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User:Jobas/List of Christian Nobel laureates

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Set of pictures for a number of Christian Nobel prize laureates: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (Literature) J. J. Thomson (Physics),[1] Gerty Cori (Physiology or Medicine), Gerhard Ertl (Chemistry), Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (Peace)[2] and Christopher A. Pissarides (Economic Sciences).

The Nobel Prize is an annual, international prize first awarded in 1901 for achievements in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. An associated prize in Economics has been awarded since 1969.[3] Nobel Prizes have been awarded to over 850 individuals.[4]

According to 100 Years of Nobel Prize (2005), a review of Nobel prizes awarded between 1901 and 2000, 65.4% of Nobel Prize Laureates, have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference (423 prizes).[5] Overall, Christians have won a total of 78.3% of all the Nobel Prizes in Peace,[6] 72.5% in Chemistry, 65.3% in Physics,[6] 62% in Medicine,[6] 54% in Economics[6] and 49.5% of all Literature awards.[6]

The three primary divisions of Christianity are Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism. Between 1901 and 2000 it was revealed that among 654 Laureates 31.8% have identified Protestant in its various forms (208 prize),[7] 20.3% were Christians (no information about their denominations; 133 prize),[7] 11.6% have identified as Catholic[7] and 1.6% have identified as Eastern Orthodox.[7] Christians make up over 33.2% of the worlds population [8][9][10][11] and have earned 65.4% of Nobel prizes.[5]

According to Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States by Harriet Zuckerman, a review of American Nobel prizes awarded between 1901 and 1972, 72% of American Nobel Prize laureates identified a Protestant background.[12] Overall, 84.2% of all the Nobel Prizes awarded to Americans in Chemistry,[12] 60% in Medicine,[12] and 58.6% in Physics[12] between 1901 and 1972 were won by Protestants.

Alfred Nobel who established the prizes in 1895, was himself, through baptism and confirmation, a Lutheran. He regularly frequented the Church of Sweden Abroad.[13][14]

75 members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences of the Catholic Church have won a Nobel prize in the sciences and economics.[15] The worldviews of the members are diverse and includes some non-Christians.

Christian Nobel laureates by denomination

The table show the religion of Nobel laureats between the years 1901-2000, the table is according to the book 100 Years of Nobel Prize (2005):[6]

Statistical data on Nobel prize winners in science between 1901 and 2000 revealed that Atheists, Agnostics, and Freethinkers have won 7.1% of the prizes in Chemistry, 8.9% in Medicine, and 4.7% in Physics and 35% in Literature; while Christians have won a total of 72.5% of the prizes in Chemistry, 65.3% in Physics, 62% in Medicine and Jews have won 17.3% of the prizes in Chemistry, 26.2% in Medicine, and 25.9% in Physics.[16]

Denomination[6]Physics[6]Chemistry[6]Physiology
or Medicine[6]		Literature[6]Peace[6]Economics[6]Total%Total
Anglican4110341233.5%
Baptist--3-1150.8%
Calvinist-213---0.5%
Catholic101016231617611.6%
Christian (no information about their denominations)354433-111013320.3%
Congregationalist3-6-1-101.5%
Menonite1-----10.2%
Dutch Reformed Church----1-10.2%
Eastern Orthodox2-1511101.6%
Episcopalian--212-50.8%
Evangelical-12---30.5%
Lutheran887362345.2%
Methodist23415-152.3%
Presbyterian5-714-172.6%
Protestant19231881248412.8%
Quaker1---2140.5%
Unitarian-23-1171.1%
Total Protestant43405720381020832.0%
Total Christians969210545592042365.4%

Christian Nobel laureates by category

This list is non-exhaustive, the list includes Nobel laureates with Christian background and identified with the Christian faith. It is worth noting that some of the Nobel laureates in the list are devout Christians, where the Christian faith has influence on their thinking and writing, and others were nominally Christian but identified themselves with the Christian faith.

Physics

YearLaureateCountryDenominationRationale
1901 Wilhelm Conrad RöntgenGermanyRoman Catholic[17]"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him"
1902 Hendrik LorentzNetherlandsProtestant[18]"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by his researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena"[19]
Pieter ZeemanNetherlandsDutch Reformed Church[20]"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena
1903 Antoine Henri BecquerelFranceRoman Catholic[21]"for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity"[22]
1904 Lord RayleighUnited KingdomAnglican[23][24]"for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies"[25]
1905 Philipp Eduard Anton von LenardAustria-Hungary
Germany		Christian[26]"for his work on cathode rays"[27][28]
1906 Joseph John ThomsonUnited KingdomAnglican[29]"for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases"[30]
1909 Guglielmo MarconiItalyRoman Catholic[31]"for his contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"[32]
1914 Max von LaueGermanyChristian[33][34][35]"For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals",[36] an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy.
1915 William Henry BraggUnited KingdomChristian[37][38][39]"For his services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays",[40] an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography
William Lawrence BraggAustralia

United Kingdom

Christian
1917 Charles Glover BarklaUnited KingdomMethodist[41][42][43]"For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements",[44] another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy
1918 Max PlanckGermanyLutheran[note 1][45]"for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy quanta"[46]
1919 Johannes StarkGermanyChristian[47]"for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields"[48]
1922 Niels BohrDenmarkRaised Lutheran, later become an atheist [49][50]"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"[51]
1923 Robert Andrews MillikanUnited StatesChristian[52][53][54][55] He dealt with this in his Terry Lectures at Yale in 1926–7, published as Evolution in Science and Religion.[56]"for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"[57]
1925 Gustav HertzGermanyLutheran[58]"for his discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"[59]
1927 Arthur Holly ComptonUnited StatesPresbyterian[60][61]"for his discovery of the effect named after him"[62]
1932 Werner HeisenbergGermanyLutheran[63][64]"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen"[65]
1936 Victor Francis HessAustriaChristian[66][67] He wrote on the topic of science and religion in his article "My Faith".[68]"for his discovery of cosmic radiation"[69]
1937 George Paget ThomsonUnited KingdomChristian"for his experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"[70]
1938 Enrico FermiItalyRaised Roman Catholic, then become an agnostic"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons"[71]
1945 Wolfgang PauliAustriaRaised Roman Catholic[72]"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle"[73]
1951John Douglas CockcroftUnited KingdomChristian"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"[74]
Ernest Thomas Sinton WaltonIrelandMethodist[75]
1952 Edward Mills PurcellUnited StatesProtestant"for his development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"[76]
1953 Frits ZernikeNetherlandsProtestant"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope"[77]
1954 Max BornGermany
United Kingdom		Lutheran[78]"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"[79]
Walther BotheWest GermanyProtestant"for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"[79]
1955 Willis Eugene LambUnited StatesProtestant"for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"[80]
Polykarp KuschUnited StatesProtestant"for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"[80]
1958 Ilya FrankSoviet UnionRussian Orthodox (he is also from Jewish descended)for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"[81]
1963 Eugene Paul WignerHungary
United States		His family converted to Lutheranism,[82] On religious views, Wigner was an atheist[83]"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"[84]
Maria Goeppert-MayerUnited StatesChristian[85]"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"[84]
J. Hans D. JensenWest GermanyChristian
1964 Charles Hard TownesUnited StatesProtestant (United Church of Christ)[86]"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser–laser principle"[87]
1967 Hans Albrecht BetheUnited StatesRaised a Protestant,[88] But he described himself as an atheist[89]"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"[90]
1971Dennis GaborHungary – United KingdomRaised a Protestant,[91] but he considered himself agnostic[92]"for his invention and development of the holographic method"[93]
1974Antony HewishUnited KingdomChristian[94]"for his pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars"[95]
1980 James Watson CroninUnited StatesProtestant[96][97]"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"[98]
1984 Carlo RubbiaItalyRoman Catholic"for his decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction"[99]
1985 Klaus von KlitzingWest GermanyRoman Catholic"for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect"[100]
1993 Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.United StatesQuaker[101]"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"[102]
1996 Douglas D. OsheroffUnited StatesLutheran[103]"for his discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"[104]
1997 William Daniel PhillipsUnited StatesProtestant (United Methodist Church)[105]"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light."[106]
2002 Riccardo GiacconiItaly
United States		Roman Catholic"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"
2003 Anthony James LeggettUnited Kingdom
United States		Roman Catholic[107]"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"[108]
2004 Frank WilczekUnited StatesRoman Catholic[109]"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"[110]
2007 Peter GrünbergGermanyRoman Catholic"for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance"[111]

Chemistry

YearLaureateCountryDenominationRationale
1901 Jacobus Henricus van 't HoffNetherlandsProtestant[112]"[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions"[113]
1902 Hermann Emil FischerGermanyProtestant[114][115]"[for] his work on sugar and purine syntheses"[116]
1904 Sir William RamsayUnited KingdomProtestant[117]"[for his] discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system"[118]
1905 Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von BaeyerGermanyLutheran (from Jewish descent)[119][120][121]"[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"[122]
1907 Eduard BuchnerGermanyProtestant"for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation"[123]
1908 Ernest RutherfordUnited Kingdom
New Zealand		Protestant[124][125]"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances"[126]
1910 Otto WallachGermanyProtestant[127]"[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"[128]
1911 Maria Skłodowska-CuriePoland/FranceRaised Catholic and become agnostic"[for] the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element"[129]
1913 Alfred WernerSwitzerlandHe was raised as Roman Catholic[130]"[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry"[131]
1918 Fritz HaberGermanyConverts to Protestantism from Judaism[132]"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"[133]
1920 Walther Hermann NernstGermanyProtestant[134]"[for] his work in thermochemistry"[135]
1921 Frederick SoddyUnited KingdomProtestant[136]"for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes"[137]
1922 Francis William AstonUnited KingdomProtestant"for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule"[138]
1923 Fritz PreglAustriaChristian"for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances"[139]
1925 Richard Adolf ZsigmondyGermany / HungaryProtestant"for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used"[140]
1926 The (Theodor) SvedbergSwedenChristian"for his work on disperse systems"[141]
1927 Heinrich Otto WielandGermanyChristian"for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances"[142]
1928 Adolf Otto Reinhold WindausGermanyChristian"[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and his connection with the vitamins"[143]
1929 Arthur HardenUnited KingdomChristian"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes"[144]
Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-ChelpinSwedenChristian
1930 Hans FischerGermanyProtestant"for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin"[145]
1931 Carl BoschGermanyProtestant"[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"[146]
Friedrich BergiusGermanyProtestant
1934 Harold Clayton UreyUnited StatesChurch of the Brethren[147]"for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"[148]
1937 Paul KarrerSwitzerlandChristian"for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"
1938 Richard KuhnGermanyRoman Catholic"for his work on carotenoids and vitamins"[149]
1939 Leopold RuzickaSwitzerlandRoman Catholic"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes"
1943 George de HevesyGermanyRoman Catholic [150]of Hungarian Jewish descent[151]"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"[152]
1944 Otto HahnGermanyProtestant[153]"for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei"[154]
1945 Artturi Ilmari VirtanenFinlandProtestant"for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method"[155]
1946 James Batcheller SumnerUnited StatesChristian"for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"[156]
John Howard NorthropUnited StatesChristian"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"[156]
Wendell Meredith StanleyUnited StatesChristian
1947 Sir Robert RobinsonUnited KingdomProtestant"for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids"[157]
1949 William Francis GiauqueUnited StatesProtestant"for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"[158]
1950 Otto Paul Hermann DielsFederal Republic of GermanyChristian"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis"[159]
Kurt AlderFederal Republic of GermanyChristian
1953 Hermann StaudingerFederal Republic of GermanyChristian"for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry"[160]
1954 Linus Carl PaulingUnited StatesRaised as a member of the Lutheran Church,[161] Pauling publicly declared his atheism[162]"for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"[163]
1962 Max Ferdinand PerutzUnited KingdomRaised Roman Catholic[164][165][166]"for his studies of the structures of globular proteins"[167]
1963 Karl ZieglerFederal Republic of GermanyLutheran[168]"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"[169]
Giulio NattaItalyRoman Catholic
1964 Dorothy Crowfoot HodgkinUnited KingdomChristian[170]"for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"[171]
1969 Odd HasselNorwayProtestant"for his contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"[172]
1970 Luis F. LeloirArgentinaRoman Catholic[173]"for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and his role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"[174]
1971 Gerhard HerzbergCanada/GermanyChristian"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"[175]
1975John Warcup CornforthAustralia
United Kingdom		Presbyterian[176]"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"[177]
Vladimir PrelogYugoslavia/SwitzerlandRoman Catholic"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"[177]
1984Robert Bruce MerrifieldUnited StatesChristian[178]"for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"[179]
1990 Elias James CoreyUnited StatesChristian (Eastern Orthodox)[180]"for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"[181]
1995 Mario J. MolinaMexicoRoman Catholic[182]"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"[183]
F. Sherwood RowlandUnited StatesChristian
1996 Robert F. Curl Jr.United StatesMethodist[184]"for their discovery of fullerenes"[185]
Richard E. SmalleyUnited StatesChristian[186]
2003 Peter AgreUnited StatesLutheran[187][188][189]"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels"[190]
2007 Gerhard ErtlGermanyChristian[191]"for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"[192]
2012 Brian KobilkaUnited StatesRoman Catholic[193]"for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"[194]
2014 Stefan W. HellRomaniaProtestant[195]"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy"[196]

Physiology or Medicine

YearLaureateCountryDenominationRationale
1901 Emil Adolf von BehringGermanyProtestant[197]"for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"[198]
1902 Sir Ronald RossUnited Kingdom
India		Protestant"for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"[199]
1903 Niels Ryberg FinsenDenmark
(Faroe Islands)		Protestant"[for] his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"[200]
1904 Ivan Petrovich PavlovRussiaRaised as Russian Orthodox,[201] Later he become an atheist [202]"in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"[203]
1905 Robert KochGermanyChristian"for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis"[204]
1906 Camillo GolgiItalyRoman Catholic"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"[205]
Santiago Ramón y CajalSpainRoman Catholic[206]
1909 Emil Theodor KocherSwitzerlandProtestant (Moravian Church)[207]"for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"[208]
1910 Albrecht KosselGermanyProtestant"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"[209]
1912 Alexis CarrelFranceRoman Catholic[210]"[for] his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"[211]
1919 Jules BordetBelgiumChristian"for his discoveries relating to immunity"[212]
1920 Schack August Steenberg KroghDenmarkProtestant"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism"[213]
1923 Sir Frederick Grant BantingCanadaProtestant (United Church of Canada)[214]"for the discovery of insulin"[215]
1924 Willem EinthovenThe NetherlandsProtestant (Lutheran)[216][217]"for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"[218]
1926 Johannes Andreas Grib FibigerDenmarkLutheran[219]"for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"[220]
1928 Charles Jules Henri NicolleFranceRoman Catholic"for his work on typhus"[221]
1929 Christiaan EijkmanThe NetherlandsProtestant"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"[222]
Sir Frederick Gowland HopkinsUnited KingdomChrisian"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"[222]
1930 Karl LandsteinerAustriaconverted from Judaism to Roman Catholicism in 1890[223]"for his discovery of human blood groups"[224]
1931 Otto Heinrich WarburgGermanyChristian[225]"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"[226]
1932 Sir Charles Scott SherringtonUnited KingdomAnglican[227]"for his discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"[228]
1934 George Hoyt WhippleUnited StatesProtestant[229]"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"[230]
George Richards MinotUnited StatesProtestant[231]
William Parry MurphyUnited StatesProtestant
1935 Hans SpemannGermanyProtestant[232]"for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"[233]
1937 Albert Szent-Györgyi von NagyrapoltHungaryCalvinist[234][235]"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"[236]
1938 Corneille Jean François HeymansBelgiumRoman Catholic[237]"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"[238]
1939 Gerhard DomagkGermanyProtestant[239]"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"[240]
1943 Carl Peter Henrik DamDenmarkProtestant"for his discovery of vitamin K"[241]
Edward Adelbert DoisyUnited StatesProtestant (Congregationalists)[242]"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"[241]
1945 Sir Alexander FlemingUnited KingdomRoman Catholic[243]"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"[244]
1947 Carl Ferdinand CoriUnited StatesRoman Catholic[245]"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[246]
Gerty Theresa Cori, née RadnitzUnited StatesRoman Catholic[247]
Bernardo Alberto HoussayArgentinaRoman Catholic[248]"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"[246]
1949 António Caetano Egas MonizPortugalRoman Catholic[249]"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy (lobotomy) in certain psychoses"[250]
1951 Max TheilerSouth AfricaProtestant[251]"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"[252]
1957 Daniel BovetItalyProtestant"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"[253]
1958 George Wells BeadleUnited StatesChristian[254]"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"
Edward Lawrie TatumUnited StatesChristian
1959 Severo OchoaSpain
Roman Catholic"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"[255]
1960 Sir Frank Macfarlane BurnetAustraliaProtestant[256]"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"[257]
Sir Peter Brian MedawarBrazil
United Kingdom		Raised as Maronite Catholic, then he become an atheist[258]
1961 Georg von BékésyUnited StatesChristian[259]"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"[260]
1963Sir John Carew EcclesAustraliaRoman Catholic[261]"for his discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"[262]
1967 Ragnar GranitFinland/SwedenProtestant"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"[263]
Haldan Keffer HartlineUnited StatesProtestant
1972Rodney Robert PorterUnited StatesMethodists[264]"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"[265]
1974Albert ClaudeBelgiumRoman Catholic[266]"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"[267]
Christian de DuveBelgiumBrought up as a Roman Catholic. However his later years indicated inclination towards agnosticism[268]
George E. PaladeRomaniaEastern Orthodox
1975 Renato DulbeccoItaly
United States		Roman Catholic"for his discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"[269]
1976D. Carleton GajdusekUnited StatesCalvinist[270]"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"[271]
1978 Werner ArberSwitzerlandProtestant[272]"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"[273]
1983 Barbara McClintockUnited StatesProtestant (Congregationalists)[85]"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"[274]
1988 Sir James W. BlackUnited KingdomProtestant (Baptist)[96]"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[275]
George H. HitchingsUnited StatesChristian
1990Joseph E. MurrayUnited StatesRoman Catholic[276]"for his discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"[277]
1992Edmond H. Fischer[278]Switzerland
United States		Protestant (Presbyterian)"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"[279]
1995 Eric F. WieschausUnited StatesRoman Catholic"for his discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"[280]
1998 Louis J. IgnarroUnited StatesRoman Catholic"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"[281]
Ferid MuradUnited StatesChristian[282]
2000 Paul GreengardUnited StatesProtestant (Episcopalian)[283]"for his discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"[284]
2002 Sir John E. SulstonUnited KingdomAlthough brought up in a Christian family, Sulston lost his faith and become an atheist"for his discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"[285]
2004 Linda B. BuckUnited StatesChristian"for her discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"[286]
2007 Mario R. CapecchiUnited StatesQuaker[287]"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."[288]
Sir Martin J. EvansUnited KingdomChristian
2012 Sir John B. GurdonUnited KingdomProtestant (Anglican)[289]"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent"[194]

Literature

YearLaureateCountryDenominationRationale
1902 Theodor Mommsen GermanyProtestant"the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A History of Rome"[290]
1903 Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson NorwayProtestant[291]"as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit"[292]
1904 Frédéric Mistral FranceRoman Catholic"in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist"[293]
José Echegaray SpainRoman Catholic"in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama"[293]
1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz PolandRoman Catholic[294]"because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer"[295]
1909 Selma Lagerlöf  SwedenChristian[296]"in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings"[297]
1910 Paul von Heyse GermanyProtestant of Jewish descent"as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"[298]
1916 Verner von Heidenstam  SwedenChristian[299]"in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature"[300]
1923 William Butler Yeats IrelandAnglica[301]"for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation"[302]
1924 Władysław Reymont PolandRoman Catholic[303]"for his great national epic, The Peasants"[304]
1926 Grazia Deledda ItalyRoman Catholic[305]"for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general"[306]
1928 Sigrid Undset  Norway
(Born in  Denmark)		Roman Catholic[307]"principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages"[308]
1929 Thomas Mann GermanyProtestant (Lutheran)[309][310]"principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature"[311]
1933 Ivan Bunin France (Born in Russia)Eastern Orthodox"for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing"[312]
1938 Pearl S. Buck  United StatesProtestant (Southern Presbyterian)[313]"for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"[314]
1945 Gabriela Mistral ChileRoman Catholic[315]"for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"[316]
1946 Hermann Hesse   Switzerland
(Born in Germany)		Christian[317][318]"for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style"[319]
1947 André Gide FranceProtestant[320]"for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight"[321]
1948 T. S. Eliot  United Kingdom
(Born in the  United States)		Anglican[322][323]"for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry"[324]
1949 William Faulkner  United StatesProtestant (Episcopalian)"for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel"[325]
1952 François Mauriac FranceRoman Catholic[326]"for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life"[327]
1953 Sir Winston Churchill  United KingdomAnglican"for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values"[328]
1954 Ernest Hemingway  United StatesConverts to Roman Catholicism[329]"for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style"[330]
1955 Halldór Laxness  IcelandConverts to Roman Catholicism[331]"for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland"[332]
1956 Juan Ramón Jiménez  Puerto Rico (Born in Spain)Roman Catholic"for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity"[333]
1958Boris Pasternak  Soviet UnionConverts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Judaism[334]"for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"[335]
1961Ivo Andrić  Yugoslavia
(Born in  Austria-Hungary)		Roman Catholic"for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country"[336]
1962 John Steinbeck  United StatesRaised Episcopalian[337] later he become agnostic"for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception"[338]
1963 Giorgos Seferis Greece
(Born in the  Ottoman Empire)		Greek Orthodox"for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture"[339]
1967 Miguel Ángel Asturias  GuatemalaRoman Catholic"for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America"[340]
1969 Samuel Beckett  France (Born in  Ireland)Anglican (Church of Ireland)"for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation"[341]
1970 Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn  Soviet UnionEastern Orthodox[342]"for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature"[343]
1972 Heinrich Böll Germany (West)Roman Catholic[344]"for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature"[345]
1979 Odysseas Elytis  GreeceGreek Orthodox"for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness"[346]
1980 Czesław Miłosz  United States (Born in Poland)Roman Catholic[347]"who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts"[348]
1982 Gabriel García Márquez  ColombiaRoman Catholic[349]"for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts"[350]
1989 Camilo José Cela  SpainRoman Catholic"for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability"[351]
1990 Octavio Paz  MexicoRoman Catholic"for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity"[352]
1992 Derek Walcott  Saint LuciaProtestant (Methodist )[353]"for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment"[354]
1993 Toni Morrison  United StatesRoman Catholic[355]"who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"[356]
1999 Günter Grass  GermanyRoman Catholic[357][358]"whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history"[359]
2003 J. M. Coetzee  South Africa
 Australia		Protestant[360]"who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider"[361]
2008 J. M. G. Le Clézio  France
 Mauritius		Roman Catholic"author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization"[362]
2010 Mario Vargas Llosa  Peru
 Spain		Roman Catholic[363]"for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat"[364]

Peace

YearLaureateCountryDenominationRationale
1902 Élie Ducommun   SwitzerlandProtestant"[For his role as] the first honorary secretary of the International Peace Bureau"[365]
Charles Albert GobatProtestant"[For his role as the] first Secretary General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"
1903 William Randal Cremer United KingdomMethodist"[For his role as the] the 'first father' of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[366]
1905 Bertha von Suttner  Austria-HungaryRoman Catholic[367]For authoring Lay Down Your Arms and contributing to the creation of the Prize[28][368]
1906 Theodore Roosevelt  United StatesProtestant (Dutch Reformed Church)[369]"[F]or his successful mediation to end the Russo-Japanese war and for his interest in arbitration, having provided the Hague arbitration court with its very first case"[28][370]
1907 Ernesto Teodoro Moneta ItalyRoman Catholic"[For his work as a] key leader of the Italian peace movement"[28][371]
Louis Renault FranceRoman Catholic"[For his work as a] leading French international jurist and a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague"
1909 Auguste Beernaert  BelgiumRoman Catholic"[For being a] representative to the two Hague conferences, and a leading figure in the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[28][372]
Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant FranceProtestant (Calvinist)"[For] combined diplomatic work for Franco-German and Franco-British understanding with a distinguished career in international arbitration"[28][372]
1912 Elihu Root[A]  United StatesProtestant (Presbyterian)"[F]or his strong interest in international arbitration and for his plan for a world court"[28][373]
1919 Woodrow Wilson  United StatesProtestant (Presbyterian)[374]"[F]or his crucial role in establishing the League of Nations"[28][375]
1921 Hjalmar Branting  SwedenLutheran (Church of Sweden)[376]"[F]or his work in the League of Nations"[28][377]
Christian Lange  NorwayLutheran (Church of Norway)"[For his work as] the first secretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee" and "the secretary-general of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[28][377]
1925 Austen Chamberlain[A]  United KingdomUnitarian[378]For work on the Locarno Treaties[28][379]
Charles G. Dawes[A]  United StatesProtestant (Congregationalist)"[F]or [work on] the Dawes Plan for German reparations which was seen as having provided the economic underpinning of the Locarno Pact of 1925"[28][379]
1926 Gustav Stresemann GermanyProtestantFor work on the Locarno Treaties[28][380]
1927 Ferdinand Buisson FranceProtestant[381]"[For] contributions to Franco-German popular reconciliation"[28][62]
1930 Nathan Söderblom  SwedenLutheran (Church of Sweden)"[F]or his efforts to involve the churches not only in work for ecumenical unity, but also for world peace"[28][382]
1931 Jane Addams  United StatesProtestant (Presbyterian)[383]"[F]or her social reform work" and "leading the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom"[28][384]
Nicholas Murray ButlerProtestant (Episcopalian)"[For his promotion] of the Briand-Kellogg pact" and for his work as the "leader of the more establishment-oriented part of the American peace movement"[28][384]
1934 Arthur Henderson  United KingdomProtestant (Methodist)[385]"[F]or his work for the League, particularly its efforts in disarmament"[28][386][387]
1935 Carl von Ossietzky[B] GermanyProtestant (Lutheran)[388]"[For his] struggle against Germany's rearmament"[28][389]
1945 Cordell Hull  United StatesProtestant (Episcopalian)[390]"[For] his fight against isolationism at home, his efforts to create a peace bloc of states on the American continents, and his work for the United Nations Organization"[391]
1946 Emily Greene Balch  United StatesQuaker[392]"Formerly Professor of History and Sociology; Honorary International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom"[393]
John Raleigh MottProtestant (Methodist)[394]"Chairman, International Missionary Council; President, World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations"[393]
1947 Friends Service Council  United KingdomQuaker"compassion for others and the desire to help them"[395]
American Friends Service Committee  United StatesReligious Society of Friends (Quaker)
1949 The Lord Boyd-Orr  United KingdomProtestant (Free Church of Scotland)[396]"Physician; Alimentary Politician; Prominent organizer and Director, General Food and Agricultural Organization; President, National Peace Council and World Union of Peace Organizations"[397]
1950 Ralph Bunche  United StatesProtestant (Baptist)[398]"Professor, Harvard University Cambridge, MA; Director, division of Trusteeship, U.N.; Acting Mediator in Palestine, 1948"[399]
1952 Albert Schweitzer FranceChristian[400]"Missionary surgeon; Founder of Lambaréné (République de Gabon)"[401]
1953 George Catlett Marshall  United StatesProtestant (Episcopalian)[402]"General President American Red Cross; Former Secretary of State and of Defense; Delegate U.N.; Originator of [the] 'Marshall Plan'"[403]
1957 Lester Bowles Pearson  CanadaProtestant (United Church of Canada)[404]"former Secretary of State for External Affairs of Canada; former President of the 7th Session of the United Nations General Assembly";[405] "for his role in trying to end the Suez conflict and to solve the Middle East question through the United Nations."[28]
1958 Dominique Pire  BelgiumRoman Catholic"Father in the Dominican Order; Leader of the relief organization for refugees "L'Europe du Coeur au Service du Monde""[406]
1959 Philip Noel-Baker  United KingdomQuaker[407]"Member of Parliament; lifelong ardent worker for international peace and co-operation"[408]
1960 Albert Lutuli South Africa
(Born in Southern Rhodesia)		Protestant (Methodist)"President of the African National Congress,"[409] "was in the very forefront of the struggle against apartheid in South Africa."[28]
1961 Dag Hammarskjöld[C]  SwedenProtestant (Lutheran)[410]"Secretary General of the U.N.,"[411] awarded "for strengthening the organization."[28]
1964 Martin Luther King, Jr.  United StatesProtestant (Baptist; Progressive National Baptist Convention)Campaigner for civil rights, "first person in the Western world to have shown us that a struggle can be waged without violence."[412]
1970 Norman E. Borlaug  United StatesProtestant (Lutheran)"International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center;"[413] "for his contributions to the "green revolution" that was having such an impact on food production particularly in Asia and in Latin America."[28]
1971 Willy Brandt Germany (West)Protestant (Lutheran)[414]"Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany; for West Germany's Ostpolitik"[415]
1974 Seán MacBride  Ireland
(Born in France)		Roman Catholic[416]"President of the International Peace Bureau; President of the Commission of Namibia."[417] "For his strong interest in human rights: piloting the European Convention on Human Rights through the Council of Europe, helping found and then lead Amnesty International and serving as secretary-general of the International Commission of Jurists"[28]
1976 Betty Williams  United KingdomRoman Catholic"Founder[s] of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)"[418]
Mairead CorriganRoman Catholic[419]
1979 Mother Teresa  Albania (Born in Ottoman Kosovo)Roman Catholic[420]"Founder of Missionaries of Charity"[421]
1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel  ArgentinaRoman Catholic[422]"Human rights leader;"[423] "founded non-violent human rights organizations to fight the military junta that was ruling his country (Argentina)."[28]
1982 Alfonso García Robles  MexicoRoman Catholic"[for] his magnificent work in the disarmament negotiations of the United Nations, where they have both played crucial roles and won international recognition"[424][425]
1983 Lech Wałęsa PolandRoman Catholic[426]"Founder of Solidarność; campaigner for human rights"[427]
1984 Desmond Tutu  South AfricaProtestant (Anglican)"Bishop of Johannesburg; former Secretary General, South African Council of Churches"[428]
1987 Óscar Arias  Costa RicaRoman Catholic"for his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year"[429]
1993 Nelson Mandela  South AfricaProtestant (Methodist)[430]"for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa"[431]
Frederik Willem de KlerkProtestant (Reformed)[432]
1996 Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo  IndonesiaRoman Catholic"for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor."[433]
José Ramos-HortaRoman Catholic
1998 John Hume  United KingdomRoman Catholic[434]"for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland"[435]
David TrimbleProtestant (Presbyterian)[436][437]
2000 Kim Dae-jung  South KoreaRoman Catholic[438]"for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular"[439]
2001 Kofi Annan  GhanaProtestant[440]"for his work for a better organized and more peaceful world"[441]
2002 Jimmy Carter  United StatesProtestant (Baptist)[442]"for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development"[443]
2004 Wangari Muta Maathai  KenyaRoman Catholic[444]"for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace"[445]
2007 Al Gore  United StatesProtestant (Baptist)"for his efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change"[446]
2008 Martti Ahtisaari  FinlandProtestant (Lutheran)"for his efforts on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts"[447]
2009 Barack Obama  United StatesProtestant[448]"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples."[449]
2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf  LiberiaProtestant (Methodist)[2]"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work"[450]
Leymah GboweeProtestant (Lutheran)[451]

Economics

YearLaureateCountryDenominationRationale
1969 Ragnar Frisch  NorwayProtestant[96]"for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes"
Jan Tinbergen  NetherlandsProtestant
1975File:Tjalling Koopmans.jpgTjalling Koopmans  Netherlands
 United States		Protestant"for his contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"[452]
1979Theodore Schultz  United StatesProtestant"for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries."[453]
Arthur Lewis  Saint Lucia
 United Kingdom		Roman Catholic[454]
1982George Stigler  United StatesChristian[455]"for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation"[456]
1986 James M. Buchanan  United StatesProtestant[457]"for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making"[458]
1988 Maurice Allais  FranceRoman Catholic"for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources"[459]
1989 Trygve Haavelmo  NorwayProtestant[460]"for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures"[461]
1994John Harsanyi  United StatesRaised a devout Catholic,[462] later he abandoned Catholicism"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games."[463]
John Forbes NashHe was baptized in the Episcopal Church[464] later he become an atheist
Reinhard Selten  GermanyRaised as Protestant,[465] later he left the church
1996William Vickrey  Canada
 United States		Quaker [466]"for his fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information"[467]
2003 Robert F. Engle  United StatesQuaker[468]"for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)"[469]
Clive Granger  United KingdomChristian"for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trends (cointegration)"[469]
2009 Elinor Ostrom  United StatesProtestant[470]"for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons"[471]
2010 Christopher A. Pissarides  CyprusEastern Orthodox[472]"for his analysis of markets with search frictions"[473]
2013 Eugene F. Fama  United StatesRoman Catolic[474]"for their empirical analysis of asset prices."
Robert J. ShillerProtestant (Methodist)[475]

Nobel laureates converted to Christianity

Year of laureateLaureateLaureate categoryFormer religionConverted to
1912 Alexis CarrelPhysiology
or Medicine		AtheismRoman Catholicism[210]
1918 Fritz HaberChemistryJudaismProtestantism-Lutheranism[132]
1928 Sigrid UndsetLiteratureAgnosticismRoman Catholicism[476]
1930 Karl LandsteinerPhysiology
or Medicine		JudaismRoman Catholicism[223]
1949 Gerty Theresa Cori, née RadnitzPhysiology
or Medicine		JudaismRoman Catholicism[477]
1954 Max BornPhysicsJudaismProtestantism-Lutheranism[78]
1958Boris PasternakLiteratureJudaismEastern Orthodoxy[478]
1970 Aleksandr SolzhenitsynLiteratureAtheismEastern Orthodoxy[479]
1980 Czesław MiłoszLiteratureAtheismRoman Catholicism[347]
2000 Kim Dae-jungPeaceUndeterminedRoman Catholicism[438]

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jobas/List of Christian Nobel laureates.

Category:Lists of ChristiansCategory:Lists of scientistsCategory:Lists of Nobel laureates by religionCategory:Christianity and science

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