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Timeline of the Jin–Song Wars

The Jin–Song Wars were a series of armed conflicts conducted by the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty and the Song dynasty in the 12th and 13th centuries. The Jurchens were a Tungusic–speaking tribal confederation native to Manchuria. They overthrew the Khitan-led Liao dynasty in 1122 and declared the establishment of a new dynasty, the Jin.[1] Diplomatic relations between the Jin and Song deteriorated, and the Jurchens first declared war on the Song dynasty in November 1125.[2]

Map of the Northern Song
Northern Song (pink)
Map of the Jin and Southern Song
Southern Song (pink)
The Song dynasty before and after the Jin conquests
A painting of a man with a black goatee looking to the left of the viewer while wearing a red shirt and a black hat, all in front of a grey background
Emperor Qinzong of Song was imprisoned and taken north to Manchuria as a hostage of the Jin dynasty during the Jin–Song Wars.

Two armies were dispatched against the Song. One army captured the provincial capital of Taiyuan, while the other besieged the Song capital of Kaifeng. The Jin withdrew when the Song promised to pay an annual indemnity.[3] As the Song dynasty weakened, the Jin armies conducted a second siege against Kaifeng. The city was captured and looted, and the Song dynasty emperor, Emperor Qinzong, was imprisoned and taken north to Manchuria as a hostage.[4] The remainder of the Song court retreated to southern China, beginning the Southern Song period of Chinese history.[1] Two puppet governments, first the Da Chu dynasty and later the state of Qi, were established by the Jin as buffer states between the Song and Manchuria.[5]

The Jin marched southward with the aim of conquering the Southern Song, but counteroffensives by Chinese generals like Yue Fei halted their advance.[6] A peace accord, the Treaty of Shaoxing, was negotiated and ratified in 1142, establishing the Huai River as the boundary between the two empires.[7] Peace between the Song and Jin was interrupted twice.[8] Wanyan Liang invaded the Southern Song in 1161,[9] while Song revanchists tried and failed to retake northern China in 1204.[10]

The Jin–Song Wars were notable for the appearance of new technological innovations. The siege of De'an in 1132 included the first recorded use of the fire lance, an early gunpowder weapon and an ancestor of the firearm.[11] The huopao, an incendiary bomb, was employed in a number of battles[12] and gunpowder bombs made of cast iron were used in a siege in 1221.[13] The Jurchens migrated south and settled in northern China, where they adopted the language and Confucian culture of the local inhabitants.[1] The Jin dynasty government grew into a centralized imperial bureaucracy structured in the same manner as previous dynasties of China.[14] Both the Song and Jin dynasties ended in the 13th century as the Mongol Empire expanded across Asia.[15]

Campaigns against the Northern Song

YearDate[a]EventRef(s)
1125NovemberJin dynasty declares war against the Song dynasty and dispatches two armies.[2]
1126JanuaryJin forces reach Taiyuan and besiege the city.[2]
January 27Jin army crosses the Yellow River on their way to the Song capital of Kaifeng.[16]
January 28Emperor Huizong of Song abdicates and Emperor Qinzong is enthroned as Jin forces approach Kaifeng.[16]
January 31Jin forced besiege Kaifeng.[17]
February 10Siege of Kaifeng ends.[4]
March 5The Jin army retreats from Kaifeng after the Song emperor promises to pay an annual indemnity.[17]
JuneTwo armies dispatched by Emperor Qinzong to Taiyuan, Zhongshan, and Hejian are defeated by the Jin.[17]
DecemberThe Jin army that captured Taiyuan arrives in Kaifeng. The second siege of Kaifeng begins.[17]
1127January 9During the Jingkang Incident, Kaifeng surrenders and the city is looted by Jin forces.[4]
MayEmperor Qinzong, former Emperor Huizong, and members of the Song court are taken north to Manchuria as prisoners.[4]
1129Song dynasty capital moved to Nanjing. End of the Northern Song.[1][18]
Former Song official Liu Yu is enthroned as the emperor of the Jin puppet state of Qi.[18]

Campaigns against the Southern Song

YearDate[a]EventRef(s)
1132De'an is besieged by Jin forces. The battle is the earliest known use of the fire lance, an ancestor of the firearm.[11]
1133Yue Fei is appointed a general tasked with leading the largest army in a region near the central Yangtze River.[19]
1134Yue Fei commanded a military campaign that recaptured much of the territory seized by the Jin.[20]
1135Qi captures the town of Xiangyang.[20]
1137Jin dynasty dissolves the Qi state and demotes Liu Yu as emperor.[20]
1140Yue Fei launches a successful military expedition against the Jin and makes considerable territorial gains, but was forced to withdraw by Emperor Gaozong.[21]
1141Yue Fei is imprisoned as Gaozong moves forward with his plans for a peace treaty.[21]
OctoberNegotiations for a peace treaty begins between the Song and Jin.[21]
1142Yue Fei is poisoned in his jail cell.[21]
OctoberThe peace treaty, the Shaoxing Accord, is ratified and the Song agrees to pay an annual indemnity. The Huai River is settled as the boundary.[7][21]

After the peace treaty

YearDate[a]EventReference(s)
1152The Jin emperor Wanyan Liang moves his capital south from Manchuria to Beijing.[22]
1158Wanyan Liang blames the Song for breaching the peace treaty after it procured horses from the frontier regions.[22]
1159The Jin begins preparations for a war against the Song.[22]
1161SummerConscription of ethnic Han soldiers for the Jin war effort ends.[22]
June 14Jin envoys arrive in the Song on the eve of the invasion. Their behavior led to suspicions of a Jin plot against the Song.[9]
October 15Jin forces depart from Kaifeng.[9]
October 28The Jin army reaches the Huai River and continue their march to the Yangtze River.[9]
November 26–27Jin forces try to capture the city of Caishi during the Battle of Caishi but are repelled by the Song.[23]
The Battle of Tangdao is fought at sea between the Jin and the Song. The Song navy uses incendiary bombs and other weapons against a Jin fleet of 600 ships.[24]
December 15Wanyan Liang is assassinated in his military camp by his officers, ending the Jurchen invasion.[25]
1204Song armies begin raiding the Jin settlements north of the Huai River.[26]
1206June 14The Song declares war against the Jin.[26]
FallJin armies capture towns and military bases, slowing the Song advance.[10]
DecemberWu Xi, general and governor of Sichuan, defects to the Jin, threatening the war effort.[10]
1207March 29Wu Xi is assassinated by Song loyalists.[10]
1208JulyFollowing negotiations for peace, the war ends and Jin forces withdraw.[27]
November 2A peace treaty is signed between the Jin and the Song. The Song agreed to continue paying tribute to the Jin.[27]
1217Jin forces invade the Song to remedy the territory they had lost to the Mongols.[28]
1221A gunpowder bomb made of cast iron is used as Jin forces try to capture Qizhou, a Song city.[13]
1224The Jin and Song agreed to a peace treaty. Song discontinues its annual tributes to the Jurchens.[29]
1234February 9The Jin dynasty ends after an invasion by the Mongols and the Song.[15][30]

See also

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

  • Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2.
  • Chase, Kenneth Warren (2003). Firearms: A Global History to 1700. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82274-9.
  • Franke, Herbert (1994). Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke; John King Fairbank (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5.
  • Holcombe, Charles (2011). A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51595-5.
  • Lorge, Peter (2005). War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795b. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-96929-8.
  • Lorge, Peter (2008). The Asian Military Revolution: From Gunpowder to the Bomb. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84682-0.
  • Mote, Frederick W. (2003). Imperial China: 900–1800. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01212-7.
  • Partington, J. R. (1960). A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5954-0.
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