Linnaean Characteristics

• Heart: 2 auricles, 2 ventricles. Warm, dark red blood
• Lungs: respires alternately
• Jaw: incombent, covered. Teeth usually within
• Teats: lactiferous
• Organs of Sense: tongue, nostrils, eyes, ears, & papillae of the skin
• Covering: hair, which is scanty in warm climates, hardly any on aquatics
• Supports: 4 feet, except in aquatics; and in most a tail. Walks on the Earth & Speaks

Linnaeus divided the mammals based upon the number, situation, and structure of their teeth.

Primates

• Fore-teeth: cutting, upper 4 parallel, (except in some species of bats which have 2 or none)
• Tusks: solitary, that is, one on each side, in each jaw
• Teats: 2 pectoral
• Feet: 2 are hands
• Nails: (usually) flattened, oval
• Food: fruits, except a few who use animal food

Homo (humans)

• Homo sapiens – Human ^[1]
• Homo troglodytes – partly based on myth, partly on orangutans ^[2]

Simia (monkeys & apes) ^{[Note 1]}

• Simia satyrus – Bornean orangutan & common chimpanzee
• Simia sylvanus – Barbary macaque
• Simia sphinx – mandrill
• Simia apedia – nomen dubium
• Simia silenus – lion-tailed macaque
• Simia faunus & Simia diana – Diana monkey
• Simia paniscus – red-faced spider monkey
• Simia cephus – moustached guenon
• Simia aygula – nomen oblitum for the crab-eating macaque
• Simia hamadryas – Hamadryas baboon
• Simia jacchus – common marmoset
• Simia oedipus – cottontop tamarin
• Simia aethiops – grivet
• Simia midas – red-handed tamarin
• Simia cynamolgus – possibly crab-eating macaque
• Simia apella – tufted capuchin
• Simia morta – nomen dubium
• Simia capucina – white-headed capuchin
• Simia sciurea – common squirrel monkey
• Simia syrichta – Philippine tarsier

Lemur (lemurs & colugos) ^{[Note 2]}

• Lemur tardigradus – red slender loris
• Lemur catta – ring-tailed lemur
• Lemur volans – Philippine flying lemur

Vespertilio (bats)

• Vespertilio vampyrus – large flying fox
• Vespertilio spectrum – spectral vampire bat
• Vespertilio perspicillatus – Seba's short-tailed bat
• Vespertilio spasma – lesser false vampire bat
• Vespertilio leporinus – greater bulldog bat
• Vespertilio auritus – brown long-eared bat
• Vespertilio murinus – parti-coloured bat

Bruta

• Fore-teeth: none in any jaw
• Tusks: in elephants and manatees
• Feet: with strong hoof-like nails
• Motion: slow
• Food: (mostly) masticated vegetables

Elephas (elephants)

• Elephas maximus – Asian elephant

Trichechus (manatees)

• Trichechus manatus – West Indian manatee

Bradypus (sloths)

• Bradypus tridactylus – pale-throated sloth
• Bradypus didactylus – Linnaeus's two-toed sloth

Myrmecophaga (anteaters)

• Myrmecophaga didactyla – silky anteater
• Myrmecophaga tridactylus – giant anteater
• Myrmecophaga tetradactyla – southern tamandua

Manis (pangolins)

• Manis pentadactyla – Chinese pangolin

Ferae

• Fore-teeth: conic, usually 6 in each jaw
• Tusks: longer
• Grinders: with conic projections
• Feet: with claws
• Claws: subulate
• Food: carcasses and preying on other animals

Phoca (seals)

• Phoca ursina – northern fur seal
• Phoca leonina – southern elephant seal
• Phoca rosmarus – walrus
• Phoca vitulina – harbour seal

Canis (dogs & hyenas)

• Canis familiaris – domesticated dog ^[3]
• Canis lupus – grey wolf
• Canis hyaena – striped hyena
• Canis vulpes & Canis alopex – red fox
• Canis lagopus – Arctic fox
• Canis aureus – golden jackal

Felis (cats)

• Felis leo – lion
• Felis tigris – tiger
• Felis pardus – leopard
• Felis onca – jaguar
• Felis pardalis – ocelot
• Felis catus – domesticated cat ^[3]
• Felis lynx – Eurasian lynx

Viverra (mongooses & civets)

• Viverra ichneumon – Egyptian mongoose
• Viverra memphitis – possibly striped skunk
• Viverra putorius – eastern spotted skunk ^[4]
• Viverra zibetha – large Indian civet
• Viverra genetta – common genet

Mustela (weasels & kin)

• Mustela lutris – sea otter
• Mustela lutra – European otter
• Mustela gulo – wolverine
• Mustela barbara – tayra
• Mustela martes – European pine marten
• Mustela putorius – European polecat
• Mustela furo – ferret ^[3]
• Mustela zibellina – sable
• Mustela erminea – stoat

Ursus (bears)

• Ursus arctos – brown bear
• Ursus luscus – wolverine
• Ursus meles – European badger
• Ursus lotor – northern raccoon

Bestiae

• Fore-teeth: indefinite numbers on the sides, always have one extra canine
• Nose: elongate, used to dig
• Food: digs out juicy roots and vermin

Sus (pigs)

• Sus scrofa – wild boar ^[3] & domesticated pig
• Sus porcus – red river hog
• Sus tajacu – collared peccary
• Sus babyrusa – Buru babirusa

Dasypus (armadillos)

• Dasypus unicinctus – southern naked-tailed armadillo
• Dasypus tricinctus & Dasypus quadricinctus – Brazilian three-banded armadillo ^[5]
• Dasypus sexcinctus – six-banded armadillo
• Dasypus septemcinctus – seven-banded armadillo
• Dasypus novemcinctus – nine-banded armadillo

Erinaceus (hedgehogs)

• Erinaceus europaeus – European hedgehog

Talpa (moles)

• Talpa europaea – European mole
• Talpa asiatica – Cape golden mole

Sorex (shrews)

• Sorex araneus – Common Shrew
• Sorex cristatus – Star-nosed mole
• Sorex aquaticus – Eastern Mole

Didelphis (opossums)

• Didelphis marsupialis – common opossum
• Didelphis philander – bare-tailed woolly opossum
• Didelphis opossum – grey four-eyed opossum
• Didelphis murina & Didelphis dorsigera – Linnaeus's mouse opossum ^[5]

Glires

• Fore-teeth: cutting, 2 in each jaw
• Tusks: none
• Feet: with claws formed for running and bounding
• Food: bark, roots, vegetables, etc, which they gnaw

Rhinoceros (rhinoceroses)

• Rhinoceros unicornis – Indian rhinoceros
• Rhinoceros diceros – Black rhinoceros

Hystrix (porcupines)

• Hystrix cristata – crested porcupine
• Hystrix prehensilis – Brazilian porcupine
• Hystrix dorsata – North American porcupine
• Hystrix macroura – Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine
• Hystrix brachyura – Malayan porcupine

Lepus (rabbits & hares)

• Lepus timidus – mountain hare
• Lepus cuniculus – European rabbit
• Lepus capensis – Cape hare
• Lepus brasiliensis – Brazilian rabbit

Castor (beavers)

• Castor fiber – European beaver
• Castor moschatus – Russian desman

Mus (mice & kin)

• Mus porcellus – domestic guinea pig ^[3]
• Mus leporinus – red-rumped agouti ^[7]
• Mus lemmus – Norway lemming
• Mus marmota – Alpine marmot
• Mus monax – groundhog
• Mus cricetus – European hamster
• Mus amphibius & Mus terrestris – European water vole
• Mus rattus – black rat
• Mus musculus – house mouse
• Mus avellanarius – hazel dormouse
• Mus sylvaticus – wood mouse
• Mus striatus – typical striped grass mouse
• Mus longipes - midday jird ^[8]
• Mus jaculus – lesser Egyptian jerboa
• Mus volans – southern flying squirrel ^[9]

Sciurus (squirrels)

• Sciurus vulgaris – red squirrel
• Sciurus niger – fox squirrel
• Sciurus cinereus – Delmarva fox squirrel
• Sciurus flavus – [nomen dubium] ^[10]
• Sciurus getulus – Barbary ground squirrel
• Sciurus striatus – eastern chipmunk
• Sciurus volans – Siberian flying squirrel ^[7]

Pecora

• Fore-teeth: no upper, lower cutting, many
• Feet: hoofed, cloven
• Food: herbs which they pluck, chews the cud
• Stomach: 4:

the paunch to macerate and ruminate the food

the bonnet, reticulate, to receive it,

the omasus, or maniplies of numerous folds to digest it,

and the abomasus', or caille, fasciate, to give it acescency and prevent putrefaction

Camelus (camels)

• Camelus dromedarius – dromedary camel
• Camelus bactrianus – domestic Bactrian camel ^[3]
• Camelus glama – domestic llama ^[3]
• Camelus pacos – domestic alpaca ^[3]

Moschus (musk deer)

• Moschus moschiferus – Siberian musk deer

Cervus (deer & giraffes)

• Cervus camelopardalis – giraffe
• Cervus alces – elk
• Cervus elaphus – red deer
• Cervus tarandus – reindeer
• Cervus dama – fallow deer
• Cervus bezoarticus – pampas deer
• Cervus capreolus – roe deer
• Cervus guineensis – [nomen dubium] ^[7]

Capra (goats & antelope)

• Capra hircus, Capra depressa, Capra reversa, & Capra mambrica – domestic goat ^[3][11]
• Capra ibex – Alpine ibex
• Capra rupicapra – chamois
• Capra pygmea – royal antelope
• Capra gazella – gemsbok
• Capra cervicapra – blackbuck
• Capra dorcas – Dorcas gazelle
• Capra grimmia – common duiker
• Capra ammon – argali

Ovis (sheep)

• Ovis aries, Ovis guineensis, & Ovis strepsiceros – Domestic Sheep ^[3][12]

Bos (cattle)

• Bos taurus – domestic cattle ^[3]
• Bos bonasus – wisent
• Bos bison – American bison
• Bos bubalis – domestic water buffalo ^[3]
• Bos indicus – zebu ^[3]

Belluae

• Fore-teeth: obtuse
• Feet: hoofed
• Motion: heavy
• Food: gathering vegetables

Equus (horses)

• Equus caballus – domestic horse ^[3]
• Equus asinus – donkey ^[3]
• Equus zebra – mountain zebra

Hippopotamus (hippopotamuses)

• Hippopotamus amphibius – hippopotamus
• Hippopotamus terrestris – South American tapir

Cete

• Fins: pectoral instead of feet
• Tail: horizontal, flattened
• Claws: none
• Hair: none
• Teeth: in some cartilaginous, in some bony
• Nostrils: none, instead of which is a fistulous opening in the anterior and upper part of the head
• Food: mollusca & fish
• Habitation: the ocean

Monodon (narwhals)

• Monodon monoceros – narwhal

Balaena (baleen whales)

• Balaena mysticetus – bowhead whale
• Balaena physalus & Balaena boops – fin whale ^[13]
• Balaena musculus – Blue Whale

Physeter (sperm whales)

• Physeter catodon, Physeter macrocephalus, Physeter miscrops & Physeter tursio – sperm whale ^[14]

Delphinus (dolphins & porpoises)

• Delphinus phocaena – harbour porpoise
• Delphinus delphis – short-beaked common dolphin
• Delphinus orca – orca

References

Category:Systema Naturae Systema Naturae, Mammalia

In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus listed the 564 species of bird from around the world which were known to him at the time.^[1] There are now believed to be around 10,000 extant species.^[2][3] Linnaeus described the class Aves as:^[4]

A beautiful and cheerful portion of created nature consisting of animals having a body covered with feathers and down; protracted and naked jaws (the beak), two wings formed for flight, and two feet. They are areal, vocal, swift and light, and destitute of external ears, lips, teeth, scrotum, womb, bladder, epiglottis, corpus callosum and its arch, and diaphragm.

Linnaean Characteristics ^[4]

• Heart: 2 auricles, 2 ventricles. Warm, dark red blood
• Lungs: respires alternately
• Jaw: incombent, naked, extended, without teeth
• Eggs: covered with a calcareous shell
• Organs of Sense: tongue, nostrils, eyes, and ears without auricles
• Covering: incumbent, imbricate feathers
• Supports: 2 feet, 2 wings; and a heart-shaped rump. Flies in the Air & Sings

Linnaeus divided the birds based upon the characters of the bill and feet.^[5]

Accipitres

Vultur (vultures & condors)

• Vultur gryphus – Andean Condor
• Vultur harpyja – Harpy Eagle
• Vultur papa – King Vulture
• Vultur aura – Turkey Vulture ^[6]
• Vultur barbatus – Bearded Vulture
• Vultur percnopterus – Egyptian Vulture

Falco (falcons, eagles, & kin)

• Falco melanaetus – Eastern Imperial Eagle (now Aquila heliaca Savigny, 1809) ^[7]
• Falco chrysaetos & Falco fulvus – Golden Eagle
• Falco canadensis – Golden Eagle (North American subspecies) ^[6]
• Falco rusticolus – Gyrfalcon
• Falco barbarus – [nomen dubium]
• Falco caerulescens – Collared Falconet
• Falco albicilla – Bald Eagle ^[6]
• Falco pygargus – Montagu's Harrier
• Falco milvus – Red Kite
• Falco forficatus – Swallow-tailed Kite ^[6]
• Falco gentilis & Falco palumbarius – Northern Goshawk ^[8]
• Falco subbuteo – Eurasian Hobby
• Falco buteo – Common Buzzard
• Falco tinnunculus – Common Kestrel
• Falco cachinnans & Falco sufflator – Laughing Falcon ^[9]
• Falco sparverius – American Kestrel ^[6]
• Falco columbarius – Merlin
• Falco lanarius – Lanner Falcon (now Falco biarmicus Temminck, 1825)
• Falco haliaetus – Osprey
• Falco gyrfalco – Gyrfalcon ^[10]
• Falco apivorus – European Honey Buzzard
• Falco aeruginosus – Western Marsh Harrier
• Falco nisus – Eurasian Sparrowhawk

Strix (owls)

• Strix bubo – Eurasian Eagle-owl
• Strix scandiaca & Strix nyctea – Snowy Owl ^[6]
• Strix asio – Eastern Screech Owl ^[6]
• Strix otus – Long-eared Owl
• Strix scops – Eurasian Scops-owl
• Strix aluco & Strix stridula – Tawny Owl
• Strix funerea – Tengmalm's Owl
• Strix ulula – Northern Hawk-Owl
• Strix passerina – Eurasian Pygmy Owl

Lanius (shrikes)

• Lanius cristatus – Brown Shrike
• Lanius excubitor – Great Grey Shrike
• Lanius collurio – Red-backed Shrike
• Lanius tyrannus – Eastern Kingbird ^[6]
• Lanius carnifex – Guianan Red-cotinga
• Lanius schach – Long-tailed Shrike
• Lanius senator – Woodchat Shrike
• Lanius caerulescens – White-bellied Drongo
• Lanius jocosus – Red-whiskered Bulbul
• Lanius garrulus – Bohemian Waxwing

Picae

Psittacus (parrots)

• Psittacus macao – Scarlet Macaw
• Psittacus ararauna – Blue-and-yellow Macaw
• Psittacus obscurus
• Psittacus nobilis – Red-shouldered Macaw
• Psittacus severus – Chestnut-fronted Macaw
• Psittacus borneus – Red Lory
• Psittacus solstitialis – Sun Parakeet
• Psittacus carolinensis – Carolina Parakeet ^[6]
• Psittacus alexandri – Red-breasted Parakeet
• Psittacus pertinax & Psittacus aeruginosus – Brown-throated Parakeet^[11]
• Psittacus canicularis – Orange-fronted Parakeet
• Psittacus rufirostris
• Psittacus ornatus – Ornate Lorikeet
• Psittacus agilis – Black-billed Amazon
• Psittacus cristatus
• Psittacus niger – Lesser Vasa Parrot
• Psittacus sordidus – Red-billed Parrot
• Psittacus erythroleucus
• Psittacus erithaeus – African Gray Parrot
• Psittacus garrulus – Chattering Lory
• Psittacus aurorae
• Psittacus domicella – Purple-naped Lory
• Psittacus lory – Black-capped Lory
• Psittacus caerulocephalus
• Psittacus aestivus – Blue-fronted Amazon
• Psittacus paradisi
• Psittacus festivus – Festive Amazon
• Psittacus autumnalis – Red-lored Amazon
• Psittacus accipitrinus – Red-fan Parrot
• Psittacus melanocephalus – Black-headed Parrot
• Psittacus collarius – Yellow-billed Amazon
• Psittacus pullarius – Red-headed Lovebird
• Psittacus galgulus – Blue-crowned Hanging Parrot
• Psittacus passerinus – Green-rumped Parrotlet

Ramphastos (Toucans) ^[12]

• Ramphastos piperivorus – [nomen dubium]
• Ramphastos tucanus – White-throated Toucan
• Ramphastos picatus – [nomen dubium]
• Ramphastos aracari – Black-necked Aracari

Buceros (hornbills)

• Buceros bicornis – Great Hornbill
• Buceros rhinoceros – Rhinoceros Hornbill

Crotophaga (anis)

• Crotophaga ani – Smooth-billed Ani ^[6]

Corvus (crows & ravens)

• Corvus corax – Common Raven
• Corvus corone – Carrion Crow
• Corvus frugilegus – Rook
• Corvus cornix – Hooded Crow
• Corvus benghalensis – Indian Roller ^[13]
• Corvus monedula – Jackdaw
• Corvus glandarius – Eurasian Jay
• Corvus cristatus – Blue Jay ^[6]
• Corvus caryocatactes – Spotted Nutcracker
• Corvus pica – European Magpie
• Corvus paradisi – Asian Paradise-flycatcher
• Corvus infaustus – Siberian Jay

Coracias (rollers & orioles)

• Coracias garrulus – European Roller
• Coracias caffra
• Coracias oriolus – Golden Oriole
• Coracias galbula – Baltimore Oriole ^[6]
• Coracias aurea – Flame Bowerbird
• Coracias xanthornus – Black-hooded Oriole

Gracula (mynas)

• Gracula religiosa – Common Hill Myna
• Gracula foetida – Bare-necked Fruitcrow
• Gracula barita – [nomen dubium], possibly Carib Grackle ^[14]
• Gracula cristatella – Crested Myna ^[15]
• Gracula saularis – Oriental Magpie Robin
• Gracula quiscula – Common Grackle ^[6]
• Gracula atthis – Common Kingfisher

Paradisea (birds-of-paradise)

• Paradisea apoda – Greater Bird-of-paradise
• Paradisea regia – King Bird-of-paradise

Cuculus (cuckoos)

• Cuculus canorus – Common Cuckoo
• Cuculus persa – Guinea Turaco
• Cuculus vetula – Jamaican Lizard Cuckoo
• Cuculus glandarius – Great Spotted Cuckoo
• Cuculus scolopaceus – Asian Koel
• Cuculus niger
• Cuculus americanus – Yellow-billed Cuckoo ^[6]
• Cuculus auratus – Northern Flicker

Jynx (wrynecks)

• Jynx torquilla – Eurasian Wryneck

Picus (woodpeckers)

• Picus martius – Black Woodpecker
• Picus principalis – Ivory-billed Woodpecker
• Picus pileatus – Pileated Woodpecker ^[6]
• Picus hirundinaceus
• Picus erythrocephalus – Red-headed Woodpecker ^[6]
• Picus carolinus – Red-bellied Woodpecker ^[6]
• Picus viridis – European Green Woodpecker
• Picus benghalensis – Black-rumped Flameback
• Picus semirostris – a "monstrosity" ^[16]
• Picus major – Great Spotted Woodpecker
• Picus medius – Middle Spotted Woodpecker
• Picus minor – Lesser Spotted Woodpecker
• Picus tridactylus – Eurasian Three-toed Woodpecker ^[6]

Sitta (nuthatches)

• Sitta europaea – Eurasian Nuthatch

Alcedo (kingfishers)

• Alcedo ispida – Subspecies of Common Kingfisher
• Alcedo erithaca – Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher
• Alcedo alcyon – Belted Kingfisher ^[6]
• Alcedo todus – Jamaican Tody
• Alcedo smyrnensis – White-throated Kingfisher
• Alcedo rudis – Pied Kingfisher
• Alcedo dea – Paradise Jacamar

Merops (bee-eaters)

• Merops apiaster – European Bee-eater
• Merops viridis – Blue-throated Bee-eater
• Merops cinereus
• Merops cafer – Cape Sugarbird

Upupa (hoopoes)

• Upupa epops – Eurasian Hoopoe
• Upupa paradisea
• Upupa eremita – Northern Bald Ibis
• Upupa pyrrhocorax – Red-billed Chough

Certhia (treecreepers)

• Certhia familiaris – Eurasian Treecreeper
• Certhia pusilla
• Certhia caerulea – Purple Honeycreeper
• Certhia cruentata – Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker
• Certhia flaveola – Bananaquit

Trochilus (hummingbirds)

• Trochilus paradiseus
• Trochilus afer
• Trochilus pella – Crimson Topaz
• Trochilus polytmus – Red-billed Streamertail
• Trochilus forficatus
• Trochilus colubris – Ruby-throated Hummingbird ^[6]
• Trochilus ourissia
• Trochilus mosquitus – Ruby-topaz Hummingbird
• Trochilus holosericeus – Green-throated Carib
• Trochilus mellisugus – Blue-tailed Emerald
• Trochilus tomineo
• Trochilus surinamensis
• Trochilus niger – Sooty Barbthroat
• Trochilus mellivorus – White-necked Jacobin
• Trochilus ruber – Reddish Hermit
• Trochilus mango – Jamaican Mango
• Trochilus cristatus – Antillean Crested Hummingbird
• Trochilus minimus – Vervain Hummingbird

Anseres

Anas (ducks, geese, & swans)

• Anas cygnus – Whooper Swan
• Anas cygnoides – Swan Goose
• Anas tadorna – Common Shelduck
• Anas spectabilis – King Eider ^[6]
• Anas fusca – Velvet Scoter
• Anas nigra – Common Scoter
• Anas anser – Greylag Goose
• Anas erythropus – Lesser White-fronted Goose ^[6]
• Anas canadensis – Canada Goose ^[6]
• Anas caerulescens – Snow Goose
• Anas bernicla – Brant Goose
• Anas mollissima – Common Eider
• Anas moschata – Muscovy Duck
• Anas bahamensis – White-cheeked Pintail
• Anas albeola & Anas rustica – Bufflehead ^[6]
• Anas bucephala – Common Goldeneye ^[6]
• Anas clypeata – Northern Shoveler
• Anas platyrhynchos, Anas boschas & Anas adunca – Mallard
• Anas strepera – Gadwall
• Anas clangula & Anas glaucion – Common Goldeneye
• Anas perspicillata – Surf Scoter ^[6]
• Anas penelope – Eurasian Wigeon
• Anas acuta – Northern Pintail
• Anas hyemalis – Long-tailed Duck ^[6]
• Anas ferina – Common Pochard
• Anas querquedula & Anas circia – Garganey
• Anas crecca – Common Teal
• Anas histrionica & Anas minuta – Harlequin Duck ^[6]
• Anas autumnalis – Black-bellied Whistling Duck
• Anas galericulata – Mandarin Duck
• Anas sponsa – Wood Duck ^[6]
• Anas arborea – West Indian Whistling Duck
• Anas fuligula – Tufted Duck

Mergus (mergansers)

• Mergus cucullatus – Hooded Merganser ^[6]
• Mergus merganser – Common Merganser
• Mergus serrator – Red-breasted merganser
• Mergus albellus & Mergus minutus – Smew

Alca (auks)

• Alca torda – Razorbill
• Alca impennis – Great Auk
• Alca arctica – Atlantic Puffin
• Alca lomvia – Thick-billed Murre
• Alca grylle – Black Guillemot
• Alca alle – Little Auk ^[6]

Procellaria (petrels)

• Procellaria pelagica – European Storm Petrel
• Procellaria aequinoctialis – White-chinned Petrel
• Procellaria capensis – Cape Petrel

Diomedea (albatrosses & penguins)

• Diomedea exulans – Wandering Albatross
• Diomedea demersa – African Penguin ^[17]

Pelecanus (pelicans & kin)

• Pelecanus onocrotalus – Great White Pelican
• Pelecanus aquilus – Ascension Frigatebird
• Pelecanus carbo – Great Cormorant
• Pelecanus bassanus – Northern Gannet ^[6]
• Pelecanus piscator – Red-footed Booby

Phaethon (tropicbirds)

• Phaethon aethereus – Red-billed Tropicbird
• Phaethon demersus

Colymbus (grebes & loons)^{[Note 3]}

• Colymbus arcticus – Black-throated Loon ^[6]
• Colymbus cristatus – Great Crested Grebe
• Colymbus auritus – Horned Grebe ^[6]
• Colymbus podiceps – Pied-billed Grebe

Larus (gulls)

• Larus tridactylus – Black-legged Kittiwake
• Larus canus – Common Gull
• Larus marinus – Great Black-backed Gull
• Larus fuscus – Lesser Black-backed Gull
• Larus atricilla – Laughing Gull ^[6]
• Larus parasiticus – Parasitic Jaeger ^[6]

Sterna (terns)

• Sterna stolida – Brown Noddy ^[6]
• Sterna hirundo – Common Tern
• Sterna nigra – Black Tern

Rhyncops (skimmers)

• Rhyncops nigra & Rhyncops fulva – Black Skimmer

Grallae

Phoenicopterus (flamingoes)

• Phoenicopterus ruber – American Flamingo ^[6]

Platalea (spoonbills)

• Platalea leucorodia – Eurasian Spoonbill
• Platalea ajaja – Roseate Spoonbill
• Platalea pygmea – Spoon-billed Sandpiper

Mycteria (storks)

• Mycteria americana – Wood Stork

Tantalus

• Tantalus loculator – the "Wood Ibis", a synonym for the Wood Stork ^[18]

Ardea (herons, cranes & kin)

• Ardea pavonina – Black Crowned Crane
• Ardea virgo – Demoiselle Crane
• Ardea canadensis – Sandhill Crane
• Ardea grus – Common Crane
• Ardea americana – Whooping Crane
• Ardea antigone – Sarus Crane
• Ardea ciconia – White Stork
• Ardea nigra – Black Stork
• Ardea nycticorax – Black-crowned Night Heron
• Ardea cinerea – Grey Heron
• Ardea herodias – Great Blue Heron
• Ardea violacea – Yellow-crowned Night Heron
• Ardea caerulea – Little Blue Heron
• Ardea striata – Striated Heron
• Ardea virescens – Green Heron
• Ardea stellaris – Eurasian Bittern
• Ardea alba – Great Egret
• Ardea ibis – Cattle Egret
• Ardea aequinoctialis

Scolopax (godwits, ibises & kin)

• Scolopax rubra – Scarlet Ibis
• Scolopax alba & Scolopax fusca – American White Ibis ^[19]
• Scolopax totanus – Common Redshank
• Scolopax arquata – Eurasian Curlew
• Scolopax phaeopus – Whimbrel
• Scolopax rusticola – Eurasian Woodcock
• Scolopax fedoa – Marbled Godwit
• Scolopax glottis – Common Greenshank (now Tringa nebularia) ^[20]
• Scolopax limosa – Black-tailed Godwit
• Scolopax gallinago – Common Snipe
• Scolopax lapponica & Scolopax aegocephala – Bar-tailed Godwit ^[21]
• Scolopax haemastica – Hudsonian Godwit

Tringa (phalaropes and sandpipers)

• Tringa pugnax – Ruff
• Tringa vanellus – Northern Lapwing
• Tringa gambetta – Common Redshank ^[22]
• Tringa interpres – Ruddy Turnstone
• Tringa lobata – Red-necked Phalarope
• Tringa fulicaria – Red Phalarope
• Tringa alpina – Dunlin
• Tringa ocrophus – Green Sandpiper
• Tringa hypoleucos – Common Sandpiper
• Tringa canutus – Red Knot
• Tringa glareola – Wood Sandpiper
• Tringa littorea – Common Greenshank (now Tringa nebularia) ^[23]
• Tringa squatarola – Grey Plover

Charadrius (plovers)

• Charadrius cristatus
• Charadrius hiaticula – Ringed Plover
• Charadrius alexandrinus – Kentish Plover
• Charadrius vociferus – Killdeer
• Charadrius aegyptius – Egyptian Plover
• Charadrius morinellus – Eurasian Dotterel
• Charadrius apricarius & Charadrius pluvialis – European Golden Plover ^[24]
• Charadrius oedicnemus – Eurasian Stone-curlew
• Charadrius himantopus – Black-winged Stilt
• Charadrius spinosus – Spur-winged Lapwing

Recurvirostra (avocets)

• Recurvirostra avosetta – Pied Avocet

Haematopus (oystercatchers)

• Haematopus ostralegus – Eurasian Oystercatcher

Fulica (coots & kin)

• Fulica atra – Eurasian Coot
• Fulica chloropus – Common Moorhen
• Fulica porphyrio – Purple Swamphen
• Fulica spinosa – Northern Jacana

Rallus (rails)

• Rallus crex – Corn Crake
• Rallus aquaticus – Water Rail
• Rallus lariformis
• Rallus benghalensis – Greater Painted Snipe
• Rallus carolinus – Sora

Psophia (Trumpeters)

• Psophia crepitans – Grey-winged Trumpeter

Otis (bustards)

• Otis tarda – Great Bustard
• Otis arabs – Arabian Bustard
• Otis tetrax – Little Bustard
• Otis afra – Black Bustard

Struthio (ratites)

• Struthio camelus – Ostrich
• Struthio casuarius – Southern Cassowary
• Struthio americanus – Greater Rhea
• Struthio cucullatus – Dodo

Gallinae

Pavo (peafowl)

• Pavo cristatus – Indian Peafowl
• Pavo bicalcaratus – Grey Peacock-Pheasant

Meleagris (turkeys)

• Meleagris gallopavo & Meleagris cristata? – Wild Turkey
• Meleagris satyra – Satyr Tragopan

Crax (curassows)

• Crax nigra – Black Curassow
• Crax rubra – Great Curassow

Phasianus (pheasants & chickens)

• Phasianus gallus – Red Junglefowl & Domesticated Chicken
• Phasianus meleagris – Helmeted Guineafowl
• Phasianus colchicus – Common Pheasant
• Phasianus pictus – Golden Pheasant
• Phasianus nycthemerus – Silver Pheasant

Tetrao (grouse & kin)

• Tetrao urogallus – Western Capercaillie
• Tetrao tetrix – Black Grouse
• Tetrao canadensis – Spruce Grouse
• Tetrao lagopus – Willow Ptarmigan
• Tetrao phasianellus – Sharp-tailed Grouse
• Tetrao cupido – Greater Prairie Chicken
• Tetrao bonasia – Hazel Grouse
• Tetrao rufus – Red-legged Partridge
• Tetrao perdix – Grey Partridge
• Tetrao virginianus & Tetrao marilandicus – Northern Bobwhite
• Tetrao orientalis – Black-bellied Sandgrouse
• Tetrao coturnix – Common Quail

Passeres

Columba (pigeons & doves)

• Columba oenas – Stock Dove
• Columba gutturosa
• Columba cucullata
• Columba turbita
• Columba tremula
• Columba tabellaria
• Columba montana – Ruddy Quail-Dove
• Columba asiatica – White-winged Dove
• Columba guinea – Speckled Pigeon
• Columba hispanica
• Columba palumbus – Common Wood Pigeon
• Columba cyanocephala – Blue-headed Quail-Dove
• Columba leucocephala – White-crowned Pigeon
• Columba leucoptera
• Columba nicobarica – Nicobar Pigeon
• Columba macroura – Mourning Dove
• Columba sinica
• Columba indica – Emerald Dove
• Columba hispida
• Columba turtur – Turtle Dove
• Columba risoria – Barbary Dove
• Columba passerina – Common Ground Dove

Alauda (larks & pipits)

• Alauda arvensis – Skylark
• Alauda pratensis – Meadow Pipit
• Alauda arborea – Woodlark
• Alauda campestris – Tawny Pipit
• Alauda trivialis – Tree Pipit
• Alauda cristata – Crested Lark
• Alauda spinoletta – Water Pipit
• Alauda alpestris – Shore Lark
• Alauda magna – Eastern Meadowlark

Sturnus (starlings)

• Sturnus vulgaris – European Starling
• Sturnus luteolus
• Sturnus contra – Asian Pied Starling
• Sturnus cinclus – White-throated Dipper

Turdus (thrushes & kin)

• Turdus viscivorus – Mistle Thrush
• Turdus pilaris – Fieldfare
• Turdus iliacus – Redwing ^{[Note 4]}
• Turdus musicus – a suppressed name for the Song Thrush (now Turdus philomelos Brehm, 1831)^{[Note 4]}
• Turdus canorus – Chinese Hwamei
• Turdus rufus – Brown Thrasher
• Turdus polyglottos – Northern Mockingbird
• Turdus orpheus
• Turdus plumbeus – Red-legged Thrush
• Turdus crinitus – Great Crested Flycatcher
• Turdus roseus – Rosy Starling
• Turdus merula – Common Blackbird
• Turdus torquatus – Ring Ouzel
• Turdus solitarius – Blue Rock Thrush
• Turdus arundinaceus – Great Reed Warbler
• Turdus virens – Yellow-breasted Chat

Loxia (cardinals, bullfinches & kin)

• Loxia curvirostra – Common Crossbill
• Loxia coccothraustes – Hawfinch
• Loxia enucleator – Pine Grosbeak
• Loxia pyrrhula – Eurasian Bullfinch
• Loxia cardinalis – Northern Cardinal
• Loxia dominicana – Red-cowled Cardinal
• Loxia cristata
• Loxia mexicana
• Loxia eryocephala – Red-headed Finch
• Loxia flavicans
• Loxia oryzivora – Java Sparrow
• Loxia panicivora
• Loxia punctulata – Scaly-breasted Munia
• Loxia hordeacea – Black-winged Red Bishop
• Loxia sanguinirostris
• Loxia astrild – Common Waxbill
• Loxia cyanea
• Loxia lineola – Lined Seedeater
• Loxia mexicana
• Loxia chloris – European Greenfinch
• Loxia butyracea
• Loxia collaria
• Loxia benghalensis – Black-breasted Weaver
• Loxia malabarica – Indian Silverbill
• Loxia fusca
• Loxia melanocephala – Black-headed Weaver
• Loxia cana
• Loxia nigra – Cuban Bullfinch
• Loxia caerulea – Blue Grosbeak
• Loxia violacea – Greater Antillean Bullfinch
• Loxia minuta – Ruddy-breasted Seedeater
• Loxia bicolor

Emberiza (buntings)

• Emberiza nivalis – Snow Bunting
• Emberiza calandra – Corn Bunting
• Emberiza hortulana – Ortolan Bunting
• Emberiza citrinella – Yellowhammer
• Emberiza orix – Southern Red Bishop
• Emberiza quelea – Red-billed Quelea
• Emberiza militaris – Red-breasted Blackbird
• Emberiza atrata
• Emberiza familiaris
• Emberiza flaveola
• Emberiza psittacea
• Emberiza paradisaea – Long-tailed Paradise Whydah
• Emberiza ciris – Painted Bunting
• Emberiza alario – Black-headed Canary

Fringilla (finches & kin)

• Fringilla oryzivora – Bobolink
• Fringilla coelebs – Common Chaffinch
• Fringilla montifringilla- Brambling
• Fringilla lulensis
• Fringilla lapponica – Lapland Longspur
• Fringilla sylvatica
• Fringilla melancholica
• Fringilla erythrophthalma – Eastern Towhee
• Fringilla carduelis – European Goldfinch
• Fringilla melba – Green-winged Pytilia
• Fringilla amandava – Red Munia
• Fringilla gyrola – Bay-headed Tanager
• Fringilla rubra – Summer Tanager
• Fringilla tristis – American Goldfinch
• Fringilla zena – Western Spindalis
• Fringilla brasiliana
• Fringilla butyracea
• Fringilla canaria – Canary
• Fringilla spinus – Eurasian Siskin
• Fringilla flammea – Common Redpoll
• Fringilla flavirostris – Twite
• Fringilla cannabina – Linnet
• Fringilla linaria
• Fringilla angolensis – Blue-breasted Cordon-bleu
• Fringilla violacea – Violaceous Euphonia
• Fringilla schoeniclus – Reed Bunting
• Fringilla domestica – House Sparrow
• Fringilla montana – Eurasian Tree Sparrow
• Fringilla chinensis
• Fringilla hyemalis – Dark-eyed Junco
• Fringilla zena – Black-faced Grassquit

Motacilla (wagtails)

• Motacilla luscinia – Thrush Nightingale
• Motacilla calidris – [nomen dubium] ^[26]
• Motacilla modularis – Dunnock
• Motacilla schoenobaenus – Sedge Warbler
• Motacilla campestris – Orangequit
• Motacilla curruca – Lesser Whitethroat
• Motacilla hippolais
• Motacilla salicaria
• Motacilla sylvia
• Motacilla philomela
• Motacilla ficedula
• Motacilla alba – White Wagtail
• Motacilla flava – Yellow Wagtail
• Motacilla tiphia – Common Iora
• Motacilla ruticilla – American Redstart
• Motacilla hispanica – Black-eared Wheatear
• Motacilla oenanthe – Northern Wheatear
• Motacilla rubetra – Whinchat
• Motacilla atricapilla – Blackcap
• Motacilla emeria – Red-whiskered Bulbul
• Motacilla phoenicurus – Common Redstart
• Motacilla erithacus
• Motacilla titys – female of the Common Redstart ^[27]
• Motacilla svecica – Bluethroat
• Motacilla sialis – Eastern Bluebird
• Motacilla velia – Opal-rumped Tanager
• Motacilla spiza – Green Honeycreeper
• Motacilla rubecula – European Robin
• Motacilla troglodytes – Eurasian Wren
• Motacilla regulus – Goldcrest
• Motacilla trochilus & Motacilla acredula – Willow Warbler
• Motacilla pendulinus – European Penduline Tit
• Motacilla minuta

Parus (tits & manakins)

• Parus cristatus – Crested Tit
• Parus major – Great Tit
• Parus americanus – Northern Parula
• Parus caeruleus – Blue Tit
• Parus ater – Coal Tit
• Parus palustris – Marsh Tit
• Parus caudatus – Long-tailed Tit
• Parus biarmicus – Bearded Reedling
• Parus pipra – White-crowned Manakin
• Parus erythrocephalus – Golden-headed Manakin
• Parus aureola – Crimson-hooded Manakin
• Parus cela – Yellow-rumped Cacique

Hirundo (swallows & swifts)

• Hirundo rustica – Barn Swallow
• Hirundo esculenta – Glossy Swiftlet
• Hirundo urbica – Common House Martin
• Hirundo riparia – Sand Martin
• Hirundo apus – Common Swift
• Hirundo subis – Purple Martin
• Hirundo pelagica – Chimney Swift
• Hirundo melba – Alpine Swift

Caprimulgus (nightjars)

• Caprimulgus europaeus – European Nightjar
• Caprimulgus americanus – Jamaican Pauraque

Notes

References

Category:Systema Naturae Systema Naturae, Aves

In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus described the Amphibia as:^[1]

Animals that are distinguished by a body cold and generally naked; stern and expressive countenance; harsh voice; mostly lurid color; filthy odor; a few are furnished with a horrid poison; all have cartilaginous bones, slow circulation, exquisite sight and hearing, large pulmonary vessels, lobate liver, oblong thick stomach, and cystic, hepatic, and pancreatic ducts: they are deficient in diaphragm, do not transpire (sweat), can live a long time without food, are tenatious of life, and have the power of reproducing parts which have been destroyed or lost; some undergo a metamorphosis; some cast (shed) their skin; some appear to live promiscuously on land or in the water, and some are torpid during the winter.

Linnaean Characteristics ^[1]

• Heart: 1 auricle, 1 ventricle. Cold, dark red blood
• Lungs: breaths uncertainly
• Jaw: incumbent
• Penis: (frequently) double
• Eggs: (usually) membranaceous
• Organs of Sense: tongue, nostrils, eyes, ears
• Covering: a naked skin
• Supports: various, in some none. Creeps in Warm Places & Hisses

Linnaeus often regarded reptiles within the amphibian class because living in Sweden, he often noticed that the local reptiles (examples include the common adder and grass snake) would hunt and be active in the water.

In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Linnaeus included several species of fishes (that do not belong the superclass Osteichthyes) into the amphibian class. It was not until later on that he would merge them into the Fish class and give them their own new order "Chondropterygious", defining them as species with cartilaginous gills.

Linnaeus divided the amphibians based upon the limb structures and the way they breathed.^[2]

Reptiles

Testudo (turtles & tortoises)

• Testudo mydas – Green sea turtle ^[3]
• Testudo caretta – Loggerhead sea turtle ^[3]
• Testudo orbicularis & Testudo lutaria – European pond turtle ^[3]
• Testudo scabra – Spot-legged turtle ^[4]
• Testudo graeca & Testudo pusilla – Spur-thighed tortoise ^[3]
• Testudo carolina & Testudo carinata – Eastern box turtle ^[3]
• Testudo geometrica – Geometric tortoise ^[3]
• Testudo serpentina – Common snapping turtle ^[3]

Draco (gliding lizards)

• Draco volans – Draco volans, Flying Dragon

Lacerta (terrestrial lizards, salamanders, & crocodilians)

• Lacerta crocodilus – Caiman crocodilus, Spectacled Caiman ^[5]
• Lacerta caudiverbera – [fictitious] ^[5]
• Lacerta superciliosa – Uranoscodon superciliosa ^[5]
• Lacerta scutata – Lyriocephalus scutatus ^[5]
• Lacerta monitor – [rejected] ^[5]
• Lacerta principalis – Carolina Anole ^[6]
• Lacerta bicarinata – Neusticurus bicarinatus ^[5]
• Lacerta palustris, Lacerta vulgaris, & Lacerta aquatica – Lissotriton vulgaris, Smooth Newt ^[5]
• Lacerta cordylus – Cordylus cordylus ^[5]
• Lacerta stellio – Laudakia stellio ^[5]
• Lacerta mauritanica – Tarentola mauritanica, European Common Gecko ^[5]
• Lacerta azurea – Uracentron azureum ^[5]
• Lacerta turcica – Hemidactylus turcicus, Mediterranean house gecko ^[5]
• Lacerta ameiva – Ameiva ameiva, Giant Ameiva ^[5]
• Lacerta agilis – Lacerta agilis, Sand Lizard ^[5]
• Lacerta algira – Psammodromus algirus, Large Psammodromus ^[5]
• Lacerta seps – Tetradactylus seps ^[5]
• Lacerta angulata – Alopoglossus angulatus ^[5][7]
• Lacerta chamaeleon – Chamaeleo chamaeleon, Common Chameleon ^[5]
• Lacerta salamandra – Fire Salamander ^[5]
• Lacerta gecko – Gekko gecko, Tokay gecko ^[5]
• Lacerta scincus – Scincus scincus, Sandfish ^[5]
• Lacerta hispida – Agama hispida ^[5]
• Lacerta orbicularis – Phrynosoma orbiculare, Mexican Plateau Horned Lizard ^[5]
• Lacerta basiliscus – Basiliscus basiliscus, Common basilisk ^[5]
• Lacerta iguana – Iguana iguana, Green Iguana ^[5]
• Lacerta calotes – Calotes calotes, Common Green Forest Lizard ^[5]
• Lacerta agama – Agama agama, Rock Agama ^[5]
• Lacerta umbra – Plica umbra ^[5]
• Lacerta plica – Plica plica ^[5]
• Lacerta marmorata – Polychrus marmorata ^[5]
• Lacerta bullaris – Jamaican Giant Anole ^[8] ?
• Lacerta strumosa – [nomen oblitum] for Anolis lineatus Daudin, 1802 ^[5]
• Lacerta teguixin – Tupinambis teguixin, Gold tegu ^[5]
• Lacerta aurata
• Lacerta punctata – Lygosoma punctatum ^[5]
• Lacerta lemniscata – Cnemidophorus lemniscatus, Rainbow Whiptail ^[5]
• Lacerta fasciata – Plestiodon fasciatus, Five-lined Skink ^[5]
• Lacerta lineata – Gymnophthalmus lineatus ^[5]
• Lacerta chalcides – Chalcides chalcides, Three-toed Skink ^[5]
• Lacerta anguina – Chamaesaura anguina, Cape Grass Lizard ^[5]

Rana (frogs & toads)^{[Note 1]}

• Rana pipa – Pipa pipa, Suriname Toad
• Rana bufo, Rana rubeta, & Rana ventricosa – Bufo bufo, Common Toad
• Rana gibbosa – Breviceps gibbosus, Cape Rain Frog
• Rana variegata – Bombina variegata, yellow-bellied toad
• Rana marina – Bufo marinus, cane toad
• Rana typhonia – [nomen oblitum] for Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin, 1802), Indian bullfrog ^[9]
• Rana ocellata – Leptodactylus ocellatus
• Rana cornuta – Ceratophrys cornuta, Surinam horned frog
• Rana marginata – [nomen dubium]
• Rana paradoxa – Pseudis paradoxa, paradoxical frog
• Rana temporaria – Rana temporaria, Common Frog, and Rana arvalis, Moor Frog
• Rana esculenta – Rana esculenta, Edible Frog
• Rana arborea & Rana hyla – Hyla arborea, European tree frog
• Rana boans – Hypsiboas boans

Serpentes

^{[Note 2]}

Crotalus (rattlesnakes)

• Crotalus horridus – Crotalus horridus
• Crotalus dryinas & Cortalus durissus – Crotalus durissus

Boa (boas)

• Boa murina & Boa scytale – Eunectes murinus, anaconda
• Boa canina & Boa hypnale – Corallus caninus, emerald tree boa
• Boa constrictor & Boa orophias – Boa constrictor
• Boa cenchria – Epicrates cenchria
• Boa enydris & Boa hortulana – Corallus hortulanus

Coluber (racers, vipers & cobras)

• Coluber vipera – Cerastes vipera
• Coluber atropos – Bitis atropos
• Coluber leberis – [suppressed] ^[10]
• Coluber lutrix – Duberria lutrix
• Coluber calamarius – Oligodon calamarius
• Coluber constrictor – Coluber constrictor
• Coluber ammodytes – Vipera ammodytes
• Coluber cerastes – Cerastes cerastes
• Coluber plicatilis – Pseudoeryx plicatilis
• Coluber domicella – Liophis poecilogyris
• Coluber alidras – perhaps Helicops angulatus
• Coluber buccatus – Homalopsis buccata
• Coluber angulatus – Helicops angulatus
• Coluber berus & Coluber chersea – Vipera berus
• Coluber caeruleus – [nomen dubium]
• Coluber albus – Brachyorrhus albus
• Coluber aspis – Vipera aspis
• Coluber typhlus – Liophis typhlus
• Coluber lebetinus – Macrovipera lebetina
• Coluber melanocephalus – Tantilla melanocephala
• Coluber cobella – Liophis cobella
• Coluber reginae – Leimadophis reginae
• Coluber severus – Xenodon severus
• Coluber aurora – Lamprophis aurora
• Coluber sipedon – Nerodia sipedon, northern water snake
• Coluber maurus – Natrix maura
• Coluber stolatus – Amphiesma stolatum, buff-striped keelback
• Coluber vittatus – Xenochrophis vittatus, striped keelback
• Coluber miliaris – Liophis miliaris
• Coluber rhombeatus – Psamnophylax rhombeatus
• Coluber cyaneus – [nomen dubium]
• Coluber natrix – Natrix natrix, grass snake
• Coluber aesculapii & Coluber agilis – Erythrolamprus aesculapii
• Coluber lacteus – Homoroselaps lacteus
• Coluber aulicus – Lycodon aulicus, Indian wolf snake
• Coluber monilis – [nomen dubium]
• Coluber pallidus – Thamnodynastes pallidus
• Coluber lineatus – Liophis lineatus
• Coluber naja – Naja naja, Indian cobra
• Coluber padera – [nomen dubium]
• Coluber canus – Pseudaspis cana, mole snake^[11]
• Coluber sibilans – Psamnophis sibilans
• Coluber laticaudatus – Laticauda laticauda
• Coluber sirtalis – Thamnophis sirtalis, common garter snake
• Coluber atrox – Bothrops atrox
• Coluber sibon & Coluber nebulatus – Sibon nebulata, clouded snake
• Coluber fuscus & Coluber saturninus – Chironius fuscus
• Coluber candidus – Bungarus candidus
• Coluber niveus – Naja haje, Egyptian cobra
• Coluber scaber – Dasypeltis scabra, common egg-eater
• Coluber carinatus – Chironius carinatus, machete savane
• Coluber corallinus – Liophis triscalis
• Coluber ovivorus – perhaps Elaphe vulpina, fox snake
• Coluber exoletus – Chironius exoletus
• Coluber situla – Zamenis situla, European ratsnake
• Coluber triscalis – Liophis triscalis
• Coluber lemniscatus – Micrurus lemniscatus
• Coluber annulatus – Leptodeira annulata, machete savane
• Coluber dipsas – [nomen dubium]
• Coluber pelias – Chrysopelea pelias, banded flying snake
• Coluber tyria – [nomen dubium]
• Coluber jugularis – Coluber jugularis
• Coluber petola – Oxyrhopus petola
• Coluber molurus – Python molurus
• Coluber ahaetulla – Leptophis ahaetulla
• Coluber petolarius – Oxyrhopus petola
• Coluber haje – Naja haje, Egyptian cobra
• Coluber filiformis – [nomen dubium]
• Coluber pullatus – Spilotes pullatus, tigre
• Coluber hippocrepis – Hemorrhois hippocrepis, horseshoe whip snake
• Coluber minervae – Liophis lineatus
• Coluber cinereus – perhaps Liophis cobella
• Coluber viridissimus – Philodryas viridissimus
• Coluber mucosus – Ptyas mucosus
• Coluber cenchoa – Imantodes cenchoa
• Coluber mycterizans – Ahaetulla mycterizans
• Coluber caerulescens – [nomen dubium]
• Coluber arges – [mythical]

Anguis (slowworms & worm snakes)

• Anguis bipes – Scelotes bipes
• Anguis meleagris – Acontias meleagris
• Anguis colubrina – Gongylophis colubrinus, Egyptian sand boa
• Anguis jaculus & Anguis cerastes – Eryx jaculus, javelin sand boa
• Anguis maculata – Cylindrophis maculatus, Ceylonese cylinder snake
• Anguis reticulata – Typhlops reticulatus, reticulate worm snake
• Anguis lumbricalis – Typhlops lumbricalis, earthworm worm snake
• Anguis laticauda – [nomen dubium]
• Anguis scytale – Anilius scytale
• Anguis eryx – part of Anguis fragilis, slow worm
• Anguis fragilis – Anguis fragilis, slow worm

Amphisbaena (worm lizards)

• Amphisbaena fuliginosa – Amphisbaena fuliginosa, spotted worm lizard
• Amphisbaena alba – Amphisbaena alba, red worm lizard

Caecilia (caecilians)

• Caecilia tentaculata – Caecilia tentaculata
• Caecilia glutinosa – Ichthyophis glutinosus, Ceylon caecilian

Nantes

Petromyzon (lampreys)

• Petromyzon marinus – Sea Lamprey
• Petromyzon fluviatilis & Petromyzon branchialis – European river lamprey

Raja (rays)

• Raja torpedo – Common torpedo
• Raja batis – Common skate
• Raja oxyrinchus – Long-nosed burton skate
• Raja miraletus – Brown ray
• Raja fullonica – Shagreen ray
• Raja aquila – Common eagle ray
• Raja altavela – Spiny butterfly ray
• Raja pastinaca – Common stingray
• Raja clavata – Thornback ray
• Raja rhinobatos – Common guitarfish

Squalus (sharks)

• Squalus acanthias – Spiny dogfish
• Squalus centrina – Angular roughshark
• Squalus spinax – Velvet belly lantern shark
• Squalus squatina – Angelshark
• Squalus zygaena – Smooth hammerhead shark
• Squalus tiburo – Bonnethead shark
• Squalus galeus – School shark
• Squalus canicula & Squalus catulus – Small-spotted catshark
• Squalus stellaris – Nursehound
• Squalus glaucus – Blue shark
• Squalus carcharias – Great white shark
• Squalus mustelus – Common smooth-hound
• Squalus pristis – Common sawfish

Chimaera (ratfishes)

• Chimaera monstrosa – Rabbitfish
• Chimaera callorynchus – Elephantfish

Lophius (anglerfishes)

• Lophius piscatorius – Angler
• Lophius vespertilio – Brazilian batfish
• Lophius histrio – Sargassumfish

Acipenser (sturgeons)

• Acipenser sturio – European Sea Sturgeon
• Acipenser ruthenus – Sterlet
• Acipenser huso – Beluga Sturgeon
• Acipenser plecostomus – Suckermouth Catfish

Notes

References

Category:Systema Naturae Systema Naturae, Amphibia

In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus described the Pisces as:^[1]

Always inhabiting the waters; are swift in their motion and voracious in their appetites. They breathe by means of gills, which are generally united by a bony arch; swim by means of radiate fins, and are mostly covered over with cartilaginous scales. Besides they parts they have in common with other animals, they are furnished with a nictitant membrane, and most of them with an swim-blader, by the contraction or dilatation of which, they can raise or sink themselves in their element at pleasure.

Linnaean Characteristics ^[1]

• Heart: 1 auricle, 1 ventricle. Cold, dark red blood
• Gills: external
• Jaw: incumbent
• Penis: (usually) none
• Eggs: without whites
• Organs of Sense: tongue, nostrils?, eyes, ears
• Covering: imbricate scales
• Supports: fins. Swims in the Water & Smacks.

Apodes

Muraena (eels)

• Muraena helena – Mediterranean moray
• Muraena ophis – Spotted snake eel
• Muraena serpens – Serpent eel
• Muraena angvilla – European eel
• Muraena myrus – Painted eel
• Muraena conger – European conger
• Muraena caeca – European finless eel

Gymnotus (electric knifefishes)

• Gymnotus carapo – Banded knifefish
• Gymnotus asiaticus – Snakehead

Trichiurus (cutlassfishes)

• Trichiurus lepturus – Largehead hairtail

Anarhichas (wolffishes)

• Anarhichas lupus – seawolf

Ammodytes (sand eels)

• Ammodytes tobianus – Lesser sand eel

Stromateus (butterfishes)

• Stromateus fiatola – Blue Butterfish
• Stromateus paru – American Harvestfish

Xiphias (swordfishes)

• Xiphias gladius – Swordfish

Jugulares

Callionymus (dragonets)

• Callionymus lyra & Callionymus dracunculus – Common Dragonet
• Callionymus indicus – Bartail flathead

Uranoscopus (stargazers)

• Uranoscopus scaber – Uranoscopus scaber

Trachinus (weevers)

• Trachinus draco – Greater weever

Gadus (cod & kin)

• Gadus aeglefinus – Haddock
• Gadus morhua & Gadus callarias – Atlantic Cod
• Gadus luscus & Gadus barbatus – Pouting
• Gadus minutus – Poor cod
• Gadus virens & Gadus carbonarius – Coalfish
• Gadus merlangus – Whiting
• Gadus pollachius – Pollock
• Gadus merluccius – European Hake
• Gadus molva – Commong ling
• Gadus lota – Burbot
• Gadus mustela – Fivebeard rockling
• Gadus mediterraneus – Shore rockling

Blennius (blennies)

• Blennius galerita – Montagu's blenny
• Blennius cristatus – Molly Miller
• Blennius cornutus – Horned blenny
• Blennius ocellaris – Butterfly Blenny
• Blennius gattorugine – Tompot blenny
• Blennius superciliosus & Blennius mustelarius – Highfin kilpfish
• Blennius pholis – Combtooth blenny
• Blennius gunnellus – Rock gunnel
• Blennius viviparus – Viviparous eelpout
• Blennius lumpenus
• Blennius raninus – Lesser forkbeard

Ophidion (cusk-wels)

• Ophidion barbatum – Snake blenny
• Ophidion imberbe – Rock gunnel
• Ophidion macrophthalmum – Red bandfish

Thoracici

Cyclopterus (Lumpfishes)

• Cyclopterus lumpus – Cyclopterus lumpus
• Cyclopterus nudus – Gobiesox nudus

Echeneis (Remoras)

• Echeneis remora – Common remora
• Echeneis neucrates – Live sharksucker

Coryphaena (Dolphinfishes)

• Coryphaena hippurus – Common dolphinfish
• Coryphaena equiselis – Pompano dolphinfish
• Coryphaena pentadactyla – Fivefinger wrasse
• Coryphaena novacula – Pearly razorfish
• Coryphaena pompilus – Rudderfish

Gobius (Gobies)

• Gobius niger & Gobius jozo – Black goby
• Gobius paganellus – Rock goby
• Gobius eleotris
• Gobius aphya
• Gobius pectinirostris – Blue-spotted mud hopper
• Gobius anguillaris – Taenioides anguillaris

Cottus (Sculpins)

• Cottus cataphractus – Agonus cataphractus
• Cottus quadricornis – Fourhorn sculpin
• Cottus grunniens – Allenbatrachus grunniens
• Cottus scaber – Grammoplites scaber
• Cottus scorpius – Shorthorn sculpin
• Cottus gobio – European bullhead

Scorpaena (Scorpionfishes)

• Scorpaena porcus – European scorpionfish
• Scorpaena scrofa – Bigscale scorpionfish

Zeus (John Dories & kin)

• Zeus vomer – Lookdown
• Zeus gallus – Selene gallus
• Zeus faber – John Dory
• Zeus aper – Capros aper

Pleuronectes (Flatfishes)

• Pleuronectes achirus – Achirus achirus
• Pleuronectes trichodactylus – Monochirus trichodactylus
• Pleuronectes lineatus – Lined sole
• Pleuronectes ocellatus – Microchirus ocellatus
• Pleuronectes lunatus – Plate fish
• Pleuronectes hippoglossus – Atlantic halibut
• Pleuronectes cynoglossus – Trobay sole
• Pleuronectes platessa – European plaice
• Pleuronectes flesus & Pleuronectes passer – European flounder
• Pleuronectes limanda – Common dab
• Pleuronectes solea – Common sole
• Pleuronectes linguatula – Citharus linguatula
• Pleuronectes rhombus – Brill
• Pleuronectes maximus – Turbot
• Pleuronectes papillosus – Syacium papillosum

Chaetodon (Butterflyfishes, Angelfishes, & kin)

• Chaetodon canescens & Chaetodon cornutus – Moorish idol
• Chaetodon argenteus – Silver moony
• Chaetodon acuminatus & Chaetodon macrolepidotus – Pennant coralfish
• Chaetodon pinnatus – Dusky batfish
• Chaetodon punctatus – Drepane punctata
• Chaetodon arcuatus – Gray angelfish
• Chaetodon rostratus – Copperband butterflyfish
• Chaetodon nigricans – Acanthurus nigricans
• Chaetodon triostegus – Convict surgeonfish
• Chaetodon lineatus – Striped surgeon
• Chaetodon striatus – Banded butterflyfish
• Chaetodon aruanus – Whitetail dascyllus
• Chaetodon capistratus – Foureye butterflyfish
• Chaetodon vagabundus – Vagabond butterflyfish
• Chaetodon ciliaris – Queen angelfish
• Chaetodon saxatilis – Sergeant major
• Chaetodon rotundus – Abudefduf septemfasciatus
• Chaetodon lanceolatus – Jack-knifefish

Sparus (Breams and Porgies)

• Sparus aurata – Gilt-head bream
• Sparus annularis – Diplodus annularis
• Sparus sargus – Diplodus sargus
• Sparus melanurus – Saddled seabream
• Sparus smaris – Spicara smaris
• Sparus maena – Spicara maena
• Sparus saxatilis – Crenicichla saxatilis
• Sparus orphus & Sparus pagrus – Red porgy
• Sparus hurta & Sparus mormyrus – Lithognathus mormyrus
• Sparus erythrinus – Common pandora
• Sparus boops – Boops boops
• Sparus cantharus – Black seabream
• Sparus chromis – Chromis chromis
• Sparus salpa – Salema porgy
• Sparus synagris – Lane snapper
• Sparus dentex – Common dentex
• Sparus spinus – Siganus spinus
• Sparus virginicus – Porkfish
• Sparus capistratus
• Sparus galilaeus – Mango tilapia

Labrus (Wrasses, Parrotfishes, & kin)

• Labrus scarus
• Labrus cretensis – Mediterranean parrotfish
• Labrus anthias – Anthias anthias
• Labrus hepatus – Serranus hepatus
• Labrus griseus – Mangrove snapper
• Labrus lunaris – Moon wrasse
• Labrus opercularis – Paradise fish
• Labrus pavo – Ornate wrasse
• Labrus auritus – Redbreast sunfish
• Labrus falcatus – Permit
• Labrus rufus – Spanish hogfish
• Labrus marginalis
• Labrus ferrugineus
• Labrus julis & Labrus paroticus – Mediterranean rainbow wrasse
• Labrus suillus & Labrus rupestris – Goldsinny wrasse
• Labrus striatus – Black sea bass
• Labrus gvaza – Venezuelan grouper
• Labrus ocellaris
• Labrus tinca – Symphodus tinca
• Labrus bimaculatus – Cichlasoma bimaculatum
• Labrus punctatus – Polycentrus schomburgkii
• Labrus melops – Corkwing wrasse
• Labrus niloticus – Nile perch
• Labrus ossifagus, Labrus mixtus, & Labrus varius – Cuckoo wrasse
• Labrus onitis – Tautog
• Labrus viridis – Green wrasse
• Labrus luscus – Acantholabrus palloni
• Labrus livens – Labrus merula
• Labrus turdus – Labrus viridis
• Labrus exoletus & Labrus chinensis – Centrolabrus exoletus
• Labrus linearis
• Labrus fulvus – Cephalopholis fulva
• Labrus radiatus – Puddingwife wrasse
• Labrus merula – Brown wrasse
• Labrus cynaedus

Sciaena (Snappers & Croakers)

• Sciaena cappa
• Sciaena lepisma
• Sciaena unimaculata
• Sciaena umbra – Brown meagre
• Sciaena cirrosa – Umbrina cirrosa

Perca (Perch, Grouper, & kin)

• Perca fluviatilis – European perch
• Perca lucioperca – Zander
• Perca asper – Asper
• Perca labrax – European seabass
• Perca nilotica – Nile tilapia
• Perca marina – Rose fish
• Perca nobilis – Conodon nobilis
• Perca polymna – Saddleback clownfish
• Perca cottoides – Cottapistus cottoides
• Perca philadelphica – Centropristis philadelphica
• Perca mediterranea – Symphodus mediterraneus
• Perca vittata – Oriental Sweetlips
• Perca punctata – Cephalopholis fulva
• Perca guttata – Epinephelus guttatus
• Perca scriba – Painted comber
• Perca venenosa – Yellowfin grouper
• Perca melanura – Haemulon melanurum
• Perca gibbosa – Pumpkinseed
• Perca saltatrix – Perca sectatrix
• Perca stigma
• Perca diagramma – Plectorhinchus diagrammus
• Perca striata – Haemulon striatum
• Perca lineata – Plectorhinchus lineatus
• Perca rhomboidalis – Western Atlantic seabream
• Perca cernua – Ruffe
• Perca schraetser – Gymnocephalus schraetser
• Perca argentea – Terapon theraps
• Perca cabrilla – Comber
• Perca radula

Gasterosteus (Sticklebacks & kin)

• Gasterosteus aculeatus – Three-spined stickleback
• Gasterosteus ductor – Pilot fish
• Gasterosteus occidentalis
• Gasterosteus ovatus – Trachinotus ovatus
• Gasterosteus pungitius – Ninespine stickleback
• Gasterosteus volitans – Red lionfish
• Gasterosteus spinachia – Spinachia spinachia
• Gasterosteus spinarella – Flying gurnard

Scomber (Mackerel & Tuna)

• Scomber scombrus – Atlantic mackerel
• Scomber pelamis – Skipjack tuna
• Scomber thynnus – Atlantic bluefin tuna
• Scomber cordyla – Torpedo scad
• Scomber glaucus – Trachinotus ovatus
• Scomber trachurus – Atlantic horse mackerel
• Scomber amia – Lichia amia
• Scomber pelagicus – Dolphinfish

Mullus (Goatfishes)

• Mullus barbatus – Bluntsnouted mullet
• Mullus surmuletus – Red mullet
• Mullus imberbis – Cardinalfish

Trigla (Sea robins)

• Trigla cataphracta – Peristedion cataphractum
• Trigla lyra – Piper gurnard
• Trigla gurnardus – Grey gurnard
• Trigla cuculus – East Atlantic red gurnard
• Trigla lucerna – Tub Gurnard
• Trigla hirundo – Chelidonichthys gabonensis
• Trigla asiatica
• Trigla volitans – Flying gurnard

Abdominales

Cobitis (Loaches)

• Cobitis anableps – Four-eyed fish
• Cobitis barbatula – Stone loach
• Cobitis taenia – Spined loach
• Cobitis fossilis – European weatherfish

Silurus (Catfishes)

• Silurus asotus – Amur catfish
• Silurus glanis – Wels catfish
• Silurus aspredo – Aspredo aspredo
• Silurus mystus – African Butter catfish
• Silurus anguillaris – Mudfish
• Silurus batrachus – Walking catfish
• Silurus undecimalis
• Silurus militaris – Osteogeneiosus militaris
• Silurus catus – White catfish
• Silurus clarias – Synodontis clarias
• Silurus ascita
• Silurus costatus – Platydoras costatus
• Silurus callichthys – Armored catfish
• Silurus cataphractus – Acanthodoras cataphractus

Loricaria (Suckermouth Catfishes)

• Loricaria cataphracta – Suckermouth catfish

Salmo (Salmon, Trout, & kin)

• Salmo salar – Atlantic salmon
• Salmo eriox, Salmo trutta, Salmo fario, & Salmo lacustris – Brown trout
• Salmo hucho – Huchen
• Salmo carpio – Carpione
• Salmo alpinus – Arctic char
• Salmo salvelinus, Salmo salmarinus, & Salmo umbla – Salvelinus umbla
• Salmo eperlanus – European smelt
• Salmo saurus – Atlantic lizardfish
• Salmo lavaretus – Common whitefish
• Salmo albula & Salmo vimba – Vendace
• Salmo thymallus – Grayling
• Salmo oxyrinchus – Houting
• Salmo gibbosus – Charax gibbosus
• Salmo bimaculatus – Astyanax bimaculatus
• Salmo immaculatus – Curimata cyprinoides
• Salmo niloticus – Alestes dentex
• Salmo pulverulentus – Acestrorhynchus falcatus
• Salmo anostomus – Anostomus anostomus

Fistularia (Cornetfishes)

• Fistularia tabacaria – Bluespotted cornetfish

Esox (Pike, Gar, and kin)

• Esox sphyraena – European barracuda
• Esox osseus – Longnose gar
• Esox vulpes – Bonefish
• Esox synodus – Diamond lizardfish
• Esox lucius – Northern pike
• Esox hepsetus – Anchoa hepsetus
• Esox bellone
• Esox brasiliensis – Ballyhoo
• Esox gymnocephalus – unknown

Argentina (Herring smelts)

• Argentina sphyraena – European argentine

Atherina (Silversides)

• Atherina hepsetus – Mediterranean sand smelt

Mugil (Mullet)

• Mugil cephalus – Flathead mullet

Exocoetus (Flying fishes)

• Exocoetus volitans – Tropical two-winged flying fish

Polynemus (Threadfins)

• Polynemus quinquarius – Pentanemus quinquarius
• Polynemus virginicus – Polydactylus virginicus
• Polynemus paradiseus – Paradise threadfin

Clupea (Herring, Hatchetfishes, & kin)

• Clupea harengus – Atlantic herring
• Clupea sprattus – European sprat
• Clupea alosa – Allis shad
• Clupea encrasicolus – European anchovy
• Clupea thrissa – Clupanodon thrissa
• Clupea sima
• Clupea sternicla – Common hatchetfish
• Clupea mystus – Coilia mystus
• Clupea tropica
• Clupea sinensis – Tenualosa reevesii

Cyprinus (Carp & kin)

• Cyprinus barbus – Common barbel
• Cyprinus carpio – Common carp
• Cyprinus gobio – Gobio gobio
• Cyprinus americanus – Menticirrhus americanus
• Cyprinus carassius – Crucian carp
• Cyprinus tinca – Tench
• Cyprinus cephalus – European chub
• Cyprinus auratus – Goldfish
• Cyprinus niloticus
• Cyprinus phoxinus & Cyprinus aphya – Common minnow
• Cyprinus leuciscus, Cyprinus dobula, & Cyprinus grislagine – Common dace
• Cyprinus idbarus, Cyprinus idus, Cyprinus orfus, & Cyprinus jeses – Ide
• Cyprinus rutilus – Common roach
• Cyprinus erythrophthalmus – Common rudd
• Cyprinus nasus – Common Nase
• Cyprinus aspius – Asp
• Cyprinus alburnus – Common Bleak
• Cyprinus vimba – Vimba bream
• Cyprinus dentex – Alestes dentex
• Cyprinus brama – Carp bream
• Cyprinus cultratus – Ziege
• Cyprinus bjoerkna – Silver bream
• Cyprinus farenus & Cyprinus ballerus – Blue bream

Branchiostegi

Mormyrus (Elephantfishes)

• Mormyrus cyprinoides – Marcusenius cyprinoides
• Mormyrus anguilloides – Cornish jack
• Mormyrus caschive – Mormyrus caschive

Balistes (Triggerfishes)

• Balistes monoceros – Unicorn leatherjacket
• Balistes tomentosus – Acreichthys tomentosus
• Balistes papillosus – Papillose filefish
• Balistes verrucosus – Rhinecanthus verrucosus
• Balistes aculeatus – Lagoon triggerfish
• Balistes vetula – Queen triggerfish
• Balistes ringens – Xanthichthys ringens
• Balistes scolopax – Longspine snipefish

Ostracion (Boxfishes & Cowfishes)

• Ostracion triqueter – Lactophrys triqueter
• Ostracion trigonus – Lactophrys trigonus
• Ostracion bicaudalis – Spotted trunkfish
• Ostracion tricornis & Ostracion quadricornis – scrawled cowfish
• Ostracion cornutus – longhorn cowfish
• Ostracion tuberculatus & Ostracion cubicus – yellow boxfish
• Ostracion gibbosus – Tetrosomus gibbosus

Tetrodon (Pufferfishes & Sunfishes)

• Tetraodon testudineus – Checkered puffer
• Tetraodon lagocephalus – Oceanic puffer
• Tetraodon lineatus – Fahaka pufferfish
• Tetraodon ocellatus – Takifugu ocellatus
• Tetraodon hispidus – White-spotted puffer
• Tetraodon mola – Ocean sunfish

Diodon (Porcupinefishes)

• Diodon atringa – Chilomycterus atringa
• Diodon reticulatus & Diodon echinatus – Chilomycterus reticulatus
• Diodon spinosus – Chilomycterus spinosus
• Diodon hystrix – Spot-fin porcupinefish
• Diodon holocanthus – Long-spine porcupinefish
• Diodon raninus

Centriscus (Shrimpfishes)

• Centriscus scutatus – Grooved shrimpfish

Syngnathus (Pipefishes & Seahorses)

• Syngnathus typhle – Broad-nosed pipefish
• Syngnathus acus – Common pipefish
• Syngnathus pelagicus – Pelagic pipefish
• Syngnathus aequoreus – Entelurus aequoreus
• Syngnathus ophidion & Sygnathus barbarus – Nerophis ophidion
• Syngnathus hippocampus – Short-snouted seahorse

Pegasus (Seamoths)

• Pegasus volitans – Longtail seamoth

References

Category:Systema Naturae Systema Naturae, PiscesCategory:Obsolete taxonomic groups

In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus classified the arthropods, including insects, arachnids and crustaceans, among his class "Insecta". He described the Insecta as:^[1]

A very numerous and various class consisting of small animals, breathing through lateral spiracles, armed on all sides with a bony skin, or covered with hair; furnished with many feet, and moveable antennae (or horns), which project from the head, and are the probable instruments of sensation.

Linnaean Characteristics ^[1]

• Heart: 1 auricle, 0 ventricles. Cold, puss-like blood.
• Spiracles: lateral pores
• Jaw: lateral
• Penis: penetrates
• Organs of Sense: tongue, eyes, antennae on head, no brain, no ears, no nostrils
• Covering: a bony coat of mail
• Supports: feet, and in some, wings. Skips on Dry Ground & Buzzes

Orders

Linnaeus divided the class Insecta into seven orders, based chiefly on the form of the wings. He also provided a key to the orders:^[2]

• 4 wings

• pairs dissimilar

• forewings fully hardened: Coleoptera
• forewings partly hardened: Hemiptera

• pairs similar

• wings covered with flat scales: Lepidoptera
• wings membranous

• Tail unarmed: Neuroptera
• Tail bearing a sting: Hymenoptera

• 2 wings: Diptera
• 0 wings: Aptera

Despite this key, however, Linnaeus grouped insects together that shared other affinities. His genus Coccus, containing the scale insects, he placed among the 4-winged Hemiptera, along with aphids and other plant-attacking insects, even though females have no wings, and males have two wings.^[2] Similarly, the sheep ked Hippobosca ovina (now Melophagus ovinus) was correctly placed among the Diptera, despite being wingless.^[2]

Genera

• Coleoptera: Scarabaeus (scarab beetles), Dermestes (larder beetles), Hister (clown beetles), Attelabus (leaf-rolling weevils), Curculio (true weevils), Silpha (carrion beetles), Coccinella (ladybirds or ladybugs), Cassida (tortoise beetles), Chrysomela (leaf beetles), Meloe (blister beetles), Tenebrio (darkling beetles), Mordella (tumbling flower beetles), Staphylinus (rove beetles), Cerambyx (longhorn beetles), Cantharis (soldier beetles), Elater (click beetles), Cicindela (ground beetles), Buprestis (jewel beetles), Dytiscus (Dytiscidae), Carabus, Necydalis (necydaline beetles), Forficula (earwigs), Blatta (cockroaches) & Gryllus (other orthopteroid insects)
• Hemiptera: Cicada (cicadas), Notonecta (backswimmers), Nepa (water scorpions), Cimex (bedbugs), Aphis (aphids), Chermes (woolly aphids), Coccus (scale insects) & Thrips (thrips)
• Lepidoptera: Papilio (butterflies), Sphinx (hawk moths), Phalaena (moths)
• Neuroptera: Libellula (dragonflies & damselflies), Ephemera (mayflies), Phryganea (caddisflies), Hemerobius (lacewings), Panorpa (scorpionflies) & Raphidia (snakeflies)
• Hymenoptera: Cynips (Gall wasps), Tentheredo (sawflies, Ichneumon (ichneumon wasps), Sphex (digger wasps), Vespa (hornets), Apis (bees), Formica (ants) & Mutella (velvet ants)
• Diptera: Oesyrus (botflies), Tipula (crane flies), Musca (house flies), Tabanus (horse flies), Culex (mosquitoes), Empis (dance flies), Conops (thick-headed flies), Asilus (robber flies), Bombylius (bee flies) & Hippobosca (louse flies)
• Aptera: Lepisma (silverfish), Podura (springtails), Termes (termite)s, Pediculus (lice), Pulex (fleas), Acarus (mites & ticks), Phalangium (harvestmen), Aranea (spiders), Scorpio (scorpions), Cancer (crabs, lobsters and kin), Monoculus (water fleas & kin), Oniscus (woodlice), Scolopendra (centipedes) & Julus (millipedes)

References

Category:Systema Naturae Systema Naturae, Insecta

In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus classified the arthropods, including insects, arachnids and crustaceans, among his class "Insecta". Insects with hardened wing covers (beetles, earwigs and orthopteroid insects) were brought together under the name Coleoptera.

Scarabaeus (scarab beetles)

• Scarabaeus hercules – male of Dynastes hercules ^[1]
• Scarabaeus actaeon – Megasoma actaeon ^[2]
• Scarabaeus simson – Strategus simson ^[3]
• Scarabaeus atlas – Chalcosoma atlas ^[2]
• Scarabaeus aloëus – Strategus aloeus ^[3]
• Scarabaeus typhoeus – Typhaeus typhoeus ^[2]
• Scarabaeus nasicornis – Oryctes nasicornis ^[4]
• Scarabaeus lunaris – Copris lunaris ^[5]
• Scarabaeus cylindricus – Sinodendron cylindricum ^[6]
• Scarabaeus carnifex – Phanaeus carnifex
• Scarabaeus rhinoceros – Oryctes rhinoceros ^[2]
• Scarabaeus molossus – Catharsius molossus ^[2]
• Scarabaeus mimas – Diabroctis mimas
• Scarabaeus sacer – Scarabaeus sacer ^[2]
• Scarabaeus didymus – Phileurus didymus ^[2]
• Scarabaeus valgus – Phileurus valgus ^[7]
• Scarabaeus nuchicornis – Onthophagus nuchicornis ^[8]
• Scarabaeus subterraneus – Eupleurus subterraneus ^[8]
• Scarabaeus erraticus – Colobopterus erraticus ^[8]
• Scarabaeus maurus – Glaphyrus maurus ^[9]
• Scarabaeus fossor – Teuchestes fossor ^[8]
• Scarabaeus fimetarius – Aphodius fimetarius ^[8]
• Scarabaeus haemorrhoidalis – Aphodius haemorrhoidalis ^[8]
• Scarabaeus conspurcatus – Chilothorax conspurcatus
• Scarabaeus gigas – Heliocopris gigas ^[2]
• Scarabaeus scaber – female of Dynastes hercules ^[1]
• Scarabaeus longimanus – Euchirus longimanus ^[2]
• Scarabaeus pilularius – Canthon pilularium ^[2]
• Scarabaeus schaefferi – Sisyphus schaefferi
• Scarabaeus stercorarius – Geotrupes stercorarius ^[10]
• Scarabaeus vernalis – Trypocopris vernalis ^[10]
• Scarabaeus calcaratus
• Scarabaeus fabulosus
• Scarabaeus chrysis – Macraspis chrysis ^[2]
• Scarabaeus nitidus – Cotinis nitida ^[2]
• Scarabaeus lanigerus – Cotalpa lanigera ^[2]
• Scarabaeus festivus
• Scarabaeus lineola – Rutela lineola
• Scarabaeus punctatus – Pelidnota punctata ^[8]
• Scarabaeus sepicola
• Scarabaeus syriacus – Pygopleurus syriacus ^[11]
• Scarabaeus horticola – Phyllopertha horticola
• Scarabaeus melolontha – Melolontha melolontha
• Scarabaeus solstitialis – Amphimallon solstitialis
• Scarabaeus hemipterus – Valgus hemipterus ^[8]
• Scarabaeus fullo – Melolontha fullo ^[2]
• Scarabaeus fasciatus – Trichius fasciatus ^[2]
• Scarabaeus indus – Euphoria inda ^[2]
• Scarabaeus brunnus – Serica brunnea
• Scarabaeus capensis – Trichostetha capensis ^[2]
• Scarabaeus lanius – Gymnetis lanius
• Scarabaeus auratus – Cetonia aurata ^[2]
• Scarabaeus variabilis – Osmoderma eremita
• Scarabaeus nobilis – Gnorimus nobilis
• Scarabaeus rufipes – Acrossus rufipes ^[8]
• Scarabaeus aquaticus
• Scarabaeus ceratoniae – Sinoxylon ceratoniae ^[12]
• Scarabaeus cervus – Lucanus cervus ^[6]
• Scarabaeus interruptus – Passalus interruptus ^[2]
• Scarabaeus carinatus – Chalcodes carinatus ^[2]
• Scarabaeus tridentatus – artificial chimaera, comprising the head of Lucanus cervus on the body of Prionus coriarius ^[13]
• Scarabaeus parallelipipedus – Dorcus parallelipipedus ^[6]
• Scarabaeus caraboides – Platycerus caraboides

Dermestes (larder beetles)

• Dermestes lardarius – Dermestes lardarius
• Dermestes undatus
• Dermestes pellio – Attagenus pellio, the carpet beetle
• Dermestes pectinicornis - Ptilinus pectinicornis
• Dermestes clavicornis
• Dermestes pertinax
• Dermestes mollis
• Dermestes capucinus
• Dermestes typographus
• Dermestes micrographus
• Dermestes poligraphus
• Dermestes piniperda – Tomicus piniperda
• Dermestes violaceus
• Dermestes fenestralis
• Dermestes domesticus
• Dermestes melanocephalus
• Dermestes murinus
• Dermestes pilula
• Dermestes scarabaeoides
• Dermestes scrophulariae – Anthrenus scrophulariae
• Dermestes pisorum
• Dermestes paniceus
• Dermestes eustatius
• Dermestes stercoreus
• Dermestes pedicularius
• Dermestes pulicarius
• Dermestes psyllius
• Dermestes scanicus
• Dermestes colon
• Dermestes surinamensis
• Dermestes hemipterus

Hister (clown beetles)

• Hister unicolor
• Hister pygmaeus
• Hister bimaculatus
• Hister quadrimaculatus – Hister quadrimaculatus

Silpha (carrion beetles)

• Silpha germanica – Nicrophorus germanicus
• Silpha vespillo – Nicrophorus vespillo
• Silpha bipunctata
• Silpha quatripunctata
• Silpha indica
• Silpha americana – Necrophila americana, the American carrion beetle
• Silpha seminulum
• Silpha agaricina
• Silpha maura
• Silpha russica
• Silpha littoralis
• Silpha atrata – Phosphuga atrata
• Silpha thoracica
• Silpha opaca – Blitophaga opaca
• Silpha rugosa
• Silpha sabulosa
• Silpha obscura
• Silpha ferruginea
• Silpha grossa
• Silpha oblonga
• Silpha aquatica
• Silpha colon
• Silpha depressa
• Silpha grisea
• Silpha aestiva
• Silpha pedicularis

Cassida (tortoise beetles)

• Cassida viridis
• Cassida nebulosa
• Cassida nobilis
• Cassida cruciata
• Cassida bifasciata
• Cassida flava
• Cassida purpurea
• Cassida marginata
• Cassida reticularis
• Cassida variegata
• Cassida grossa
• Cassida clatrata
• Cassida jamaicensis
• Cassida cyanea
• Cassida inaequalis
• Cassida lateralis
• Cassida discoides
• Cassida petiveriana – Therea petiveriana ^[14]

Coccinella (ladybirds or ladybugs)

• Coccinella unipunctata
• Coccinella 2-punctata - Adalia bipunctata
• Coccinella 3-punctata
• Coccinella hebraea
• Coccinella 5-punctata - Coccinella quinquepunctata
• Coccinella trifasciata
• Coccinella hieroglyphica
• Coccinella 7-punctata - Coccinella septempunctata
• Coccinella 9-punctata
• Coccinella 10-punctata
• Coccinella 11-punctata - Coccinella undecimpunctata
• Coccinella 13-punctata - Hippodamia tredecimpunctata
• Coccinella 14-punctata - Propylea quatuordecimpunctata
• Coccinella ocellata
• Coccinella 19-punctata
• Coccinella 22-punctata - Psyllobora vigintiduopunctata
• Coccinella 24-punctata
• Coccinella 25-punctata
• Coccinella conglobata
• Coccinella conglomerata
• Coccinella guttatopunctata
• Coccinella 14-guttata - Calvia quatuordecimguttata
• Coccinella 16-guttata - Halyzia sedecimguttata
• Coccinella 18-guttata
• Coccinella 20-guttata
• Coccinella oblongoguttata - Myrrha octodecimguttata
• Coccinella obliterata
• Coccinella 2-pustulata
• Coccinella 4-pustulata
• Coccinella 6-pustulata
• Coccinella 10-pustulata
• Coccinella 14-pustulata
• Coccinella 16-pustulata
• Coccinella gigantea
• Coccinella pantherina
• Coccinella tigrina

Chrysomela (leaf beetles)

• Chrysomela göttingensis
• Chrysomela tanaceti
• Chrysomela haemorrhoidalis
• Chrysomela graminis - Chrysolina graminis, the tansy beetle
• Chrysomela aenea
• Chrysomela alni - Agelastica alni
• Chrysomela betulae
• Chrysomela haemoptera
• Chrysomela occidentalis
• Chrysomela padi
• Chrysomela armoraciae - Phaedon armoraciae
• Chrysomela hypochaeridis
• Chrysomela vulgatissima - Phratora vulgatissima, the blue willow beetle
• Chrysomela vitellinae
• Chrysomela polygoni - Gastrophysa polygoni
• Chrysomela pallida
• Chrysomela staphylaea
• Chrysomela polita
• Chrysomela clavicornis
• Chrysomela populi
• Chrysomela viminalis
• Chrysomela 10-punctata
• Chrysomela lapponica - Chrysomela lapponica
• Chrysomela boleti
• Chrysomela collaris
• Chrysomela sanguinolenta
• Chrysomela marginata
• Chrysomela marginella
• Chrysomela aestuans
• Chrysomela coccinea
• Chrysomela philadelphica
• Chrysomela americana - Chrysolina americana
• Chrysomela sacra
• Chrysomela minuta
• Chrysomela oleracea
• Chrysomela chrysocephala
• Chrysomela hyoscyami
• Chrysomela erythrocephala
• Chrysomela helxines
• Chrysomela exsoleta
• Chrysomela nitidula
• Chrysomela nemorum
• Chrysomela rufipes
• Chrysomela holsatica
• Chrysomela hemisphaerica
• Chrysomela surinamensis
• Chrysomela litera
• Chrysomela aequinoctialis
• Chrysomela tridentata
• Chrysomela 4-punctata
• Chrysomela 2-punctata
• Chrysomela moraei
• Chrysomela nitida
• Chrysomela sericea - Plateumaris sericea
• Chrysomela coryli
• Chrysomela pini
• Chrysomela bothnica
• Chrysomela cordigera
• Chrysomela 6-punctata
• Chrysomela 10 maculata
• Chrysomela obscura - Bromius obscurus
• Chrysomela merdigera
• Chrysomela nymphaeae
• Chrysomela caprea
• Chrysomela 4-maculata
• Chrysomela cyanella
• Chrysomela 12-punctata - Crioceris duodecimpunctata
• Chrysomela melanopus - Oulema melanopus, the cereal leaf beetle
• Chrysomela phellandrii
• Chrysomela asparagi - Crioceris asparagi
• Chrysomela cerasi - Orsodacne cerasi
• Chrysomela sulphurea
• Chrysomela cervina
• Chrysomela ceramboides
• Chrysomela murina
• Chrysomela hirta
• Chrysomela inda
• Chrysomela elongata

Curculio (true weevils)

• Curculio palmarum
• Curculio indus
• Curculio hemipterus
• Curculio violaceus
• Curculio alliariae
• Curculio cyaneus
• Curculio aterrimus
• Curculio cerasi
• Curculio acridulus
• Curculio purpureus
• Curculio frumentarius
• Curculio granarius
• Curculio dorsalis
• Curculio melanocardius
• Curculio pini
• Curculio rumicis
• Curculio lapathi
• Curculio cupreus
• Curculio scaber
• Curculio T.album
• Curculio quercus
• Curculio arator
• Curculio 2-punctatus
• Curculio 4-maculatus
• Curculio 5-maculatus
• Curculio pericarpius
• Curculio scrophulariae
• Curculio vittatus
• Curculio paraplecticus
• Curculio algirus
• Curculio bacchus
• Curculio betulae
• Curculio populi
• Curculio alni
• Curculio salicis
• Curculio fagi
• Curculio segetis
• Curculio pomorum
• Curculio ovatus
• Curculio carbonarius
• Curculio mucoreus
• Curculio pusio
• Curculio vaginalis
• Curculio stigma
• Curculio depressus
• Curculio annulatus
• Curculio dispar
• Curculio anchorago
• Curculio abietis - Hylobius abietis, the pine weevil
• Curculio germanus
• Curculio nucum
• Curculio 5-punctatus
• Curculio hispidus
• Curculio rectirostris
• Curculio pedicularius
• Curculio ligustici
• Curculio pyri
• Curculio oblongus
• Curculio argentatus
• Curculio ovatus - Otiorhynchus ovatus
• Curculio cervinus
• Curculio argyreus
• Curculio viridis
• Curculio speciosus
• Curculio ruficornis
• Curculio albinus
• Curculio lineatus - Sitona lineatus
• Curculio incanus
• Curculio cloropus
• Curculio rufipes
• Curculio nebulosus
• Curculio ater
• Curculio emeritus
• Curculio barbarus
• Curculio cornutus
• Curculio 16-punctatus
• Curculio granulatus
• Curculio abbreviatus - Diaprepes abbreviatus
• Curculio chinensis
• Curculio apterus

Attelabus (leaf-rolling weevils)

• Attelabus coryli
• Attelabus surinamensis
• Attelabus pensylvanicus
• Attelabus betulae
• Attelabus formicarius
• Attelabus sipylus
• Attelabus apiarius
• Attelabus mollis
• Attelabus ceramboides
• Attelabus buprestoides

Cerambyx (longhorn beetles)

• Cerambyx longimanus – Acrocinus longimanus ^[15]
• Cerambyx trochlearis – Macropophora trochlearis ^[16]
• Cerambyx cervicornis – Macrodontia cervicornis ^[15][17]
• Cerambyx coriarius – Prionus coriarius ^[15][18]
• Cerambyx cinnamomeus – Callipogon cinnamomeus ^[17]
• Cerambyx festivus – Chlorida festivus ^[17]
• Cerambyx lineatus – Elateropsis lineatus ^[19]
• Cerambyx spinibarbis – Mallodon spinibarbis ^[15][17]
• Cerambyx batus – Juiparus batus ^[17]
• Cerambyx rubus – Batocera rubus ^[15][16]
• Cerambyx ferrugineus
• Cerambyx sentis – Batocera sentis ^[16]
• Cerambyx farinosus – Taeniotes farinosus ^[16][17]
• Cerambyx depressus – Macropophora trochlearis ^[16]
• Cerambyx glaucus – Oreodera glauca ^[15][16]
• Cerambyx lamed – Pachyta lamed ^[18]
• Cerambyx nebulosus – Leiopus nebulosus ^[15][16]
• Cerambyx hispidus – Pogonocherus hispidus ^[15][16][18]
• Cerambyx desertus
• Cerambyx succinctus – Trachyderes succinctus ^[15]
• Cerambyx virens
• Cerambyx moschatus – Terambus moschatus ^[15]
• Cerambyx alpinus – Rosalia alpina ^[15]
• Cerambyx aedilis – Acanthocinus aedilis ^[15][16]
• Cerambyx sutor – Monochamus sutor ^[15][16]
• Cerambyx cerdo – Cerambyx cerdo ^[20]
• Cerambyx textor – Lamia textor ^[15][16]
• Cerambyx fuliginator – Iberodorcadion fuliginator ^[16]
• Cerambyx coquus – Tragiodon coquus
• Cerambyx cursor – Oxymirus cursor ^[15][18]
• Cerambyx kaehleri – Purpuricenus kaehleri ^[15]
• Cerambyx inquisitor – Rhagium inquisitor ^[15][18]
• Cerambyx fur – Ptinus fur ^[21]
• Cerambyx carcharias – Saperda carcharias ^[15][16]
• Cerambyx scalaris – Saperda scalaris ^[16]
• Cerambyx populneus – Saperda populnea ^[16]
• Cerambyx cylindricus – Phytoecia cylindrica ^[15][16]
• Cerambyx oculatus – Oberea oculata ^[15][16]
• Cerambyx zonarius – Gnoma zonaria ^[16]
• Cerambyx serraticornis – Calopus serraticornis ^[22]
• Cerambyx rusticus – Criocephalus rusticus ^[15]
• Cerambyx femoratus – Ropalopus femoratus
• Cerambyx violaceus – Callidium violaceum ^[15]
• Cerambyx auratus
• Cerambyx curculioides
• Cerambyx stigma – Megaderus stigma ^[15]
• Cerambyx striatus – Asemum striatum ^[15][18]
• Cerambyx testaceus – Phymatodes testaceus ^[18]
• Cerambyx bajulus – Hylotrupes bajulus ^[15]
• Cerambyx fennicus
• Cerambyx undatus – Semanotus undatus ^[23]
• Cerambyx sanguineus – Pyrrhidium sanguineum ^[15]
• Cerambyx castaneus – Tetropium castaenum ^[18]

Leptura

• Leptura aquatica
• Leptura melanura
• Leptura rubra - Stictoleptura rubra
• Leptura virens
• Leptura sericea
• Leptura 4-maculata
• Leptura meridiana
• Leptura interrogationis - Brachyta interrogationis
• Leptura 6-maculata - Judolia sexmaculata
• Leptura 4-fasciata - Pachyta quadrimaculata
• Leptura attenuata
• Leptura nigra
• Leptura virginea - Gaurotes virginea
• Leptura collaris - Dinoptera collaris
• Leptura rustica
• Leptura mystica
• Leptura necydalea
• Leptura detrita
• Leptura arcuata
• Leptura arietis
• Leptura praeusta - Tetrops praeusta
• Leptura linearis

Cantharis (soldier beetles)

• Cantharis noctiluca - Lampyris noctiluca, the common glow-worm
• Cantharis pyralis
• Cantharis lampyris
• Cantharis ignita
• Cantharis lucida
• Cantharis phosphorea
• Cantharis nauritanica
• Cantharis chinensis
• Cantharis italica
• Cantharis fusca
• Cantharis livida
• Cantharis rufa
• Cantharis sanguinea
• Cantharis obscura
• Cantharis lateralis
• Cantharis aenea
• Cantharis bipustulata
• Cantharis pedicularia
• Cantharis fasciata
• Cantharis biguttata
• Cantharis minima
• Cantharis testacea
• Cantharis pectinata
• Cantharis serrata
• Cantharis tropica
• Cantharis pectinicornis
• Cantharis caerulea
• Cantharis viridissima
• Cantharis navalis
• Cantharis melanura

Elater (click beetles)

• Elater oculatus
• Elater noctilucus
• Elater phosphoreus
• Elater brunneus
• Elater syriacus
• Elater cruciatus
• Elater linearis
• Elater ruficollis
• Elater mesomelus
• Elater castaneus
• Elater ferrugineus
• Elater sanguineus
• Elater balteatus
• Elater marginatus
• Elater sputator - Elages sputator
• Elater obscurus
• Elater tristis
• Elater fasciatus
• Elater murinus
• Elater tessellatus
• Elater aeneus
• Elater pectinicornis
• Elater niger
• Elater minutus

Cicindela (ground beetles)

• Cicindela campestris – Cicindela campestris, the green tiger beetle
• Cicindela hybrida – Cicindela hybrida, the northern dune tiger beetle
• Cicindela germanica – Diachromus germanus
• Cicindela sylvatica – Cicindela sylvatica, the wood tiger beetle
• Cicindela maura – Cephalota maura
• Cicindela riparia – Elaphrus riparius
• Cicindela aquatica – Notiophilus aquaticus

Buprestis (jewel beetles)

• Buprestis gigantea
• Buprestis 8-guttata - Buprestis octoguttata
• Buprestis gnita
• Buprestis stricta
• Buprestis sternicornis
• Buprestis mariana
• Buprestis chrysostigma
• Buprestis rustica
• Buprestis fascicularis
• Buprestis hirta
• Buprestis nitidula
• Buprestis bimaculata
• Buprestis tristis
• Buprestis cuprea
• Buprestis nobilis
• Buprestis 4-punctata
• Buprestis minuta
• Buprestis viridis
• Buprestis linearis

Dytiscus (Dytiscidae)

• Dytiscus piceus
• Dytiscus caraboides
• Dytiscus fuscipes
• Dytiscus latissimus
• Dytiscus marginalis - Great diving beetle
• Dytiscus striatus
• Dytiscus fuscus
• Dytiscus cinereus
• Dytiscus semistriatus
• Dytiscus sulcatus
• Dytiscus erytrocephalus
• Dytiscus maculatus
• Dytiscus minutus
• Dytiscus natator
• Dytiscus scarabaeoides

Carabus

• Carabus coriaceus - Carabus coriaceus
• Carabus granulatus - Carabus granulatus
• Carabus leucophthalmus - Sphodrus leucophthalmus
• Carabus nitens - Carabus nitens
• Carabus hortensis - Carabus hortensis
• Carabus violaceus - Carabus violaceus
• Carabus cephalotes
• Carabus inquisitor
• Carabus sycophanta
• Carabus lividus
• Carabus crepitans
• Carabus americanus
• Carabus spinipes
• Carabus cyanocephalus
• Carabus melanocephalus
• Carabus vaporariorum
• Carabus latus
• Carabus ferrugineus
• Carabus germanus
• Carabus vulgaris
• Carabus caerulescens
• Carabus cupreus
• Carabus piceus
• Carabus marginatus
• Carabus multipunctatus
• Carabus 6-punctatus
• Carabus ustulatus
• Carabus crux major
• Carabus crux minor
• Carabus 4-maculatus
• Carabus atricapillus

Tenebrio (darkling beetles)

• Tenebrio molitor - Mealworm
• Tenebrio mauritanicus - Tenebroides mauritanicus, the Cadelle Beetle
• Tenebrio culinaris
• Tenebrio barbarus
• Tenebrio fossor
• Tenebrio cursor
• Tenebrio pedicularius
• Tenebrio erraticus
• Tenebrio pallens
• Tenebrio mortisagus
• Tenebrio muricatus
• Tenebrio caeruleus
• Tenebrio angulatus
• Tenebrio caraboides

Meloe (blister beetles)

• Meloe proscarabaeus – Meloe proscarabaeus
• Meloe majalis
• Meloe vesicatorius – Lytta vesicatoria, Spanish fly
• Meloe syriacus
• Meloe cichorii
• Meloe algiricus
• Meloe schaefferi – Cerocoma schaefferi
• Meloe floralis

Mordella (tumbling flower beetles)

• Mordella aculeata
• Mordella humeralis
• Mordella frontalis
• Mordella thoracica
• Mordella flava

Necydalis (necydaline beetles)

• Necydalis major – Necydalis major ^[24]
• Necydalis minor – Molorchus minor ^[24]

Staphylinus (rove beetles)

• Staphylinus hirtus - Emus hirtus
• Staphylinus murinus - Ontholestes murinus
• Staphylinus maxillosus - Creophilus maxillosus
• Staphylinus erytropterus - Staphylinus erytropterus
• Staphylinus politus - Philonthus polius
• Staphylinus rufus Oxyporus rufus
• Staphylinus riparius - Paederus riparius
• Staphylinus lignorum - Tachinus lignorum
• Staphylinus subterraneus - Tachinus subterraneus
• Staphylinus flavescens - Quedius cinctus^[25]
• Staphylinus 2-guttatus - Stenus biguttatus
• Staphylinus littoreus - Sepedophilus pubescens^[26]
• Staphylinus sanguineus - Aleochara sanguinea
• Staphylinus caraboides - Anthophagus caraboides
• Staphylinus chrysomelinus - Tachyporus chrysomelinus
• Staphylinus flavipes - Phloeostiba flavipes'
• Staphylinus fuscipes
• Staphylinus rufipes - Phloeostiba rufipes
• Staphylinus boleti

Forficula (earwigs)

• Forficula auricularia – Forficula auricularia ^[27]
• Forficula minor – Labia minor ^[27]

Blatta (cockroaches)

^{[Note 1]}

• Blatta gigantea – Blaberus giganteus
• Blatta aegyptiaca – Polyphaga aegyptiaca
• Blatta surinamensis – Pycnoscelus surinamensis, Surinam cockroach
• Blatta americana – Periplaneta americana, American cockroach
• Blatta nivea – Panchlora nivea
• Blatta africana – Arenivaga africana
• Blatta orientalis – Blatta orientalis, Oriental cockroach
• Blatta lapponica – Ectobius lapponicus
• Blatta oblongata – Pseudomops oblongata

Gryllus (other orthopteroid insects)

^{[Note 2]}

Mantis

• Gryllus gigas – Phasma gigas
• Gryllus phthisicus – Pseudophasma phthisica
• Gryllus siccifolius – Phyllium siccifolium
• Gryllus gongylodes – Gongylus gongylodes
• Gryllus religiosus – Mantis religiosa, European mantis
• Gryllus oratorius – Iris oratoria
• Gryllus precarius – Stagmatoptera precaria
• Gryllus bicornis – Schizocephala bicornis
• Gryllus tricolor – Harpagomantis tricolor
• Gryllus strumarius – Choeradodis strumaria
• Gryllus melanopterus – Clonia melanoptera