isiNdebele (English: /ɛndəˈbiːliː/), also known as Southern Ndebele[1][4][5] is an African language belonging to the Mbo group of Bantu languages, spoken by the Ndebele people of South Africa.
| Southern Ndebele | |
|---|---|
| isiNdebele sakwaNdzundza noManala | |
| isiNdebele seSewula | |
| Native to | South Africa |
| Region | Mpumalanga, Limpopo, Gauteng, North West |
| Ethnicity | amaNdebele |
Native speakers | 1.1 million (2011 census)[1] 1.4 million L2 speakers (2002)[2] |
| Latin (Ndebele alphabet) Ndebele Braille | |
| Signed Ndebele | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  South Africa |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | nr – South Ndebele |
| ISO 639-2 | nbl – South Ndebele |
| ISO 639-3 | nbl – South Ndebele |
| Glottolog | sout2808 |
S.407[3] | |
| Linguasphere | 99-AUT-fi + 99-AUT-fj |
| Ndebele | |
|---|---|
| Person | iNdebele |
| People | AmaNdebele |
| Language | IsiNdebele |
| Country | KwaNdebele |
- 0–20%
- 20–40%
- 40–60%
- 60–80%
- 80–100%
- <1 /km²
- 1–3 /km²
- 3–10 /km²
- 10–30 /km²
- 30–100 /km²
- 100–300 /km²
- 300–1000 /km²
- 1000–3000 /km²
- >3000 /km²
Northern Ndebele or maNdrebele also known as siNdrebele is spoken in Limpopo in areas such as Polokwane (Bhulungwane), Ga-Rathoka (KaSondonga), Ga-Mashashane, Ga Maraba / Kalkspruit, Mokopane (Mghumbane), Zebediela (Sebetiela), which is closer to Southern Ndebele.[6]
Overview
The Ndebele (Southern and Northern) people's history has been traced back to King Ndebele, King Ndebele fathered King Mkhalangana, King Mkhalangana fathered King Mntungwa (not to be confused with the Khumalo Mntungwa, because he was fathered by Mbulazi), King Mntungwa fathered King Jonono, King Jonono fathered King Nanasi, King Nanasi fathered King Mafana, king Mafana fathered King Mhlanga and Chief Libhoko, King Mhlanga fathered King Musi and Chief Skhube.
Ndebele – Some of his sons were left behind with the Hlubi tribe
Mkhalangana – Some of his sons branched north and formed the Kalanga tribe
Mntungwa – Founder of the amaNtungwa clan
Njonono – He died in Jononoskop near Ladysmith – Surname Jonono is in the Hlubi tribe
Nanasi – He died in Jononoskop near Ladysmith – Surname Nanasi is in the Hlubi tribe
Mafana – He died in Randfontein (Emhlangeni)
Mhlanga – He died in Randfontein (Emhlangeni)
Musi – He died in kwaMnyamana (Pretoria)
King Musi's kraal was based at eMhlangeni a place named after his father Mhlanga, the name of the place is currently known as Randfontein (Mohlakeng) and later moved to KwaMnyamana which is now called Emarula or Bon Accord in Pretoria. King Musi was a polygamist and fathered the following sons, Skhosana (Masombuka), Manala (Mbuduma), Ndzundza (Hlungwana), Thombeni (Kekana or Gegana), Sibasa, Mhwaduba (Lekhuleni) and Mphafuli and others.
Southern Transvaal Ndebele is one of the eleven official languages in the Republic of South Africa. The language is a Nguni or Zunda classification (UN) spoken mostly in the Mpumalanga Province, Gauteng, Limpopo and the Northwest.
The expression isikhethu can be loosely translated to mean 'the Southern Ndebele way of doing or saying'. Isikhethu means Southern Ndebele in the same way that sikitsi will mean Swazi and se harona will mean Sotho.
The language has been severely marginalised over the years. Until the formation of the apartheid Southern Ndebele homeland (KwaNdebele), speaking the language publicly was discouraged. Most Southern Transvaal Ndebele speakers preferred Zulu especially because the latter was learned at school. Today the Southern Ndebele speakers, mostly those who are educated still prefer to use Southern Ndebele as home language for their children and will use Southern Ndebele as a language to communicate with other Southern Ndebele speakers.
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i [i] | u [u] |
| Mid | e [e~ɛ] | o [o~ɔ] |
| Open | a [a] | |
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Post-alv./ Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | lateral | ||||||
| Plosive | ejective | p [pʼ] | t [tʼ] | k [kʼ] | |||
| aspirated | ph [pʰ] | th [tʰ] | kh [kʰ] | ||||
| devoiced | bh [b̥] | d [d̥] | ɡ [ɡ̊] | ||||
| prenasal | mp [ᵐp] | nt [ⁿt] | nk [ᵑk] | ||||
| prenasal (vd.) | mb [ᵐb] | nd [ⁿd] | ng [ᵑɡ] | ||||
| implosive | b [ɓ] | ||||||
| Affricate | ejective | ts [tsʼ] | tl [tɬʼ] | tj [tʃʼ] | kg [kxʼ] | ||
| aspirated | tsh [tsʰ] | tlh [tɬʰ] | tjh [tʃʰ] | kgh [kxʰ] | |||
| plain | dz [dz] | ||||||
| devoiced | j [d̥ʒ] | ||||||
| prenasal | nj [ᶮdʒ] | ||||||
| Fricative | plain | f [f] | s [s] | hl [ɬ] | rh [x] | ||
| voiced | v [v] | z [z] | dl [ɮ] | h [ɦ] | |||
| prenasal | mf [ᶬf] | ||||||
| prenasal (vd.) | mv [ᶬv] | ||||||
| aspirated | dlh [ɮʰ] | ||||||
| Nasal | m [m] | n [n] | ny [ɲ] | ngh [ŋ] | |||
| Liquid | r [r] | l [l] | |||||
| Semivowel | w [w] | y [j] | |||||
Consonant sounds nt, nd, k, mf, and mv often result in allophones of [d̥r dr k̬ ɱp̪fʼ ɱb̪v].[7]
Click consonants
| Dental | Post- alveolar | Lateral | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| voiceless | plain | c [ᵏǀ] | q [ᵏ!] | x [ᵏǁ] |
| aspirated | ch [ᵏǀʰ] | qh [ᵏ!ʰ] | ||
| voiced | plain | gc [ᶢǀ] | gq [ᶢ!] | |
| nasalized | nc [ᵑǀ] | nq [ᵑ!] | nx [ᵑǁ] | |
Grammar
Nouns
The Southern Ndebele noun consists of two essential parts, the prefix and the stem. Using the prefixes, nouns can be grouped into noun classes, which are numbered consecutively, to ease comparison with other Bantu languages.
The following table gives an overview of Southern Ndebele noun classes, arranged according to singular-plural pairs.
| Class | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1/2 | um(u)-1 | aba-, abe- |
| 1a/2a | u- | abo- |
| 3/4 | um(u)-1 | imi- |
| 5/6 | i-, ili-, ilu- | ama- |
| 7/8 | is(i)- | iz(i)-, iiN- |
| 9/10 | iN- | iiN- |
| 14 | ubu-, ub-, utj- | |
| 15 | uku- | |
| 17 | uku- |
1 umu- replaces um- before monosyllabic stems, e. g. umuntu (person).
Verbs
Verbs use the following affixes for the subject and the object:
| Person/ Class | Prefix | Infix |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | ngi- | -ngi- |
| 2nd sing. | u- | -wu- |
| 1st plur. | si- | -si- |
| 2nd plur. | ni- | -ni- |
| 1 | u- | -m(u)- |
| 2 | ba- | -ba- |
| 3 | u- | -m(u)- |
| 4 | i- | -yi- |
| 5 | li- | -li- |
| 6 | a- | -wa- |
| 7 | si- | -si- |
| 8 | zi- | -zi- |
| 9 | i- | -yi- |
| 10 | zi- | -zi- |
| 14 | bu- | -bu- |
| 15 | ku- | -ku- |
| 17 | ku- | -ku- |
| reflexive | -zi- |
Examples
Months in Southern Ndebele
| English | Northern Ndebele (Zimbabwe) | Southern Ndebele (South Africa) | Zulu (South Africa) |
|---|---|---|---|
| January | uZibandlela | uTjhirhweni | uMasingane |
| February | uNhlolanja | uMhlolanja | uNhlolanja |
| March | uMbimbitho | uNtaka | uNdasa |
| April | uMabasa | uSihlabantangana | UMbasa |
| May | uNkwekwezi | uMrhayili | UNhlaba |
| June | uNhlangula | uMgwengweni | UNhlangulana |
| July | uNtulikazi | uVelabahlinze | uNtulikazi |
| August | uNcwabakazi | uRhoboyi | UNcwaba |
| September | uMpandula | uKhukhulamungu | uMandulo |
| October | uMfumfu | uSewula | uMfumfu |
| November | uLwezi | uSinyikhaba | uLwezi |
| December | uMpalakazi | uNobayeni | uZibandlela |
AmaNdebele in Zimbabwe
Zimbabwean Ndebele is part of the Nguni cluster and is therefore very similar to other Nguni languages (such as Zulu, Xhosa and Swati) with which it shares a high level of mutual intelligibility. The South African (or Southern Transvaal Ndebele), while maintaining its Nguni roots, has been influenced by the Sotho languages.[7]
