Rey Cross

Eric Bloodaxe

A long-held local legend states that the cross was the burial place of Eric Bloodaxe, Viking Ruler of Northumbria.^[5] However, Norman Davies posits that it was a "boundary stone . . . halfway between Penrith and Barnard Castle."^[6]

The antiquarian W. G. Collingwood (1854 – 1932) suggested that the cross might have been commissioned to commemorate the Norwegian Viking king Eric Bloodaxe.^[e]

Rey Cross	St Columba’s Cross, St Columb Major, Cornwall

The antiquarian W. G. Collingwood (1854 – 1932) ^[f]examined the cross and concluded that it was an English-Style wheel-cross ^[g]with figured decoration from about the 10th century.^[h][i]

St Columba’s Cross, St Columb Major, Cornwall is an example of a ringed cross.

Name history

• Reir Croiz de Staynmore (Anglo-Norman French) c.1280. ^[k]
• Rerecrosse (English) c.1610. ^[l]
• Reicrosse (Scots) c.1610. ^[8]

Toponym (English)

Rerecrosse (English) c.1610

• The honour cross.
• At the honour cross.
• By the honour cross.

The letter ' R ' is a Medieval English (female) abbreviation ( ” the, at the, by the ” ). ^[n]

The element ' ere ' is from Medieval English ' ære '  : ( ” honour ” )^[o]

Toponym (Scots)

Reicrosse (Scots) c.1610

• Cross of the burial place.

The element ' Rei ' is from Old Norse ' hreyr ' : ( ” cairn, burial place ” )^[p]

The Scots version of the name, which became the name we know today, was based on the legend that the Norwegian Viking king Eric Bloodaxe had been buried there.^[q][r]

Natural England maps

Maps for Rey Cross and the surrounding area, showing Access, Administrative Geographies and other criteria from Natural England:

• MAGiC MaP : Listed building. ^{[10] [s] [t] [u]}

• MAGiC MaP : Scheduled Monument. ^{[11] [v] [w]}

• MAGiC MaP : Parish boundary. ^{[12] [x] [y]}

• MAGiC MaP : Sites of Special Scientific Interest. ^{[13] [z] [aa]}

• MAGiC MaP : Gods Bridge SSSI and Pennine Way. ^{[14] [ab] [ac]}

Stainmore Pass Roman road

The Stainmore Pass Roman road (Margary route 82 ^[ad]) was a trans Pennine route from Scotch Corner in North Yorkshire to Brougham near Penrith, Cumbria.^{[15] [ae]}

Its main purpose was to connect the Roman road Dere Street ( from Eboracum ( York ) ) with the road network on the north west side of the Pennine chain, and especially the Roman fort of Petriana ( Stanwix ) near Luguvalium ( Carlisle ). Petriana was the largest fort on Hadrian's Wall.^[ag]

Unlike many other Roman roads its route is well known since it was largely defined by the topography of the Stainmore pass through the Pennine chain. The modern A66 road follows most of the route of the original Roman road for the same reason.

Early history 10th century

Kingdom of Jórvik at its largest extent, early 10th cent.	Kingdom of Strathclyde at its largest extent, c.940 A.D.

At the beginning of the 10th century, the River Tees and the Stainmore Pass Roman road^[as]separated the Kingdom of Northumbria to the north from the Viking Kingdom of Jórvík to the south.^[at]A large part of modern day Cumbria was then part of the Kingdom of Strathclyde and was known as " Scottish Cumberland " .^[au][av]

During the 10th century the extent of the land ruled variously by Northumbria, Strathclyde and Jórvík changed frequently; the Kingdom of Strathclyde was probably at its largest extent c.940 A.D.^[aw]

In 927 A.D. Æthelstan (r.924-939) conquered the Viking Kingdom of Jórvík, previously part of the Northumbrian Kingdom, and subsequently became the first King of the English.^[ax][ay]

In the same year Æthelstan successfully arranged a peace treaty between various Anglo-Saxon kings, known as the Peace of Eamont.^[az]

Rey Cross was ordered by Æthelstan's half-brother Edmund I (r.939-946)to serve as a boundary marker between England and Scotland. ^[bc]

Edgar the Peaceful (Chester 973 A.D.)

In 973 A.D. Edgar the Peaceful sailed to Deva Victrix (Chester Roman fort) where he received homage from the rulers of Alba, Strathclyde, Wales, and the Kingdom of the Isles.^[bd][be]

The list of rulers included:

• Kenneth II, king of Alba (r.971–995).
• Máel Coluim, king of Strathclyde. ^[bf]

In return for their homage, Edgar confirmed that:

• Lothian was part of the Kingdom of Alba
• Cumbria was part of the Kingdom of Strathclyde

Saint Margaret of Scotland (11th century)

In The Lives of the Saints, St. Margaret of Scotland this is written: "and soon the Norman agreed to a peace on these conditions, that he should restore Sibert, earl of Northumberland and leave Cumberland as formerly to the Scots, that he should treat Prince Edgar as his friend, and that the boundaries of the two kingdoms should be Kings Cross on Stanemoor, between Richmondshire and Cumberland which should have the statues and arms of the two kings of England and Scotland on each side." And from Buik of the Chronicles of Scotland, Border Exploits: "King William soon concluded a treaty with Malcolm, wherein it was agreed that a Stone Cross erected on Stanemoor, bearing the arms of the two kingdoms, should form the exact march betwixt England and Scotland." ^{[citation needed]}

Original site of the cross

The exact location of the original site of the cross is not known. It has been re-sited at least twice, most recently during road widening (1990-1992), and previously in 1887.^[bg]

Recent history

In the late 1980s the widening of the A66 road was planned through Stainmore. In 1990 the cross was lifted from its then position to the south of the road within the Rey Cross Roman Marching Camp and an excavation of the ground underneath was performed. No bones were found at the site, although it remains possible that Eric's burial might be elsewhere on the Stainmore moors. During the road widening works the cross was moved to the Bowes Museum for safekeeping. After completion of the road works in 1992 the monument was re-sited to its current position which is easily accessible from a layby in the road.^[5][21]

Chronology 10th century

• Anglo-Scottish border
• Hen Ogledd, Yr Hen Ogledd (Welsh), the Old North (English)
• Cumberland
• Westmorland

Notes

Citations

Sources

Books

• Moffat, Alistair (2017). Scotland, A History from Earliest Times. Birlinn . ISBN 978-1-78027-438-6.
• Collingwood, W. G.; Rollinson, William (1988). The Lake Counties (1932) Revised by William Rollinson (1988). J.M. Dent & Sons. ISBN 0-460-04758-2.
• Higham, Nick (1986). The Northern Counties to a.d. 1000 (A Regional History of England.). Longman. ISBN 0-582-49276-9.
• Wood, Michael (1981). In search of The Dark Ages. BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-17835-3.
• Reaney, P H (1969). The Origin of English Place Names. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• Clark Hall, John R. (1916). A Concise Anglo−Saxon Dictionary, Second Edition. The Macmillan Company.

Downloads

• Page, W.H., ed. (1974). 'Hospitals: Rerecross, Richmond and Ripon', in A History of the County of York: Volume 3. Victoria County History. British History Online. pp. 321–330. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
• Page, W.H., ed. (1914). 'Parishes: Bowes', in A History of the County of York North Riding: Volume 1. Victoria County History. British History Online. pp. 42–49. Retrieved 1 October 2022.