real Time Gross Settlement)[28] |
 Macedonia | MIPS (Macedonian Interbank Payment System)[29] |
 Macao | RTGS [30] |
 Malawi | MITASS (Malawi Interbank Settlement System) |
 Malaysia | RENTAS (Real Time Electronic Transfer of Funds and Securities) |
 Mauritius | MACSS (Mauritius Automated Clearing and Settlement System)[31] |
 Mexico | SPEI (Spanish: Sistema de Pagos Electrónicos Interbancarios; Interbank Electronic Payment System)[32] |
 Morocco | SRBM (Système de règlement brut du Maroc; Moroccan Gross Settlement System)[33] |
 Namibia | NISS (Namibia Interbank Settlement System)[34] |
 New Zealand | ESAS (Exchange Settlement Account System) |
 Nigeria | CIFTS (CBN Inter-Bank Funds Transfer System) |
 Pakistan | RTGS (Real Time Gross Settlement System)[35] |
 Paraguay | LBTR (Spanish: Liquidación Bruta en Tiempo Real; Gross Settlement in Real Time) |
 Peru | LBTR (Spanish: Liquidación Bruta en Tiempo Real; Gross Settlement in Real Time) |
 Philippines | PhilPaSS[36] |
 Poland | SORBNET[37] and SORBNET2[38] |
 Qatar | QPS (Qatar Payment System)[39] |
 Russia | BESP System (Banking Electronic Speed Payment System)[40] |
 Romania | ReGIS[41] |
 Saudi Arabia | SARIE (Saudi Arabian Riyal Interbank Express)[42] |
 Singapore | MEPS+ (MAS Electronic Payment System Plus)[43] |
 South Africa | SAMOS (The South African Multiple Option Settlement)[44] |
 Sri Lanka | LankaSettle (RTGS/SSSS)[45] |
 Sweden | RIX (Swedish: Riksbankens system för överföring av kontoförda pengar)[46] |
 Switzerland | SIC (Swiss Interbank Clearing)[47] |
 Taiwan | CIFS (CBC Interbank Funds Transfer System)[48] |
 Tanzania | TIS (Tanzania Interbank Settlement)[49] |
 Thailand | BAHTNET (Bank of Thailand Automated High Value Transfer Network)[50] |
 Turkey | EFT (Electronic Fund Transfer)[51] |
 Ukraine | SEP (System of Electronic Payments of the National Bank of Ukraine)[52] |
 United Kingdom | CHAPS (Clearing House Automated Payment System)[53] |
 United States | Fedwire |
 Uganda | UNIS (Uganda National Interbank Settlement)[54] |
 Vietnam | IBPS[55] |
 Zambia | ZIPSS (Zambian Interbank Payment and Settlement System)[56] |
 Zimbabwe | ZETSS (Zimbabwe Electronic Transfer and Settlement System)[57] |
 UAE | UAEFTS (UAE Funds Transfer System)[58] |
In 2010, the World Bank published a report on payment systems worldwide, which investigated these countries' usage of real-time gross settlement systems for large-value payments.[59]