Autores globales
Italic text
Laureates
| Year | Picture | Laureate | Country | Language(s) | Age awarded | Citation | Genre(s) | Alma mater |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1901 | .jpg) | Sully Prudhomme (1839–1907) |  France | French | 62 | "in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect"[1] | poetry, essay | Lycée Condorcet |
| 1902 | .jpg) | Theodor Mommsen (1817–1903) |  Germany | German | 85 | "the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work A History of Rome"[2] | history, law | University of Kiel |
| 1903 | .jpg) | Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (1832–1910) |  Norway | Norwegian | 71 | "as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit"[3] | poetry, novel, drama | University of Oslo |
| 1904 | .jpg) | Frédéric Mistral (1830–1914) | France | Provençal | 74 | "in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist"[4] | poetry, philology | Aix-Marseille University |
.jpg) | José Echegaray (1832–1916) |  Spain | Spanish | 72 | "in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama"[4] | drama | ||
| 1905 |  | Henryk Sienkiewicz (1846–1916) |  Poland(  Russian Empire) | Polish | 59 | "because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer"[5] | novel | |
| 1906 | .jpg) | Giosuè Carducci (1835–1907) |  Italy | Italian | 71 | "not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces"[6] | poetry | Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa |
| 1907 | .jpg) | Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936) |  United Kingdom | English | 41 | "in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration that characterize the creations of this world-famous author"[7] | novel, short story, poetry | United Services College |
| 1908 |  | Rudolf Christoph Eucken (1846–1926) | Germany | German | 62 | "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life"[8] | philosophy | Göttingen University |
| 1909 | .jpg) | Selma Lagerlöf (1858–1940) |  Sweden | Swedish | 51 | "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings"[9] | novel, short story | Stockholm University |
| 1910 |  | Paul von Heyse (1830–1914) | Germany | German | 80 | "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"[10] | poetry, drama, novel, short story | University of Jena |
| 1911 | .jpg) | Maurice Maeterlinck (1862–1949) |  Belgium | French | 49 | "in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations"[11] | drama, poetry, essay | University of Ghent |
| 1912 |  | Gerhart Hauptmann (1862–1946) | Germany | German | 50 | "primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art"[12] | drama, novel | Royal Art School in Breslau |
| 1913 |  | Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941) |  British India( British Empire) | Bengali and English | 52 | "because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West"[13] | poetry, novel, drama, short story, essay, translation | St. Xavier's Collegiate School |
| 1914 | Not awarded | |||||||
| 1915 |  | Romain Rolland (1866–1944) | France | French | 49 | "as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings"[14] | novel | Sorbonne University |
| 1916 |  | Verner von Heidenstam (1859–1940) | Sweden | Swedish | 56 | "in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature"[15] | poetry, novel | Karlberg Military Academy. |
| 1917 |  | Karl Adolph Gjellerup (1857–1919) |  Denmark | Danish and German | 60 | "for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals"[16] | poetry | |
 | Henrik Pontoppidan (1857–1943) | Denmark | Danish | 60 | "for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark"[16] | novel | ||
| 1918 | Not awarded | |||||||
| 1919 |  | Carl Spitteler (1845–1924) |  Switzerland | German | 74 | "in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring"[17] | poetry | |
| 1920 |  | Knut Hamsun (1859–1952) | Norway | Norwegian | 61 | "for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil"[18] | novel | |
| 1921 | .jpg) | Anatole France (1844–1924) | France | French | 77 | "in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament"[19] | novel, poetry | |
| 1922 |  | Jacinto Benavente (1866–1954) | Spain | Spanish | 56 | "for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama"[20] | drama | |
| 1923 |  | William Butler Yeats (1865–1939) |  Ireland | English | 58 | "for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation"[21] | poetry | |
| 1924 |  | Władysław Reymont (1867–1925) |  Poland | Polish | 57 | "for his great national epic, The Peasants"[22] | novel | |
| 1925 |  | George Bernard Shaw (1856–1950) | United Kingdom Ireland[23] | English | 69 | "for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty"[24] | drama, essay | |
| 1926 |  | Grazia Deledda (1871–1936) | Italy | Italian | 55 | "for her idealistically inspired writings, which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general"[25] | poetry, novel | |
| 1927 |  | Henri Bergson (1859–1941) | France | French | 68 | "in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented"[26] | philosophy | |
| 1928 |  | Sigrid Undset (1882–1949) | Norway Denmark | Norwegian | 46 | "principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages"[27] | novel | |
| 1929 |  | Thomas Mann (1875–1955) |  Germany | German | 54 | "principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature"[28] | novel, short story, essay | |
| 1930 |  | Sinclair Lewis (1885–1951) |  United States | English | 45 | "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters"[29] | novel, short story, drama | |
| 1931 |  | Erik Axel Karlfeldt (1864–1931) | Sweden | Swedish | 67 | "The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt"[30] | poetry | |
| 1932 |  | John Galsworthy (1867–1933) | United Kingdom | English | 65 | "for his distinguished art of narration, which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga"[31] | novel | |
| 1933 |  | Ivan Bunin (1870–1953) | Stateless (born in Russian Empire) | Russian | 63 | "for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing"[32] | short story, poetry, novel | |
| 1934 |  | Luigi Pirandello (1867–1936) |  Italy | Italian | 67 | "for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art"[33] | drama, novel, short story | |
| 1935 | Not awarded | |||||||
| 1936 |  | Eugene O'Neill (1888–1953) | United States | English | 48 | "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy"[34] | drama | |
| 1937 |  | Roger Martin du Gard (1881–1958) | France | French | 56 | "for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel cycle Les Thibault"[35] | novel | |
| 1938 | .jpg) | Pearl Buck (1892–1973) | United States | English | 46 | "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"[36] | novel, biography | |
| 1939 |  | Frans Eemil Sillanpää (1888–1964) |  Finland | Finnish | 51 | "for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature"[37] | novel | |
| 1940 | Not awarded | |||||||
| 1941 | Not awarded | |||||||
| 1942 | Not awarded | |||||||
| 1943 | Not awarded | |||||||
| 1944 |  | Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (1873–1950) | Denmark | Danish | 71 | "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"[38] | novel, short story | |
| 1945 |  | Gabriela Mistral (1889–1957) |  Chile | Spanish | 56 | "for her lyric poetry, which inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"[39] | poetry | |
| 1946 |  | Hermann Hesse (1877–1962) |  Germany Switzerland | German | 69 | "for his inspired writings, which while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style"[40] | novel, poetry | |
| 1947 |  | André Gide (1869–1951) | France | French | 78 | "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight"[41] | novel, essay, drama, memoir | |
| 1948 |  | Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888–1965) | United Kingdom (born in the United States) | English | 60 | "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry"[42] | poetry, essay, drama | |
| 1949 | .jpg) | William Faulkner (1897–1962) | United States | English | 52 | "for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel"[43] | novel, short story | |
| 1950 |  | Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) | United Kingdom | English | 78 | "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought"[44] | philosophy, essay | |
| 1951 |  | Pär Lagerkvist (1891–1974) | Sweden | Swedish | 60 | "for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind"[45] | poetry, novel, short story, drama | |
| 1952 |  | François Mauriac (1885–1970) | France | French | 67 | "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life"[46] | novel, short story | |
| 1953 |  | Winston Churchill (1874–1965) | United Kingdom | English | 79 | "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values"[47] | history, essay, memoir | |
| 1954 |  | Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961) | United States | English | 55 | "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style"[48] | novel, short story, screenplay | |
| 1955 |  | Halldór Laxness (1902–1998) |  Iceland | Icelandic | 53 | "for his vivid epic power, which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland"[49] | novel, short story, drama, poetry | |
| 1956 |  | Juan Ramón Jiménez (1881–1958) |  Spain | Spanish | 75 | "for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity"[50] | poetry, novel | |
| 1957 |  | Albert Camus (1913–1960) | France (born in Algeria) | French | 44 | "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times"[51] | novel, short story, drama, philosophy, essay | |
| 1958 |  | Boris Pasternak (1890–1960) |  Soviet Union | Russian | 70 | "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"[52] | novel, poetry, translation | |
| 1959 |  | Salvatore Quasimodo (1901–1968) |  Italy | Italian | 58 | "for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times"[53] | poetry | |
| 1960 |  | Saint-John Perse (1887–1975) |  France(born in Guadeloupe) | French | 73 | "for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry, which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time"[54] | poetry | |
| 1961 |  | Ivo Andrić (1892–1975) |  Yugoslavia(born in Austria-Hungary) | Serbo-Croatian | 69 | "for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country"[55] | novel, short story | |
| 1962 | .jpg) | John Steinbeck (1902–1968) |  United States | English | 60 | "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception"[56] | novel, short story, screenplay | |
| 1963 |  | Giorgos Seferis (1900–1971) |  Greece(born in the Ottoman Empire) | Greek | 63 | "for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture"[57] | poetry, essay, memoir | |
| 1964 |  | Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980) | France | French | 59 | "for his work, which rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age"[58] | philosophy, novel, drama, essay, short story, screenplay | |
| 1965 |  | Mikhail Sholokhov (1905–1984) | Soviet Union | Russian | 60 | "for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people"[59] | novel | |
| 1966 |  | Shmuel Yosef Agnon (1888–1970) |  Israel(born in Austria-Hungary) | Hebrew | 79 | "for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people"[60] | novel, short story | |
 | Nelly Sachs (1891–1970) | Germany Sweden | German | 75 | "for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"[60] | poetry, drama | ||
| 1967 |  | Miguel Ángel Asturias (1899–1974) |  Guatemala | Spanish | 68 | "for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America"[61] | novel, poetry | |
| 1968 |  | Yasunari Kawabata (1899–1972) |  Japan | Japanese | 69 | "for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind"[62] | novel, short story | |
| 1969 | .jpg) | Samuel Beckett (1906–1989) | Ireland | French and English | 63 | "for his writing, which – in new forms for the novel and drama – in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation"[63] | novel, drama, poetry | |
| 1970 |  | Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1918–2008) | Soviet Union | Russian | 52 | "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature"[64] | novel, essay, short story | |
| 1971 |  | Pablo Neruda (1904–1973) | Chile | Spanish | 67 | "for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams"[65] | poetry | |
| 1972 | .jpg) | Heinrich Böll (1917–1985) | West Germany | German | 55 | "for his writing, which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature"[66] | novel, short story | |
| 1973 |  | Patrick White (1912–1990) |  Australia(born in the United Kingdom) | English | 61 | "for an epic and psychological narrative art, which has introduced a new continent into literature"[67] | novel, short story, drama | |
| 1974 |  | Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976) | Sweden | Swedish | 74 | "for a narrative art, farseeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom"[68] | novel | |
 | Harry Martinson (1904–1978) | Sweden | Swedish | 70 | "for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos"[68] | poetry, novel, drama | ||
| 1975 |  | Eugenio Montale (1896–1981) | Italy | Italian | 79 | "for his distinctive poetry, which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions"[69] | poetry | |
| 1976 | .jpg) | Saul Bellow (1915–2005) | United States (born in Canada) | English | 61 | "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"[70] | novel, short story | |
| 1977 |  | Vicente Aleixandre (1898–1984) |  Spain | Spanish | 79 | "for a creative poetic writing, which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars"[71] | poetry | |
| 1978 | _(cropped).jpg) | Isaac Bashevis Singer (1902–1991) | United States Poland | Yiddish | 76 | "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"[72] | novel, short story, memoir | |
| 1979 | .jpg) | Odysseas Elytis (1911–1996) | Greece | Greek | 68 | "for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness"[73] | poetry, essay | |
| 1980 |  | Czesław Miłosz (1911–2004) |  Poland(born in Russian Empire) | Polish | 69 | "who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts"[74] | poetry, essay | |
| 1981 | .jpg) | Elias Canetti (1905–1994) | United Kingdom Bulgaria | German | 76 | "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power"[75] | novel, drama, memoirs, essay | |
| 1982 | .jpg) | Gabriel García Márquez (1927–2014) |  Colombia | Spanish | 55 | "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts"[76] | novel, short story, screenplay | |
| 1983 | .jpg) | William Golding (1911–1993) | United Kingdom | English | 72 | "for his novels, which with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today"[77] | novel, poetry, drama | |
| 1984 | .jpg) | Jaroslav Seifert (1901–1986) |  Czechoslovakia(born in Austria-Hungary) | Czech | 83 | "for his poetry, which endowed with freshness, and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man"[78] | poetry | |
| 1985 | .jpg) | Claude Simon (1913–2005) | France (born in French Madagascar) | French | 72 | "who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition"[79] | novel, essay | |
| 1986 | _(cropped).jpg) | Wole Soyinka (b. 1934) |  Nigeria | English | 52 | "who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence"[80] | drama, novel, poetry, screenplay | |
| 1987 | .jpg) | Joseph Brodsky (1940–1996) | United States Soviet Union | Russian and English | 47 | "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity"[81] | poetry, essay | |
| 1988 |  | Naguib Mahfouz (1911–2006) |  Egypt | Arabic | 77 | "who, through works rich in nuance – now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous – has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind"[82] | novel, short story | |
| 1989 | .jpg) | Camilo José Cela (1916–2002) |  Spain | Spanish | 73 | "for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability"[83] | novel, short story, essay, poetry | |
| 1990 | _(cropped).jpg) | Octavio Paz (1914–1998) |  Mexico | Spanish | 76 | "for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity"[84] | poetry, essay | |
| 1991 | .JPG) | Nadine Gordimer (1923–2014) |  South Africa | English | 68 | "who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity"[85] | novel, short story, essay, drama | |
| 1992 |  | Derek Walcott (1930–2017) |  Saint Lucia | English | 62 | "for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment"[86] | poetry, drama | |
| 1993 | .jpg) | Toni Morrison (1931–2019) | United States | English | 62 | "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"[87] | novel, essay | |
| 1994 | .jpg) | Kenzaburō Ōe (1935–2023) | Japan | Japanese | 59 | "who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today"[88] | novel, short story, essay | |
| 1995 | .jpg) | Seamus Heaney (1939–2013) | Ireland | English | 56 | "for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past"[89] | poetry, drama, translation, essay | |
| 1996 | .jpg) | Wisława Szymborska (1923–2012) | Poland | Polish | 73 | "for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality"[90] | poetry, essay, translation | |
| 1997 | .jpg) | Dario Fo (1926–2016) | Italy | Italian | 71 | "who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden"[91] | drama, song lyrics | |
| 1998 | .jpg) | José Saramago (1922–2010) |  Portugal | Portuguese | 76 | "who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality"[92] | novel, drama, poetry | |
| 1999 | .jpg) | Günter Grass (1927–2015) | Germany (born in Free City of Danzig) | German | 72 | "whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history"[93] | novel, drama, poetry, essay | |
| 2000 | .jpg) | Gao Xingjian (b. 1940) | France  China | Chinese | 60 | "for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama"[94] | novel, drama, essay | |
| 2001 | .jpg) | Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul (1932–2018) | United Kingdom Trinidad and Tobago | English | 69 | "for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories"[95] | novel, essay | |
| 2002 | .JPG) | Imre Kertész (1929–2016) |  Hungary | Hungarian | 73 | "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"[96] | novel | |
| 2003 | .JPG) | John Maxwell Coetzee (b. 1940) |  South Africa | English | 63 | "who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider"[97] | novel, essay, translation | |
| 2004 | .jpg) | Elfriede Jelinek (b. 1946) |  Austria | German | 58 | "for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"[98] | novel, drama | |
| 2005 | .jpg) | Harold Pinter (1930–2008) | United Kingdom | English | 75 | "who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms"[99] | drama, screenplay, poetry | |
| 2006 | .jpg) | Orhan Pamuk (b. 1952) |  Turkey | Turkish | 54 | "who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures"[100] | novel, screenplay, autobiography, essay | |
| 2007 | .JPG) | Doris Lessing (1919–2013) | United Kingdom (born in Iran) | English | 88 | "that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny"[101] | novel, short story, memoir/autobiography, drama, poetry, essay | |
| 2008 | .jpg) | Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio (b. 1940) | France Mauritius | French | 68 | "author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization"[102] | novel, short story, essay, translation | |
| 2009 | .jpg) | Herta Müller (b. 1953) | Germany Romania | German | 56 | "who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed"[103] | novel, short story, poetry, essay | |
| 2010 | .jpg) | Mario Vargas Llosa (b. 1936) |  Peru Spain | Spanish | 74 | "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat"[104] | novel, short story, essay, drama, memoir | |
| 2011 | .jpg){kind=spacer} | Tomas Tranströmer (1931–2015) | Sweden | Swedish | 80 | "because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality"[105] | poetry, translation | |
| 2012 | .jpg) | Mo Yan (b. 1955) | China | Chinese | 57 | "who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary"[106] | novel, short story | |
| 2013 |  | Alice Munro (b. 1931) |  Canada | English | 82 | "master of the contemporary short story"[107] | short story | |
| 2014 | .jpg) | Patrick Modiano (b. 1945) | France | French | 69 | "for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the Occupation"[108] | novel, screenplay | |
| 2015 | _08_(cropped2).JPG) | Svetlana Alexievich (b. 1948) |  Belarus(born in the Soviet Union) | Russian | 67 | "for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time"[109] | history, essay | |
| 2016 | .jpg) | Bob Dylan (b. 1941) | United States | English | 75 | "for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition"[110] | poetry, song lyrics | |
| 2017 | .jpg) | Kazuo Ishiguro (b. 1954) | United Kingdom (born in Japan) | English | 63 | "who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world"[111] | novel, screenplay, short story | |
| 2018 | .jpg) | Olga Tokarczuk (b. 1962) | Poland | Polish | 56 | "for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life"[112] | novel, short story, poetry, essay, screenplay | |
| 2019 | .jpg) | Peter Handke (b. 1942) | Austria | German | 77 | "for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience"[113] | novel, short story, drama, essay, translation, screenplay | |
| 2020 | .jpg) | Louise Glück (1943–2023) | United States | English | 77 | "for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal"[114] | poetry, essay | |
| 2021 | .jpg) | Abdulrazak Gurnah (b. 1948) |  Tanzania United Kingdom(born in the Sultanate of Zanzibar) | English | 72 | "for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents"[115] | novel, short story, essay | |
| 2022 | .jpg) | Annie Ernaux (b. 1940) | France | French | 82 | "for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory"[116] | memoir, novel | |
| 2023 | .jpg) | Jon Fosse (b. 1959) | Norway | Norwegian (Nynorsk) | 64 | "for his innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable"[117] | drama, novel, poetry, essay | |
0 List of Economic Nobel laureates by Institution PhD (alma mater)
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2List of pHYSICS Nobel laureates by Institution PhD (alma mater)
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Laureates
| Year | Image | Laureate[A] | Country[B] | Rationale[C] | PhD (or equivalent) alma mater | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1901 |  | Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) | German Empire | "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him" | ETH Zurich | [118] |
| 1902 | .jpg) | Hendrik Lorentz (1853–1928) |  Netherlands | "in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena" | University of Leiden | [119] |
 | Pieter Zeeman (1865–1943) | University of Leiden | ||||
| 1903 |  | Henri Becquerel (1852–1908) | France | "for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity" | University of Paris | [120] |
 | Pierre Curie (1859–1906) | "for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel" | University of Paris | |||
 | Marie Curie (1867–1934) | ESPCI Paris | ||||
| 1904 |  | Lord Rayleigh (1842–1919) | United Kingdom | "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies" | University of Cambridge | [121] |
| 1905 |  | Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard (1862–1947) | German Empire | "for his work on cathode rays" | University of Heidelberg | [122] |
| 1906 |  | Joseph John Thomson (1856–1940) | United Kingdom | "for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases" | University of Cambridge | [123] |
| 1907 |  | Albert Abraham Michelson (1852–1931) |  United States | "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid" | Humboldt University of Berlin | [124] |
| 1908 |  | Gabriel Lippmann (1845–1921) | France | "for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference" | École Normale Supérieure | [125] |
| 1909 |  | Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937) | Kingdom of Italy | "for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy" | University of Bologna | [126] |
 | Karl Ferdinand Braun (1850–1918) | German Empire | Humboldt University of Berlin | |||
| 1910 |  | Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1837–1923) | Netherlands | "for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids" | University of Leiden | [127] |
| 1911 |  | Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928) | German Empire | "for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat" | University of Berlin | [128] |
| 1912 |  | Nils Gustaf Dalén (1869–1937) | Sweden | "for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and buoys" | ETH Zurich | [129] |
| 1913 |  | Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes (1853–1926) | Netherlands | "for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium" | University of Groningen | [130] |
| 1914 |  | Max von Laue (1879–1960) | German Empire | "For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals", an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy. | University of Berlin | [131] |
| 1915 |  | William Henry Bragg (1862–1942) | United Kingdom | "'For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays', an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography" | University of Cambridge | [132] |
 | William Lawrence Bragg (1890–1971) | United Kingdom | University of Cambridge | |||
| 1916 | Not awarded due to World War I | |||||
| 1917 |  | Charles Glover Barkla (1877–1944) | United Kingdom | "'For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements', another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy" | University of Cambridge | [133] |
| 1918 |  | Max Planck (1858–1947) | German Empire | "for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy quanta" | University of Munich | [134] |
| 1919 |  | Johannes Stark (1874–1957) | Germany | "for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields" | University of Munich | [135] |
| 1920 |  | Charles Édouard Guillaume (1861–1938) | Switzerland | "for the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel-steel alloys" | ETH Zurich | [136] |
| 1921 |  | Albert Einstein (1879–1955) | Germany Switzerland | "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect" | ETH Zurich | [137] |
| 1922 |  | Niels Bohr (1885–1962) | Denmark | "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them" | University of Copenhagen | [138] |
| 1923 |  | Robert Andrews Millikan (1868–1953) | United States | "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect" | Columbia University | [139] |
| 1924 |  | Manne Siegbahn (1886–1978) | Sweden | "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy" | University of Stockholm | [140] |
| 1925 |  | James Franck (1882–1964) | Germany | "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom" | University of Berlin | [141] |
 | Gustav Hertz (1887–1975) | Technical University of Berlin]] | ||||
| 1926 |  | Jean Baptiste Perrin (1870–1942) | France | "for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium" | University of Berlin | [142] |
| 1927 |  | Arthur Holly Compton (1892–1962) | United States | "for his discovery of the effect named after him" | Princeton University | [143] |
 | Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (1869–1959) | United Kingdom | "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour" | Sidney Sussex College]] | [143] | |
| 1928 |  | Owen Willans Richardson (1879–1959) | United Kingdom | "for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him" | University of Cambridge | [144] |
| 1929 |  | Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie (1892–1987) | France | "for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons" | University of Paris | [145] |
| 1930 |  | Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (1888–1970) | India | "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him" | University of Calcutta | [146] |
| 1931 | Not awarded | |||||
| 1932 |  | Werner Heisenberg (1901–1976) | Germany | "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen" | University of Munich | [147] |
| 1933 | .jpg) | Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961) | Austria | "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory" | University of Zürich | [148] |
 | Paul Dirac (1902–1984) | United Kingdom | University of Cambridge | |||
| 1934 | Not awarded | |||||
| 1935 |  | James Chadwick (1891–1974) | United Kingdom | "for the discovery of the neutron" | University of Cambridge | [149] |
| 1936 |  | Victor Francis Hess (1883–1964) |  Austria | "for his discovery of cosmic radiation" | University of Vienna | [150] |
 | Carl David Anderson (1905–1991) | United States | "for his discovery of the positron" | California Institute of Technology | [150] | |
| 1937 |  | Clinton Joseph Davisson (1881–1958) | United States | "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals" | Princeton University | [151] |
 | George Paget Thomson (1892–1975) | United Kingdom | University of Cambridge | |||
| 1938 |  | Enrico Fermi (1901–1954) | Kingdom of Italy | "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons" | Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa | [152] |
| 1939 |  | Ernest Lawrence (1901–1958) | United States | "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements" | University of Chicago | [153] |
| 1940 | Not awarded due to World War II | |||||
| 1941 | Not awarded due to World War II | |||||
| 1942 | Not awarded due to World War II | |||||
| 1943 |  | Otto Stern (1888–1969) | United States | "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton" | University of Frankfurt | [154][155] |
| 1944 |  | Isidor Isaac Rabi (1898–1988) | United States | "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei" | Columbia University | [156] |
| 1945 |  | Wolfgang Pauli (1900–1958) | Austria | "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle" | Ludwig-Maximilians University | [157] |
| 1946 |  | Percy Williams Bridgman (1882–1961) | United States | "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics" | Harvard University | [158] |
| 1947 |  | Edward Victor Appleton (1892–1965) | United Kingdom | "for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer" | University of Cambridge | [159] |
| 1948 |  | Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett (1897–1974) | United Kingdom | University of Cambridge | "for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation" | [160] |
| 1949 |  | Hideki Yukawa (1907–1981) | Japan | "for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces" | Kyoto Imperial University | [161] |
| 1950 |  | Cecil Frank Powell (1903–1969) | United Kingdom | "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method" | University of Cambridge | [162] |
| 1951 |  | John Douglas Cockcroft (1897–1967) | United Kingdom | "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles" | University of Cambridge | [163] |
 | Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton (1903–1995) | Ireland | University of Dublin | |||
| 1952 |  | Felix Bloch (1905–1983) | United States | "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith" | ETH Zürich | [164] |
 | Edward Mills Purcell (1912–1997) | Harvard University | ||||
| 1953 |  | Frits Zernike (1888–1966) | Netherlands | "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope" | University of Amsterdam | [165] |
| 1954 |  | Max Born (1882–1970) | West Germany | "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction" | University of Göttingen | [166] |
 | Walther Bothe (1891–1957) | "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith" | Humboldt University of Berlin | [166] | ||
| 1955 |  | Willis Eugene Lamb (1913–2008) | United States | "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum" | University of California, Berkeley | [167] |
 | Polykarp Kusch (1911–1993) | United States | "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron" | University of Illinois | [167] | |
| 1956 |  | John Bardeen (1908–1991) | United States | "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect" | Princeton University | [168] |
 | Walter Houser Brattain (1902–1987) | University of Minnesota | ||||
 | William Bradford Shockley (1910–1989) | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | ||||
| 1957 |  | Tsung-Dao Lee (b. 1926) | Republic of China | "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles" | University of Chicago | [169] |
 | Chen-Ning Yang (b. 1922) | University of Chicago | ||||
| 1958 |  | Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (1904–1990) | Soviet Union | "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect" | Voronezh State University | [170] |
 | Ilya Frank (1908–1990) | Moscow State University | ||||
 | Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm (1895–1971) | Moscow State University | ||||
| 1959 |  | Emilio Gino Segrè (1905–1989) |  United States | "for their discovery of the antiproton" | Sapienza University of Rome | [171] |
 | Owen Chamberlain (1920–2006) | University of Chicago | ||||
| 1960 |  | Donald Arthur Glaser (1926–2013) | United States | "for the invention of the bubble chamber" | California Institute of Technology | [172] |
| 1961 |  | Robert Hofstadter (1915–1990) | United States | "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons" | Princeton University | [173] |
 | Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer (1929–2011) | West Germany | "for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name" | Technical University of Munich | [173] | |
| 1962 |  | Lev Davidovich Landau (1908–1968) | Soviet Union | "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium" | Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute | [174] |
| 1963 |  | Eugene Paul Wigner (1902–1995) | United States | "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles" | Technical University of Berlin | [175] |
 | Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1906–1972) | United States | "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure" | University of Göttingen]] | [175] | |
.jpg) | J. Hans D. Jensen (1907–1973) | West Germany | University of Hamburg | |||
| 1964 |  | Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov (1922–2001) | Soviet Union | "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser–laser principle" | Moscow Engineering Physics Institute | [176] |
 | Alexander Prokhorov (1916–2002) | Moscow Engineering Physics Institute | ||||
 | Charles Hard Townes (1915–2015) | United States | California Institute of Technology | |||
| 1965 |  | Richard Phillips Feynman (1918–1988) | United States | "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics (QED), with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles" | Princeton University | [177] |
 | Julian Schwinger (1918–1994) | Columbia University | ||||
 | Shin'ichirō Tomonaga (1906–1979) | Japan | Kyoto Imperial University | |||
| 1966 |  | Alfred Kastler (1902–1984) | France | "for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms" | [[École Normale Supérieure, University of Paris | [178] |
| 1967 |  | Hans Albrecht Bethe (1906–2005) | United States | "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars" | University of Frankfurt | [179] |
| 1968 |  | Luis Walter Alvarez (1911–1988) | United States | "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis" | University of Chicago | [180] |
| 1969 |  | Murray Gell-Mann (1929–2019) | United States | "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions" | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | [181] |
| 1970 |  | Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén (1908–1995) | Sweden | "for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics" | University of Uppsala | [182] |
 | Louis Néel (1904–2000) | France | "for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics" | University of Paris | [182] | |
| 1971 |  | Dennis Gabor (1900–1979) | United Kingdom | "for his invention and development of the holographic method" | Technical University of Berlin | [183] |
| 1972 | | John Bardeen (1908–1991) | United States | "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory" | Princeton University | [184] |
 | Leon Neil Cooper (b. 1930) | Columbia University | ||||
 | John Robert Schrieffer (1931–2019) | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | ||||
| 1973 |  | Leo Esaki (b. 1925) | Japan | "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively" | Tokyo Imperial University | [185] |
 | Ivar Giaever (b. 1929) | United States | Norwegian University of Science and Technology | |||
| Brian David Josephson (b. 1940) | United Kingdom | "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect" | University of Cambridge | [185] | ||
| 1974 |  | Martin Ryle (1918–1984) | United Kingdom | "for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars" | University of Oxford | [186] |
| Antony Hewish (1924–2021) | |||||
| 1975 |  | Aage Bohr (1922–2009) | Denmark | "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection" | University of Copenhagen | [187] |
 | Ben Roy Mottelson (1926–2022) | Harvard University | ||||
 | Leo James Rainwater (1917–1986) | United States | Columbia University | |||
| 1976 |  | Samuel Chao Chung Ting (b. 1936) | United States | "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind" | University of Michigan | [188] |
 | Burton Richter (1931–2018) | Stanford University | ||||
| 1977 |  | Philip Warren Anderson (1923–2020) | United States | "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems" | Harvard University | [189] |
 | Nevill Francis Mott (1905–1996) | United Kingdom | University of Cambridge | |||
 | John Hasbrouck Van Vleck (1899–1980) | United States | Harvard University | |||
| 1978 |  | Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (1894–1984) | Soviet Union | "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics" | Moscow State University | [190] |
 | Arno Allan Penzias (b. 1933) | United States | "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation" | Columbia University | [190] | |
_(portrait).jpg) | Robert Woodrow Wilson (b. 1936) | California Institute of Technology | ||||
| 1979 |  | Sheldon Glashow (b. 1932) | United States | "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current" | Harvard University | [191] |
 | Abdus Salam (1926–1996) |  Pakistan | St. John's College | |||
 | Steven Weinberg (1933–2021) | United States | Princeton University | |||
| 1980 |  | James Watson Cronin (1931–2016) | United States | "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons" | University of Chicago | [192] |
 | Val Logsdon Fitch (1923–2015) | Columbia University | ||||
| 1981 |  | Nicolaas Bloembergen (1920–2017) | United States | "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy" | Harvard University | [193] |
 | Arthur Leonard Schawlow (1921–1999) | Stanford University | ||||
 | Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn (1918–2007) | Sweden | "for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy" | University of Stockholm | [193] | |
| 1982 | | Kenneth G. Wilson (1936–2013) | United States | "for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions" | California Institute of Technology | [194] |
| 1983 |  | Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910–1995) | "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars" | Trinity College, Cambridge | [195] | |
 | William Alfred Fowler (1911–1995) | United States | "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe" | California Institute of Technology | [195] | |
| 1984 |  | Carlo Rubbia (b. 1934) | Italy | "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction" | Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa | [196] |
 | Simon van der Meer (1925–2011) | Netherlands | Delft University of Technology | |||
| 1985 |  | Klaus von Klitzing (b. 1943) | West Germany | "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect" | University of Würzburg | [197] |
| 1986 | Ernst Ruska (1906–1988) | West Germany | "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope" | Technical University of Berlin | [198] | |
 | Gerd Binnig (b. 1947) | West Germany | "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope" | Goethe University Frankfurt | [198] | |
 | Heinrich Rohrer (1933–2013) | Switzerland | ETH Zurich | |||
| 1987 |  | Johannes Georg Bednorz (b. 1950) | West Germany | "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials" | University of Münster | [199] |
 | Karl Alexander Müller (1927–2023) | Switzerland | ETH Zürich | |||
| 1988 |  | Leon Max Lederman (1922–2018) | United States | "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino" | Columbia University | [200] |
| Melvin Schwartz (1932–2006) | Columbia University | |||||
 | Jack Steinberger (1921–2020) | University of Chicago | ||||
| 1989 | .jpg) | Norman Foster Ramsey (1915–2011) | United States | "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks" | Columbia University | [201] |
| Hans Georg Dehmelt (1922–2017) | "for the development of the ion trap technique" | University of Göttingen | [201] | ||
| Wolfgang Paul (1913–1993) | West Germany | Technical University of Munich | |||
| 1990 |  | Jerome I. Friedman (b. 1930) | United States | "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics" | University of Chicago | [202] |
 | Henry Way Kendall (1926–1999) | MIT | ||||
 | Richard E. Taylor (1929–2018) | Canada | Stanford University | |||
| 1991 |  | Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (1932–2007) | France | "for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers" | École Normale Supérieure | [203] |
| 1992 |  | Georges Charpak (1924–2010) | France | "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber" | École des Mines | [204] |
| 1993 |  | Russell Alan Hulse (b. 1950) | United States | "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation" | Cornell University | [205] |
 | Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. (b. 1941) | Harvard University | ||||
| 1994 |  | Bertram Brockhouse (1918–2003) | Canada | "for the development of neutron spectroscopy" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter" | University of Toronto | [206] |
.jpg) | Clifford Glenwood Shull (1915–2001) | United States | "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter" | New York University | [206] | |
| 1995 |  | Martin Lewis Perl (1927–2014) | United States | "for the discovery of the tau lepton" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics" | Columbia University | [207] |
 | Frederick Reines (1918–1998) | "for the detection of the neutrino" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics" | New York University | [207] | ||
| 1996 |  | David Morris Lee (b. 1931) | United States | "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3" | Yale University | [208] |
 | Douglas D. Osheroff (b. 1945) | Cornell University | ||||
 | Robert Coleman Richardson (1937–2013) | Duke University | ||||
| 1997 |  | Steven Chu (b. 1948) | United States | "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light." | University of California, Berkeley | [209] |
 | Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (b. 1933) | France | École normale supérieure | |||
 | William Daniel Phillips (b. 1948) | United States | MIT | |||
| 1998 |  | Robert B. Laughlin (b. 1950) | United States | "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations" | MIT | [210] |
 | Horst Ludwig Störmer (b. 1949) | Germany | Goethe University Frankfurt | |||
 | Daniel Chee Tsui (b. 1939) | United States | University of Chicago | |||
| 1999 |  | Gerard 't Hooft (b. 1946) | Netherlands | "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics" | Utrecht University | [211] |
 | Martinus J. G. Veltman (1931–2021) | Utrecht University | ||||
| 2000 |  | Zhores Ivanovich Alferov (1930–2019) | Russia | "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics" | Saint Petersburg State Electrotechnical University | [212] |
.jpg) | Herbert Kroemer (b. 1928) | Germany | University of Göttingen | |||
| Jack St. Clair Kilby (1923–2005) | United States | "for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit" | University of Wisconsin–Madison | [212] | ||
| 2001 |  | Eric Allin Cornell (b. 1961) | United States | "for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates" | MIT | [213] |
 | Carl Edwin Wieman (b. 1951) | MIT | ||||
 | Wolfgang Ketterle (b. 1957) | Germany | Heidelberg University | |||
| 2002 |  | Raymond Davis Jr. (1914–2006) | United States | "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos" | Yale University | [214] |
 | Masatoshi Koshiba (1926–2020) |  Japan | University of Tokyo | |||
 | Riccardo Giacconi (1931–2018) | United States | "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources" | University of Milan | [214] | |
| 2003 |  | Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov (1928–2017) | Russia United States | "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids" | Moscow State University | [215] |
 | Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg (1916–2009) | Russia | Moscow State University | |||
 | Anthony James Leggett (b. 1938) | United Kingdom United States | [University of Oxford]] | |||
| 2004 |  | David J. Gross (b. 1941) | United States | "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction" | Hebrew University of Jerusalem | [216] |
| Hugh David Politzer (b. 1949) | Harvard University | ||||
 | Frank Wilczek (b. 1951) | Princeton University | ||||
| 2005 |  | Roy J. Glauber (1925–2018) | United States | "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence" | Harvard University | [217] |
 | John L. Hall (b. 1934) | "for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique" | Carnegie Institute of Technology | [217] | ||
 | Theodor W. Hänsch (b. 1941) | Germany | University of Heidelberg | |||
| 2006 |  | John C. Mather (b. 1946) | United States | "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation" | University of California, Berkeley | [218] |
 | George F. Smoot (b. 1945) | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | ||||
| 2007 | .jpg) | Albert Fert (b. 1938) | France | "for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance" | École normale supérieure | [219] |
 | Peter Grünberg (1939–2018) | Germany | Technische Universität Darmstadt | |||
| 2008 |  | Makoto Kobayashi (b. 1944) | Japan | "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature" | Nagoya University | [220] |
 | Toshihide Maskawa (1940–2021) | Nagoya University | ||||
 | Yoichiro Nambu (1921–2015) | United States | "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics" | Tokyo Imperial University | [220] | |
| 2009 |  | Charles K. Kao (1933–2018) |  Hong Kong United Kingdom | "for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication" | University of London | [221] |
 | Willard S. Boyle (1924–2011) | United States | "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor" | McGill University | [221] | |
 | George E. Smith (b. 1930) | University of Chicago | ||||
| 2010 |  | Andre Geim (b. 1958) | United Kingdom | "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene" | Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology | [222] |
 | Konstantin Novoselov (b. 1974) | Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology | ||||
| 2011 |  | Saul Perlmutter (b. 1959) | United States | "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae" | University of California, Berkeley | [223] |
 | Brian P. Schmidt (b. 1967) | Australia | Australian National University | |||
 | Adam G. Riess (b. 1969) | United States | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | |||
| 2012 |  | Serge Haroche (b. 1944) | France | "for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems." | École normale supérieure | [224] |
 | David J. Wineland (b. 1944) | United States | Harvard University | |||
| 2013 |  | François Englert (b. 1932) | Belgium | "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider" | Free University of Brussels | [225] |
3.jpg) | Peter Higgs (b. 1929) | United Kingdom | University of London | |||
| 2014 |  | Isamu Akasaki (1929–2021) | Japan | "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources" | Nagoya University | [226] |
 | Hiroshi Amano (b. 1960) | Nagoya University | ||||
 | Shuji Nakamura (b. 1954) | Japan United States | University of Tokushima | |||
| 2015 |  | Takaaki Kajita (b. 1959) | Japan | "for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass" | University of Tokyo | [227] |
 | Arthur B. McDonald (b. 1943) | Canada | California Institute of Technology | |||
| 2016 |  | David J. Thouless (1934–2019) | United Kingdom | "for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter" | Cornell University | [228] |
 | F. Duncan M. Haldane (b. 1951) | United Kingdom | University of Cambridge | |||
 | John M. Kosterlitz (b. 1943) | United States | University of Oxford | |||
| 2017 | .jpg) | Rainer Weiss (b. 1932) | United States | "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves" | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | [229] |
 | Kip Thorne (b. 1940) | United States | Princeton University | |||
 | Barry Barish (b. 1936) | University of California, Berkeley | ||||
| 2018 | _(adjusted).jpg) | Arthur Ashkin (1922–2020) | United States | "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", in particular "for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems" | Cornell University | [230] |
 | Gérard Mourou (b. 1944) | France | "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", in particular "for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses" | Pierre and Marie Curie University | ||
 | Donna Strickland (b. 1959) | Canada | University of Rochester | |||
| 2019 | .jpg) | James Peebles (b. 1935) | United States | "for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology" | Princeton University | [231] |
.jpg) | Michel Mayor (b. 1942) | Switzerland | "for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star" | University of Geneva | ||
.jpg) | Didier Queloz (b. 1966) | Switzerland United Kingdom | University of Geneva | |||
| 2020 |  | Roger Penrose (b. 1931) | United Kingdom | "for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity" | St John's College, Cambridge | [232] |
 | Reinhard Genzel (b. 1952) | Germany | "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy" | University of Bonn | ||
.jpg) | Andrea Ghez (b. 1965) | United States | California Institute of Technology | |||
| 2021 | .jpg) | Syukuro Manabe (b. 1931) | United States[233] | "for the physical modelling of Earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming" | University of Tokyo | [234] |
| Klaus Hasselmann (b. 1931) | Germany | University of Göttingen | |||
.jpg) | Giorgio Parisi (b. 1948) | Italy | "for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales" | Sapienza University | ||
| 2022 |  | Alain Aspect (b. 1947) | France | "for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science" | Université d'Orsay | [235] |
 | John Clauser (b. 1942) | United States | Columbia University | |||
 | Anton Zeilinger (b. 1945) | Austria | University of Vienna | |||
| 2023 |  | Anne L'Huillier (b. 1958) | Sweden | "for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter" | Pierre and Marie Curie University | [236][237] |
.jpg) | Ferenc Krausz (b. 1962) | Germany | Vienna University of Technology | |||
| Pierre Agostini (b. 1941) | France | Aix-Marseille University | ||||
Number of Nobel laureates in Physics by country
| Country | Number of Nobel laureates |
|---|---|
 United States | 64 |
 European Union | 100 |
| Germany | 33 |
| United Kingdom | 30 |
| Japan | 11 |
| France | 10 |
| Russia | 10 |
| Sweden | 6 |
 Switzerland | 5 |
| Canada | 4 |
| Italy | 4 |
| Netherlands | 3 |
| Hungary | 3 |
| Republic of China | 2 |
| Denmark | 1 |
| China | 1 |
| Austria | 1 |
| Australia | 1 |
| Norway | 1 |
| Poland | 1 |
| Ireland | 1 |
| Pakistan | 1 |
| Belgium | 1 |
 India | 1 |
Laureates
| Year | Image | Laureate[A] | Country[B] | Rationale[C] | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1901 |  | Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (1852–1911) | Netherlands | "[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions" | [238] |
| 1902 |  | Hermann Emil Fischer (1852–1919) | Germany | "[for] his work on sugar and purine syntheses" | [239] |
| 1903 |  | Svante August Arrhenius (1859–1927) | Sweden | "[for] his electrolytic theory of dissociation" | [240] |
| 1904 |  | Sir William Ramsay (1852–1916) | United Kingdom | "[for his] discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system" | [241] |
| 1905 | .jpg) | Adolf von Baeyer (1835–1917) | Germany | "[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds" | [242] |
| 1906 |  | Henri Moissan (1852–1907) | France | "[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him" | [243] |
| 1907 | .jpg) | Eduard Buchner (1860–1917) | Germany | "for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation" | [244] |
| 1908 | .jpg) | Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937) | United Kingdom New Zealand | "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances" | [245] |
| 1909 |  | Wilhelm Ostwald (1853–1932) | Germany | "[for] his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction" | [246] |
| 1910 |  | Otto Wallach (1847–1931) | Germany | "[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds" | [247] |
| 1911 | .jpg) | Marie Curie, née Skłodowska (1867–1934) | Poland ( Russian Empire) France | "[for] the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element" | [248] |
| 1912 |  | Victor Grignard (1871–1935) | France | "for the discovery of the [...] Grignard reagent" | [249] |
 | Paul Sabatier (1854–1941) | France | "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals" | [249] | |
| 1913 |  | Alfred Werner (1866–1919) | Switzerland | "[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry" | [250] |
| 1914 |  | Theodore William Richards (1868–1928) | United States | "[for] his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements" | [131] |
| 1915 |  | Richard Martin Willstätter (1872–1942) | Germany | "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll" | [251] |
| 1916 | Not awarded | ||||
| 1917 | |||||
| 1918 |  | Fritz Haber (1868–1934) | Germany | "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements" | [134] |
| 1919 | Not awarded | ||||
| 1920 |  | Walther Hermann Nernst (1864–1941) | Germany | "[for] his work in thermochemistry" | [252] |
| 1921 |  | Frederick Soddy (1877–1956) | United Kingdom | "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes" | [137] |
| 1922 |  | Francis William Aston (1877–1945) | United Kingdom | "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule" | [253] |
| 1923 |  | Fritz Pregl (1869–1930) | Austria Kingdom of Yugoslavia | "for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances" | [254] |
| 1924 | Not awarded | ||||
| 1925 |  | Richard Adolf Zsigmondy (1865–1929) | Germany Hungary | "for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used" | [141] |
| 1926 |  | The (Theodor) Svedberg (1884–1971) | Sweden | "for his work on disperse systems" | [255] |
| 1927 |  | Heinrich Otto Wieland (1877–1957) | Germany | "for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances" | [143] |
| 1928 |  | Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus (1876–1959) | Germany | "[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins" | [256] |
| 1929 |  | Arthur Harden (1865–1940) | United Kingdom | "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes" | [257] |
 | Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin (1873–1964) | Sweden Germany | |||
| 1930 | .jpg) | Hans Fischer (1881–1945) | Germany | "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin" | [258] |
| 1931 |  | Carl Bosch (1874–1940) | Germany | "[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods" | [259] |
 | Friedrich Bergius (1884–1949) | Germany | |||
| 1932 |  | Irving Langmuir (1881–1957) | United States | "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry" | [260] |
| 1933 | Not awarded | ||||
| 1934 |  | Harold Clayton Urey (1893–1981) | United States | "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen" | [261] |
| 1935 |  | Frédéric Joliot (1900–1958) | France | "[for] their synthesis of new radioactive elements" | [262] |
 | Irène Joliot-Curie (1897–1956) | France | |||
| 1936 |  | Peter Debye (1884–1966) | Netherlands | "[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases" | [263] |
| 1937 |  | Walter Norman Haworth (1883–1950) | United Kingdom | "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C" | [264] |
 | Paul Karrer (1889–1971) | Switzerland | "for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2" | ||
| 1938 |  | Richard Kuhn (1900–1967) |  Germany | "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins" | [265] |
| 1939 |  | Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt (1903–1995) | Germany | "for his work on sex hormones" | [266] |
 | Leopold Ružička (1887–1976) | Kingdom of Yugoslavia Switzerland | "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes" | [266] | |
| 1940 | Not awarded | ||||
| 1941 | |||||
| 1942 | |||||
| 1943 |  | George de Hevesy (1885–1966) | Hungary | "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes" | [154] |
| 1944 |  | Otto Hahn (1879–1968) | Germany | "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei" | [267] |
| 1945 |  | Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (1895–1973) | Finland | "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method" | [268] |
| 1946 |  | James Batcheller Sumner (1887–1955) | United States | "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized" | [269] |
 | John Howard Northrop (1891–1987) | United States | "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form" | [269] | |
 | Wendell Meredith Stanley (1904–1971) | United States | |||
| 1947 |  | Sir Robert Robinson (1886–1975) | United Kingdom | "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids" | [270] |
| 1948 |  | Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius (1902–1971) | Sweden | "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins" | [271] |
| 1949 |  | William Francis Giauque (1895–1982) | United States | "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures" | [272] |
| 1950 |  | Otto Paul Hermann Diels (1876–1954) | West Germany | "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis" | [273] |
 | Kurt Alder (1902–1958) | West Germany | |||
| 1951 |  | Edwin Mattison McMillan (1907–1991) | United States | "for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements" | [274] |
 | Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1912–1999) | United States | |||
| 1952 |  | Archer John Porter Martin (1910–2002) | United Kingdom | "for their invention of partition chromatography" | [275] |
 | Richard Laurence Millington Synge (1914–1994) | United Kingdom | |||
| 1953 |  | Hermann Staudinger (1881–1965) | West Germany | "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry" | [276] |
| 1954 |  | Linus Pauling (1901–1994) | United States | "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances" | [277] |
| 1955 |  | Vincent du Vigneaud (1901–1978) | United States | "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone" | [278] |
| 1956 |  | Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (1897–1967) | United Kingdom | "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions" | [279] |
 | Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov (1896–1986) | Soviet Union | |||
| 1957 |  | Lord (Alexander R.) Todd (1907–1997) | United Kingdom | "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes" | [280] |
| 1958 |  | Frederick Sanger (1918–2013) | United Kingdom | "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin" | [281] |
| 1959 |  | Jaroslav Heyrovský (1890–1967) | Czechoslovakia | "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis" | [282] |
| 1960 | | Willard Frank Libby (1908–1980) | United States | "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science" | [283] |
| 1961 |  | Melvin Calvin (1911–1997) | United States | "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants" | [284] |
| 1962 |  | Max Ferdinand Perutz (1914–2002) | United Kingdom | "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins" | [285] |
 | John Cowdery Kendrew (1917–1997) | United Kingdom | |||
| 1963 |  | Karl Ziegler (1898–1973) | West Germany | "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers" | [286] |
 | Giulio Natta (1903–1979) | Italy | |||
| 1964 |  | Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910–1994) | United Kingdom | "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances" | [287] |
| 1965 |  | Robert Burns Woodward (1917–1979) | United States | "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis" | [288] |
| 1966 |  | Robert S. Mulliken (1896–1986) | United States | "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method" | [289] |
| 1967 |  | Manfred Eigen (1927–2019) | West Germany | "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy" | [290] |
 | Ronald George Wreyford Norrish (1897–1978) | United Kingdom | |||
 | George Porter (1920–2002) | United Kingdom | |||
| 1968 |  | Lars Onsager (1903–1976) | United States Norway | "for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes" | [291] |
| 1969 | | Derek H. R. Barton (1918–1998) | United Kingdom | "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry" | [292] |
 | Odd Hassel (1897–1981) | Norway | |||
| 1970 |  | Luis F. Leloir (1906–1987) |  Argentina | "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates" | [293] |
| 1971 |  | Gerhard Herzberg (1904–1999) | Canada West Germany | "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals" | [294] |
| 1972 |  | Christian B. Anfinsen (1916–1995) | United States | "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation" | [295] |
| Stanford Moore (1913–1982) | United States | "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule" | [295] | |
| William H. Stein (1911–1980) | United States | |||
| 1973 | | Ernst Otto Fischer (1918–2007) | West Germany | "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds" | [296] |
.jpg) | Geoffrey Wilkinson (1921–1996) | United Kingdom | |||
| 1974 |  | Paul J. Flory (1910–1985) | United States | "for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules" | [297] |
| 1975 |  | John Warcup Cornforth (1917–2013) | Australia United Kingdom | "for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions" | [298] |
 | Vladimir Prelog (1906–1998) | Yugoslavia Switzerland | "for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions" | [298] | |
| 1976 |  | William N. Lipscomb (1919–2011) | United States | "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding" | [299] |
| 1977 |  | Ilya Prigogine (1917–2003) | Belgium | "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures" | [300] |
| 1978 | | Peter D. Mitchell (1920–1992) | United Kingdom | "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory" | [301] |
| 1979 | | Herbert C. Brown (1912–2004) | United States | "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis" | [302] |
| Georg Wittig (1897–1987) | West Germany | |||
| 1980 |  | Paul Berg (1926–2023) | United States | "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA" | [303] |
 | Walter Gilbert (b. 1932) | United States | "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids" | [303] | |
| Frederick Sanger (1918–2013) | United Kingdom | |||
| 1981 |  | Kenichi Fukui (1918–1998) | Japan | "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions" | [304] |
 | Roald Hoffmann (b. 1937) | United States Poland | |||
| 1982 |  | Aaron Klug (1926–2018) | United Kingdom | "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes" | [305] |
| 1983 | .jpg) | Henry Taube (1915–2005) | United States | "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes" | [306] |
| 1984 |  | Robert Bruce Merrifield (1921–2006) | United States | "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix" | [307] |
| 1985 |  | Herbert A. Hauptman (1917–2011) | United States | "for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures" | [308] |
 | Jerome Karle (1918–2013) | United States | |||
| 1986 |  | Dudley R. Herschbach (b. 1932) | United States | "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes" | [309] |
 | Yuan T. Lee (b. 1936) | United States Republic of China | |||
 | John C. Polanyi (b. 1929) | Canada Hungary | |||
| 1987 | | Donald J. Cram (1919–2001) | United States | "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity" | [310] |
 | Jean-Marie Lehn (b. 1939) | France | |||
| Charles J. Pedersen (1904–1989) | United States | |||
| 1988 | | Johann Deisenhofer (b. 1943) | West Germany | "for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre" | [311] |
 | Robert Huber (b. 1937) | West Germany | |||
.jpg) | Hartmut Michel (b. 1948) | West Germany | |||
| 1989 |  | Sidney Altman (1939–2022) | Canada United States | "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA" | [312] |
 | Thomas Cech (b. 1947) | United States | |||
| 1990 |  | Elias James Corey (b. 1928) | United States | "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis" | [313] |
| 1991 |  | Richard R. Ernst (1933–2021) | Switzerland | "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" | [314] |
| 1992 |  | Rudolph A. Marcus (b. 1923) | United States Canada | "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems" | [315] |
| 1993 |  | Kary B. Mullis (1944–2019) | United States | "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method" | [316] |
| Michael Smith (1932–2000) | Canada | "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies" | [316] | |
| 1994 |  | George A. Olah (1927–2017) | United States Hungary | "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry" | [317] |
| 1995 |  | Paul J. Crutzen (1933–2021) | Netherlands | "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone" | [318] |
 | Mario J. Molina (1943–2020) | Mexico | |||
 | Frank Sherwood Rowland (1927–2012) | United States | |||
| 1996 |  | Robert F. Curl Jr. (1933–2022) | United States | "for their discovery of fullerenes" | [319] |
 | Sir Harold W. Kroto (1939–2016) | United Kingdom | |||
 | Richard E. Smalley (1943–2005) | United States | |||
| 1997 |  | Paul D. Boyer (1918–2018) | United States | "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)" | [320] |
.jpg) | John E. Walker (b. 1941) | United Kingdom | |||
 | Jens C. Skou (1918–2018) | Denmark | "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase" | [320] | |
| 1998 |  | Walter Kohn (1923–2016) | United States | "for his development of the density-functional theory" | [321] |
 | John A. Pople (1925–2004) | United Kingdom | "for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry" | [321] | |
| 1999 | .jpg) | Ahmed Zewail (1946–2016) | United States Egypt | "for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy" | [322] |
| 2000 | .jpg) | Alan J. Heeger (b. 1936) | United States | "for their discovery and development of conductive polymers" | [323] |
 | Alan G. MacDiarmid (1927–2007) | United States New Zealand | |||
 | Hideki Shirakawa (b. 1936) | Japan | |||
| 2001 | | William S. Knowles (1917–2012) | United States | "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions" | [324] |
 | Ryōji Noyori (b. 1938) | Japan | |||
 | K. Barry Sharpless (b. 1941) | United States | "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions" | [324] | |
| 2002 |  | John B. Fenn (1917–2010) | United States | "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules" | [325] |
 | Koichi Tanaka (b. 1959) | Japan | |||
 | Kurt Wüthrich (b. 1938) | Switzerland | "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution" | [325] | |
| 2003 |  | Peter Agre (b. 1949) | United States | "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels" | [326] |
 | Roderick MacKinnon (b. 1956) | United States | "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels" | [326] | |
| 2004 |  | Aaron Ciechanover (b. 1947) | Israel | "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation" | [327] |
 | Avram Hershko (b. 1937) | Israel | |||
 | Irwin Rose (1926–2015) | United States | |||
| 2005 | .jpg) | Yves Chauvin (1930–2015) | France | "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis" | [328] |
 | Robert H. Grubbs (1942–2021) | United States | |||
 | Richard R. Schrock (b. 1945) | United States | |||
| 2006 |  | Roger D. Kornberg (b. 1947) | United States | "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription" | [329] |
| 2007 |  | Gerhard Ertl (b. 1936) | Germany | "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces" | [330] |
| 2008 |  | Osamu Shimomura (1928–2018) | Japan[331] | "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP" | [332] |
 | Martin Chalfie (b. 1947) | United States | |||
 | Roger Y. Tsien (1952–2016) | United States | |||
| 2009 |  | Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (b. 1952) | United States India United Kingdom | "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome" | [333] |
 | Thomas A. Steitz (1940–2018) | United States | |||
.jpg) | Ada E. Yonath (b. 1939) | Israel | |||
| 2010 |  | Richard F. Heck (1931–2015) | United States | "for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis" | [334] |
 | Ei-ichi Negishi (1935–2021) | Japan | |||
 | Akira Suzuki (b. 1930) | Japan | |||
| 2011 |  | Dan Shechtman (b. 1941) | Israel United States | "for the discovery of quasicrystals" | [335] |
| 2012 |  | Robert Lefkowitz (b. 1943) | United States | "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors" | [224] |
.jpg) | Brian Kobilka (b. 1955) | United States | |||
| 2013 |  | Martin Karplus (b. 1930) | United States Austria | "for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems" | [336] |
 | Michael Levitt (b. 1947) | United States United Kingdom Israel[337] | |||
 | Arieh Warshel (b. 1940) | United States Israel | |||
| 2014 |  | Eric Betzig (b. 1960) | United States | "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy" | [338] |
 | Stefan W. Hell (b. 1962) | Germany Romania[339] | |||
 | William E. Moerner (b. 1953) | United States | |||
| 2015 |  | Tomas Lindahl (b. 1938) | Sweden United Kingdom | "for mechanistic studies of DNA repair" | [340] |
 | Paul L. Modrich (b. 1946) | United States | |||
 | Aziz Sancar (b. 1946) | United States Turkey | |||
| 2016 |  | Jean-Pierre Sauvage (b. 1944) | France | "for the design and synthesis of molecular machines" | [341] |
.jpg) | Fraser Stoddart (b. 1942) | United Kingdom United States | |||
 | Ben Feringa (b. 1951) | Netherlands | |||
| 2017 | .jpg) | Jacques Dubochet (b. 1942) | Switzerland | "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution" | [342] |
.jpg) | Joachim Frank (b. 1940) | Germany United States[343] | |||
.jpg) | Richard Henderson (b. 1945) | United Kingdom | |||
| 2018 |  | Frances Arnold (b. 1956) | United States | "for the directed evolution of enzymes" | [344] |
.jpg) | George Smith (b. 1941) | United States | "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies" | ||
 | Sir Gregory Winter (b. 1951) | United Kingdom | |||
| 2019 | .jpg) | John B. Goodenough (1922–2023) | United States | "for the development of lithium ion batteries" | [345] |
 | M. Stanley Whittingham (b. 1941) | United Kingdom United States | |||
 | Akira Yoshino (b. 1948) | Japan | |||
| 2020 |  | Emmanuelle Charpentier (b. 1968) | France | "for the development of a method for genome editing" | [346] |
.jpg) | Jennifer Doudna (b. 1964) | United States | |||
| 2021 | .jpg) | Benjamin List (b. 1968) | Germany | "for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis" | [347] |
.jpg) | David W.C. MacMillan (b. 1968) | United Kingdom United States | |||
| 2022 |  | Carolyn Bertozzi (b. 1966) | United States | "for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry" | [348] |
.jpg) | Morten Meldal (b. 1954) | Denmark | |||
| K. Barry Sharpless (b. 1941) | United States | |||
| 2023 | Moungi G. Bawendi (b. 1961) | United States | "for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots" | [349] | |
 | Louis E. Brus (b. 1943) | United States | |||
| Alexey Ekimov (b. 1945) | Russia | ||||
1
| Country/ region | Agency | Logo | Website | Budget (in millions of US $) | Reference | Foundation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States | National Aeronautics and Space Administration |  | NASA | 22,629 | [350][351] | 1958 |
2
This is a list of major stock exchanges. Those futures exchanges that also offer trading in securities besides trading in futures contracts are listed both here and in the list of futures exchanges.
There are sixteen stock exchanges in the world that have a market capitalization of over US$1 trillion each. They are sometimes referred to as the "$1 Trillion Club". These exchanges accounted for 87% of global market capitalization in 2015.[384] Some exchanges do include companies from outside the country where the exchange is located.
Major stock exchanges
Major stock exchange groups (the current top 25 by market capitalization) of issued shares of listed companies.[385][dead link][386]
| Rank | Year | Stock exchange | Short name | Region | Market place | Market cap (USD bn) | Monthly trade volume (USD bn) | Time zone | Δ | DST | Open (local) | Close (local) | Lunch (local) | Open (UTC) | Close (UTC) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2019 | New York Stock Exchange | NYSE | United States |  | [32] | 22,923 | 1,452 | EST/EDT | −5 | Mar–Nov | 09:30 | 16:00 | No | 14:30 | 21:00 |
| 2 | 2019 | Nasdaq | NASDAQ | United States | | [33] | 10,857 | 1,262 | EST/EDT | −5 | Mar–Nov | 09:30 | 16:00 | No | 14:30 | 21:00 |
| 3 | 2019 | Japan Exchange Group | JPX | Japan | | [34] | 5,679 | 481 | JST | +9 | 09:00 | 15:00 | 11:30–12:30 | 00:00 | 06:00 | |
| 4 | 2019 | London Stock Exchange | LSE | United Kingdom | | [35] | 4,590 | 219 | GMT/BST | +0 | Mar–Oct | 08:00 | 16:30 | No | 08:00 | 16:30 |
| 5 | 2019 | Shanghai Stock Exchange | SSE | China | | [36] | 4,026 | 536 | CST | +8 | 09:30 | 15:00 | 11:30–13:00 | 01:30 | 07:00 | |
| 6 | 2019 | Hong Kong Stock Exchange | SEHK | Hong Kong | | [37] | 3,936 | 182 | HKT | +8 | 09:30 | *16:00/16:08-16:10 | 12:00–13:00 | 01:30 | *08:00/08:08-08:10 | |
| 7 | 2019 | Euronext | European Union/EEA | | [38] | 3,927 | 174 | CET/CEST | +1 | Mar–Oct | 09:00 | 17:30 | No | 08:00 | 16:30 | |
| 8 | 2019 | Shenzhen Stock Exchange | SZSE | China | | [39] | 2,504 | 763 | CST | +8 | 09:30 | 15:00 | 11:30–13:00 | 01:30 | 07:00 | |
| 9 | 2019 | TMX Group | TSX | Canada | | [40] | 2,095 | 97 | EST/EDT | −5 | Mar–Nov | 09:30 | 16:00 | No | 14:30 | 21:00 |
| 10 | 2019 | Bombay Stock Exchange | BSE | India | | [41] | 2,056 | 210 | IST | +5.30 | 09:15 | 15:30 | No | 03:45 | 10:00 | |
| 11 | 2019 | National Stock Exchange | NSE | India | | [42] | 2,030 | 196 | IST | +5.30 | 09:15 | 15:30 | No | 03:45 | 10:00 | |
| 12 | 2019 | Australian Securities Exchange | ASX | Australia | | [43] | 1,328 | AEST/AEDT | +10 | Oct–Apr | 10:00 | 16:00 | No | 00:00 | 06:00 | |
| 13 | 2019 | Deutsche Börse | Germany | | [44] | 1,864 | 140 | CET/CEST | +1 | Mar–Oct | 08:00 (Eurex) 08:00 (floor) 09:00 (Xetra) | 22:00 (Eurex) 20:00 (floor) 17:30 (Xetra) | No | 07:00 | 21:00 | |
| 14 | 2019 | SIX Swiss Exchange | Switzerland | | [45] | 1,523 | 77 | CET/CEST | +1 | Mar–Oct | 09:00 | 17:30 | No | 08:00 | 16:30 | |
| 15 | 2019 | Korea Exchange | KRX |  South Korea | | [46] | 1,463 | 277 | KST | +9 | 09:00 | 15:30 | No | 00:00 | 06:30 | |
| 16 | 2019 | Nasdaq Nordic Exchanges | 1,372 | 72 | ||||||||||||
| 2019 | Copenhagen Stock Exchange | formerly CSE | Denmark | | [47] | CET//CEST | +1 | Mar–Oct | 09:00 | 17:00 | No | 8:00 | 16:00 | |||
| 2019 | Stockholm Stock Exchange | Sweden | +1 | Mar–Oct | 09:00 | 17:30 | No | 8:00 | 16:30 | |||||||
| 2019 | Helsinki Stock Exchange | formerly OMXH | Finland | +2 | Mar–Oct | 10:00 | 18:30 | No | 8:00 | 16:30 | ||||||
| 2019 | Tallinn Stock Exchange |  Estonia | | [50] | EET/EEST | +2 | Mar–Oct | 10:00 | 16:00 | No | 8:00 | 14:00 | ||||
| 2019 | Riga Stock Exchange |  Latvia | | [51] | EET/EEST | +2 | Mar–Oct | 10:00 | 16:00 | No | 8:00 | 14:00 | ||||
| 2019 | Vilnius Stock Exchange | VSE |  Lithuania | | [52] | EET/EEST | +2 | Mar–Oct | 10:00 | 16:00 | No | 8:00 | 14:00 | |||
| 2019 | Iceland Stock Exchange | ICEX | Iceland | | [53] | GMT | +0 | 09:30 | 15:30 | No | 9:30 | 15:30 | ||||
| 2019 | Armenia Securities Exchange | AMX |  Armenia | | [54] | AMT | +4 | 10:00 | 15:00 | No | 7:00 | 11:00 | ||||
| 17 | 2019 | Taiwan Stock Exchange | TWSE | Taiwan | | [55] | 966 | 75 | NST (Taiwan) | +8 | 09:00 | 13:30 | No | 01:00 | 05:30 | |
| 18 | 2019 | B3 |  Brazil | | [56] | 938 | 62 | BRT/BRST | −3 | Oct–Feb | 09:00 | 18:00 | No | 12:00 | 21:00 | |
| 19 | 2019 | JSE | South Africa | | [57] | 894 | 29 | SAST | +2 | 09:00 | 17:00 | No | 07:00 | 15:00 | ||
| 20 | 2019 | Bolsas y Mercados Españoles | BME | Spain | | [58] | 764 | 36 | +1 | Mar–Oct | 9:00 | 17:30 | No | 8:00 | 16:30 | |
| 21 | 2018 | Singapore Exchange | SGX |  Singapore | | [59] | 787 | |||||||||
| 22 | 2018 | Moscow Exchange | MISX / MOEX | Russia | | [60] | 619 | |||||||||
| 23 | 2018 | Stock Exchange of Thailand | SET |  Thailand | | [61] | 549 | |||||||||
| 24 | 2018 | Indonesia Stock Exchange | IDX |  Indonesia | | [62] | 521 | |||||||||
| 25 | 2018 | Bursa Malaysia |  Malaysia | | [63] | 456 | ||||||||||
- Note: "Δ" to UTC, as well as "Open (UTC)" and "Close (UTC)" columns contain valid data only for standard time in a given time zone. During daylight saving time period, the UTC times will be one hour less and Δs one hour more.
- Applicable for non-closing auction session shares only.
Commodity exchanges
- Chicago Board of Trade
- Chicago Mercantile Exchange
- United States Mercantile Exchange
- United States International Monetary Financial Futures and Options Exchange
- United States Metal Exchange
- New York Mercantile Exchange
- United States Commodity Exchange
- PEG Commodity Exchange
- HAUFEX Derivatives Financial Exchange
- STER CAUFEX Derivatives Financial Exchange
See full article: List of commodities exchanges
OBRAS UNIVERSALES
https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Le_Paradis_perdu/Livre_Ihttps://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Iliade/Rhapsodie_Ihttps://es.wikisource.org/wiki/La_Odisea_(Antonio_de_Gironella)https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/La_Il%C3%ADada_(Luis_Segal%C3%A1_y_Estalella)/Canto_I
Africa
Americas
Asia
Europe
Oceania
See also
- List of countries without a stock exchange
- List of futures exchanges
- List of stock exchange trading hours
- Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges
Notes
External links
- Official website of World Federation of Exchanges
- Official website of best stock broker in India
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