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Not to be be confused with- Race (biology).

The term race or racial group usually refers to the pseudo-scientific categorization of humans into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of hereditary characteristics.^[1] The most widely used human racial categories are based on salient visual traits (especially skin colour, cranial or facial features and hair texture), and self-identification.^[1][2].

Some scientists argue that although race is a safe taxonomic concept in other species, it cannot be applied to humans.^[3]. The biologist's view of race varies a lot at time from the social version of race ^[4].

More recent genetic studies indicate that skin colour may change radically over as few as 25 generations, or about 2,500 years, given the influence of the environment.^[5]

By appearance only

The usual criteria involved over the years to define people by common pseudo-scientific (non-scientific) list of physical features. The belief was those who looked alike were derived from a common ancestor (like the children of a big family looking like their 2 common parents). In Europe the people of the World divided in to 4 or in some cases 5 categories, based on skin colour and to a degree the shape of the face as well. The categories were as follows, by Victorian times-

• White skinned= White/European (eg- English, Russians and Dutch).
• Suntanned/Olive skinned= Mediterranean European (eg- Italians and Maltese) and Middle Eastern (eg-Arabs and Afghans).
• Yellow skinned and slant eyed= Orientals (eg- Apache Amerindians, Chinese and Japanese).
• Brown skinned= Indic/Indian (eg- Indian and Pakistani).
• Black skinned and flat nosed= Black/Negroid/Negro (eg- South African Zulus, Barbadians and Nigerian Yorubas).

• • A supposed 'Turkish' nose and a 'Jewish' nose could be theoretically taken as proof of Turkish or Jewish ancestral roots. The Anti-Semitic Nazis attitude towards identifying Jews relied on this pseudo-science! The Nazis also persecuted the Gypsies, who were considered part of the 'Indic' race.

• • The Inuit of the Arctic, Scandinavia's Sami/Lapps, Negritos , Africa's Bushmen and Aborigines of Australia were generally thought of as isolated and unrelated groups that had divided off early humans much earlier on in evaluation.

By about the First World War the scientifically inclined Europeans were sub-dividing the 'White race' in to 3 or 4 supposed sub-races, which were-

• Blond hair, white skinned, blue or grey eyes= Aryans/Nordic (eg- Swedish and Dutch)
• Dark haired/ white skinned, brown eyed= Alpine (eg- Russians, Romanians, English and Welsh).
• Dark haired, suntanned/olive skinned, brown eyed, normal nose= Mediterranean European (eg- Italians and Maltese). The Middle East was said to have bigger noses than Mediterranean people.
• Red hair, suntanned/olive or white skinned, brown or green eyes= Anglo-Celtic/Gaelic (eg- Scots, Irish and Dutch.

There was much prejudice based upon this perception of the world as the Europeans and Orientals both regarded them selves as superior to the other skin colours. This all lead to racism, a non-scientific theory, or ideology, that a particular race had become superior or inferior to another via natural selection. It advocated that in the races that make up the human race, there are deep, biologically determined differences, which should not be crossed, because, it is "extremely undesirable. It also states races should live separately and not intermarry. A supporter of racism is called a racist. These attitudes in turn created the horrors of African slavery, Apartheid, the Jim Crow laws, Nazism and Japanese imperialism.

The mid 20th century racial classification by American anthropologist Carleton S. Coon, divided humanity into five races:

• Caucasoid (White) race
• Negroid (Black) race
• Capoid (Bushmen/Hottentots) race
• Mongoloid (Oriental/ Amerindian) race
• Australoid (Australian Aborigine and Papuan) race

In his landmark book The Races of Europe, Coon defined the Caucasian Race as encompassing the regions of Europe, Central Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, and Northeast Africa.^[7] His work drew some charges of obsolete thinking or outright racism from a few critics, but some of the terminology he employed continues to be used even today, although the "-oid" suffixes now have in part taken on negative connotations.^[8]

In the 21st-Century, Coon's role came under further critical scrutiny when Prof. John P Jackon Jr, noted that the American Coon, "actively aided the segregationist cause in violation of his own standards for scientific objectivity."^[9].

In the late 18th century, Europeans began using the term Aryan to refer to the original prehistoric Proto-Indo-Europeans and their descendants up to the present day (i.e., the Indo-European peoples--those Caucasians who are speak the Indo-European languages). It was also assumed at the time, that, Aryans were a naturally culturally superior people. By the late 19th century, some Europeans began to use the name Aryan for only the Nordic peoples of Europe (one branch of the Indo-European peoples), as a "pure," "noble" and racially "superior" race they claimed were descended from the original Aryan tribes. The theory that the Aryans first came from Alpine Europe became especially popular in Germany and to a lesser degree in Austria, Switzerland and Hungary.

There was much prejudice based upon this perception of the world as the Europeans and Orientals both regarded them selves as superior to the other skin colours, which lead to the horrors of African slavery, Apartheid, the Jim Crow Laws, Nazism and Japanese imperialism. The accidental misinterpretation of the works of Charles Darwin (known as Darwinism) only helped to fuel the non-scientific opinions of 'race' and 'racial superiority'.

Genetics and haplogroups

In human genetics (the study of DNA in different living things), the haplogroups most commonly studied are Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroups and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups, both of which can be used to define the 'genetic populations'.

In human genetics, the haplogroups most commonly studied are Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroups and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups, both of which can be used to define genetic populations. Y-DNA is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while mtDNA is passed down the matrilineal line, from mother to daughter. In theory the children of even a big family all share the DNA of their 2 common parents.

All of these DNA haplogroup molecules are part of the bigger ancestral haplogroup, but at some point in the past a mutation occurred in the ancestral molecule, mutation A, which produced a new lineage this is haplogroup A and is defined by it's mutation as mutation A. At some more recent point in the past, a new mutation, mutation B, occurred in a person carrying haplogroup A; mutation B defined haplogroup B. Haplogroup B is a subgroup, or subclade of haplogroup A; both haplogroups A and B are subgroups (subclades) of the ancestral haplogroup and so on.

For example- Korean males display a 35% frequency of the Haplogroup O2b1* subclade and a lower frequency of Haplogroup O3 and Haplogroup C3. Haplogroup C4 is the predominant male lineage among the indigenous Australians.

Theoretically, Genetic drift is the random change in gene frequencies between generations, but, a few individuals may leave behind more descendants and thus genes than other individuals. The genes of the next generation will be the genes of these “lucky” individuals' children, not necessarily the healthier or “better” individuals' children.

Social Darwinism' refers to various ideologies based on a concept that competition is active among all individuals, or even whole nations as social evolution in human societies.^[10]

It is a social adaptation of the theory of natural selection as first invented by Charles Darwin. Natural selection explains success in various animal populations as the outcome of competition between any individual organisms for limited resources popularly known as "survival of the fittest", a term first used by either Herbert Spencer, or Andrew Carnegie.

Fascist movements have commonly held social darwinist views of nations, races, and societies.^[11] Italian Fascist Alfredo Rocco shortly after World War I claimed that conflict was inevitable in society:

Conflict is in fact the basic law of life in all social organisms, as it is of all biological ones; societies are formed, gain strength, and move forwards through conflict; the healthiest and most vital of them assert themselves against the weakest and less well adapted through conflict; the natural evolution of nations and races takes place through conflict. Alfredo Rocco^[12]

Nazi Germany, the Nazis utilized social Darwinism to promote their racialist concept of the German nation was part of the Aryan race and believed in the competition of races. ^[13] The Nazis tried to strengthen the ‘Aryan race’ in Germany by murdering those they regarded as weaker, like Jews, Slavs, Gypsies and disabled people.

It was believed until recently that race and IQ were connected. The fact that environment, such as schooling, food content and alcohol consumption/boozing has a significant effect on IQ undermines the case for the use of IQ data as a source of genetic information ^{[14][15] [14][15]}.

This prejudice was partially applied in Europe and the USA to both- the Irish, Australian Aborigines, Native American Indians, Blacks, Gypsies, Albanians, Italians, Turkish Cypriots, Slavic Russians and Russia's Chechens tribes.

When Europeans came to America, they killed thousands of Native Americans and when the European settlers got to Australia, they started killing of large numbers of Aborigines. In both cases, they regarded the native people as predestined to be inferior and not worth helping. This view was based on the Europeans' opinions on Darwinism and how it could be used to judge the value of the native peoples. With the birth of their empires, many other native tribes suffered in Sub-Saharan Africa, Canada, New Zealand, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and India.

a Relatively small numbers of White settlers and British (then including Irish) convicts attacked and removed Aboriginal populations from the South Eastern parts of Australia ^[16]. Tasmanian Aboriginals in particular suffered, most of them on the Island being killed by settlers or disease. The complete extermination of the Tasmanian Aboriginal population was achieved on the orders of the now 'criminal against humanity' Lt Governor George Arthur in 1830 ^[17]. His actions would now be called a crime against humanity!

The Atlantic slave trade peaked in the late 18th century, when the largest number of slaves were captured on expeditions into the interior of West Africa. These expeditions were typically carried out by people from the stronger African kingdoms like the Yoruba, Kingdom of Benin and Ashanti Confederacy, against weaker African tribes and peoples. Europeans rarely entered the interior of Africa, due to fear of disease and moreover fierce African resistance.^[18][19]. Many millions of Africans were killed while they were held as prisoners or as slaves by the Europeans and Arabs. The African-American people and some others call this "The Black Holocaust".

Japan also held similar beliefs about Chinese and Koreans in their colonies.

The 'Aryan nations'.

For the main articles see- Nazi Germany and Austrofascism.

Alleged scientific findings of racial differences were used by Nazi Germany to justify the racialist policy with its concept of "Großdeutschland" (Greater Germany) and the Nordic racecial idea. The Nazis attitude towards the Jews were Anti-Semitic and falsely blamed them for Germany's defeat in World War I and the Great Depression. The Nazis and some of their anti-Semitic allies, like Hungary, committed genocide against the Jews during the Holocaust of World War II. Some of the Hungarian native Magyars matched the Nazi racial ideal and were used as proof that Hungary was a Teutonic and Aryan nation, like Germany, Sweden, etc.

The Wola massacre (Polish: Rzeź Woli, "Wola slaughter") of August, 1944 atWola in Warsaw), was the scene of the largest single massacre in the history of Poland. According to different sources, some 40,000^[20] to 100,000^[21] Polish civilians and POWs were killed by the German troops.

About 12 million, most of whom were Eastern Europeans, were employed in the German war economy as forced labor in Germany during World War II.^[22]. The Nazis regarded Slavs as disposable slave labour and "cattle on two legs", which were only of being worked to death if not shot where they stood. The anti-Semitic Krupki massacre, in Byelorussia serves as an example of how Germany treated it's racial enemies.

James Schwarzenbach (1911-1994) was a far-right and antisemitic Swiss politician, in the 1970s head of the short-lived Republican Party of Switzerland He was member of the Swiss National Council representing the Nationale Aktion in the legislature 1967-1971. Schwarzenbach's Republican Party originated as a split off the Nationale Aktion in 1971, with which it merged once again in 1990, into the neo-fascist Swiss Democrats. The SD is amongst both the oldest the lest successful of Europe's far right parties.

Both Aryanism and the Aryan belt concept still linger on among some parts Germany and Austria. These attitudes are prevalent in parts of the former East Germany and in Austria. Turkish and Angolan migrant labours have been attacked in some formerly East German towns in the 1990‘s. Switzerland has rejected it's WW2 flirting with the far right. The German National Democratic Party and Swedish National Democrats are a modern example of this. They also play on the partly true, but over stated, claims that 'to many' foreigners are 'flooding' into their countries. Both parties are affiliated to the U.K.'s British National Party.

For the main article see- Sweden during World War II.

Sweden was another country that once considered it's self to be part of the 'Aryan belt' and of Aryan racial stock. The most virulent form was in the form of a informal breading program to reduce more 'Aryans' and less 'Laps', along with some intermittent and/or indirect help for Nazi Germany during World War 2. While it became a haven for refugees from Norden and the Baltic states, and Swedes were involved in rescuing Scandinavian victims of internment camps." --- Nordstrom, p. 318: "By late 1943 Sweden was a haven for some 11,000 refugees from Denmark, including over 7,000 Danish Jews, and about 30,000 Norwegians."---> Nevertheless, internal and external critics have argued that Sweden could have done more to resist the Nazi war effort, even if risking occupation.^[23]. Sweden had to play a careful balancing game between the opposing forces throughout the war.

175px|thumb|right|The Nationaldemokraterna party logo.

The minor National Democrats (Nationaldemokraterna, ND) political party, formed by a faction of the Sweden Democrats in October 2001. The party describes itself as a democratic/ nationalist ("national democratic"), right-wing and ethnopluralist party.^[24] While many in the mainstream media have designated the party as xenophobic and/or racist^{[25][26][27][28][29][30]} the party has publicly rejected these descriptions as a smear.^[31][32] As far as can be told, it is vehemently anti-immigration, especially when concerning Blacks, hard-line Muslims and citizens of the C.I.S..

Nick Griffin of the British National Party visited Sweden whilst campaigning before the 2004 European Parliament election and gave the National Democrats his endorsement.

Eastern Europe

For the main article see- the Arrow Cross Party.

Both the Nazis and Hungary's Arrow Cross Party were virulently anti-Semitic and believed the Jews were naturally criminals and workshy. During the war criminal Ferenc Szálasi's, short rule in Hungary, thousands of Jews were murdered outright or sent to Auschwitz concentration camp. ^{[33] [34]}

Like Romania's Iron Guard, they also persecuted the Gypsies, who were considered part of the allegedly inferior and supposedly criminally inclined 'Indic' race. During World War II, the Nazis embarked on systematic attempt at genocide of the Romanies/Gypsies, known as the Porajmos.^[35] The Nazis also knowingly killed of thousands of Slavs, lesbians, Communists, liberals and gays.

Most Germans and Austrians are ashamed of this era, but Hungary has yet to really face up to what it did to the Roma as support for the fledgling Jobbik party rises.

For the main article see- the Iron Guard.

The Iron Guard was an antisemitic fascist movement and political party in Romania from 1927 to 1941. They despised and denounced both Jews, Hungarians and Gypsies. ^[36]

Some Romanian people still support these prejudice views even today.

For the main articles see- the Ustaše and Chetniks.

The Croat Ustaše and Serb Chetniks were racist militia in the former Yugoslavia. The Ustaše was openly pro-Nazi and anti-every one else. The Chetniks were Nazi sympathisers who hated Jews, Gypsies and Bosniaks. These sentiments tried to re-emerge during the break up of the former Yugoslavia during the 1990's.

Both Lithuania, the Czech republic, Slovakia, Byeloruss and the Ukraine once had a long standing hatred of Russians, Jews, Poles and Gypsies, which came to the for during Wold War 2. Events like the Lithuanian's anti-Semitic Kaunas massacre of October 29, 1941,.^[37], came as little surprise to the Western World. Pro-Nazi collaborator units like Lithuanian Security Police (Lietuvos saugumo policija), 30th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Belarussian) and 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Galizien (1st Ukrainian) were actively supporting the German Wehrmacht in such act.

Some older Czechs still dislike Germans for what they did in World War 2 and Slovaks also vehemently dislike Hungarians and Gypsies, who they stereotype as naturally criminally inclined.

Italy

For the main article see- Italian Fascism.

Fascist Benito Mussolini, in a 1919 speech to denounce Soviet Russia, claimed that Jewish bankers in London and New York City were bound by the chains of race to Moscow, and claimed that 80 percent of the Soviet leaders were Jews.^[38]

Many Italian fascists held anti-Slavist views, especially against neighbouring Yugoslav nations, who they saw as being in competition with Italy, which had laid claim to the Yugoslavia's region of Dalmatia. ^[39]

Mussolini said Italy would get it's own way and was willing to use force to settle arguments. An early example was Italy's bombardment of the Greek island of Corfu in 1923. Soon after he succeeded in setting up a puppet regime in Albania and crushed a rebellion in Libya, which had been an Italian colony since 1912. Italy went on and brutally conquered Montenegro, Dalmatia, Albania and Greece in World War 2.

Italy, like Germany, Austria and Hungary mistakenly regarded all Slavs and Gypsies as stupid, racially inferior due to the effects of Social Darwinism and undeserving of there basic rights! Anti-Arab discrimination was also used in parts of Libya.

Some Italians still harbor preducses against Arab, Gypsy and Romanian immigrants today.

The Imperial Rule Assistance Association of Japan

For the main articles see- Imperial Way Faction and Hideki Tōjō.

The Imperial Rule Assistance Association (Taisei Yokusankai) was a coalition of fascist and nationalist political movements of Japan such as the Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha) and the Society of the East (Tōhōkai). It was formed under the guidance of Japanese Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe ^[40][41] Prior to creation of the IRAA, Konoe had already effectively nationalized strategic industries, the news media, and labour unions, in preparation for total war with China. Japan needed more land, minerals and colonies, so they annexed Korea, Manchuria and part of China. When Konoe's hard line successor, the war criminal Hideki Tōjō took over the IRAA he attempted to establish himself as the absolute leader, or Shogun, of Japan, under the Emperor of Japan.^[40][41]. The Japanese regarded the Chines, Koreans and Europeans as an inferior race that should be crushed and exploited. The Japanese brought much suffering to China in World War 2 and massacred about 15,000,000 between 1937 and 1945.

The Japanese prisoner-of-war camps of World War 2, many of which were used as labour camps, had alarmingly high death rates. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27.1 percent (for American POWs, 37 percent),^[42] seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians^[43] . The death rate among Chinese POWs was much larger due to the abuse they received at the hands of their captors after a directive ratified on August 5, 1937 by emporor[Hirohito]] declared that the Chinese were no longer protected under international law.^[44] About 10 million Chinese were also mobilized by theJapanese army and the East Asia Development Board for slave labor in Manchukuo and north China.^[45]

Many Japanese still believe that they did not commit as many massacres as the Western World and China said they did.

The U.K. and Ireland

Racism in the U.K. and Ireland of Jews, Gypsies and minorities like the various Northern Irish factions during The Troubles. The original "An Englishman, an Irishman and a Scotsman" jokes and "Irish jokes" are yet another form of English nationalist stereotyping the Gaelic people and culture. The modern Irish versions are just humours quips about the English, Scots and Kerrymen (people from County Kerry in Ireland.).

As the countries became independent after the 1950's, many migrated to the U.K. and France, but were decremented against. Some British cafes and hotels would not welcome in Caribbean guests. Since the 1960's, India, Pakistani and Bangladeshi people have moved to the U.K. and were victimised and 'Paki-bashed'.

The NF had penetrated British police force as well as society in general. The Broadwater Farm riot occurred around the Broadwater Farm area of Tottenham, North London on 6 October 1985. Substantial damage was caused and a police officer, PC Keith Blakelock, was murdered after the death of Cynthia Jarrett. This lead to the removal of some overtly racist offices and the reforming of policing in the U.K.

The Dewsbury riot of 1989 was a minor clash between activists of the British National Party and local South Asian youths.^[46] Riot police were used in controlling the events, so as to stop a repeat of incidents like Broadwater Farm riot .

The horror of 9/11, 2001, has heightened the British fears about Islam and Arabs in general. Polish and Brazilian migrant labours are also discriminated against in some places. Racist parties like the U.K.'s British National Party and National Front trade on these fears to get votes.

France

Racism in France was usually about limiting the rights of Jews, Gypsies and minorities like the French Basques; as well as a nascent fear of Germans after the horrors of World War 1. Since Algerian independence the French made Arabs feel unwelcome in some French towns as well. The horror of 9/11, 2001, has heightened the French fears about Islam and Arabs in general.

Recently Inter-ethnic riots like at Roquetas de Mar in Almeria, during 2008 saw Senegalese and Roma (Gypsy) people fight it out. ^[47] The Perpignan riot of 2005 ^[48] were between North African and Roma communities after after a man of North African descent was shot dead by a Roma man.

France now faces its own upswing in nationalist and fascist sentiments, mainly due to the growing Arab communities in some towns and fears emanating from the Algerian civil war of the 1990's. The Front National has capitalized on both this and France's growing Euro-scepticism over resent years. The party is affiliated to the U.K.'s British National Party.

Belgium and the Netherlands

Racism amongst Belgians has usually been aimed either between Flanders and Wallonia or of an anti-Semitic nature, but in recent years become a more generalised problem, with a particular emphasis on Islamophobic.

Belgian brutality in their former colony of the Congo Free State ^[49][50], now the DRC, is a well documented fact as is their poor attitude toward citizens of that country. Up to 8 million of the estimated 16 million native inhabitants died between 1885 and 1908 ^[51] According to the former British diplomat Roger Casement, this depopulation had four main causes: "indiscriminate war", starvation, reduction of births and diseases.^[52] Sleeping sickness ravaged the country and must also be taken into account for the dramatic decrease in population.

The anti-Semitic fascists of the Walloon Rexist party (it was officially called Christus Rex and founded in 1930, by the Walloon, Léon Degrelle) and Flemish Flemish National Union, (founded by Staf de Clercq on October 8, 1933) were active in the country during World War II. Racist parties like the Belgian's Vlaams Blok (now called the Vlaams Belang) trade on these fears and age old inter-Belgian animosities to get votes.

thumb|125px|right|The N.S.B.'s party flag.

The Fascist-come-Nazi National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Dutch: Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland, NSB) was a Dutch fascist and later national socialist political party. The NSB did well during the 1930s and the only legal party in the Netherlands during most of the Second World War, after Germany had occupied the Low Countries.

Anti-Indonesian sentiments are now being roused in by similar parties, like the the Party for Freedom (Dutch: Partij voor de Vrijheid, PVV) in the Netherlands, which once ruled over Indonesia and has a large racially Malaccan Indonesian community in it.

Both V.B. and the P.V.V. want the Netherlands and the racially akin Belgian province of Flanders to merge in to one, united, irredentist land.

Poland

The Poles once had long standing hatred and xenophobic of Russians, Jews, Byelorussians, Ukranians, Jews and Gypsies, which came to the for during Wold War , in event such as Przytyk pogrom. Many Poles fearcly resent what the Russians did in the Cold War and the Germans did in World War 2. Anti-Semitism has some grassroots support in Poland.

Like in other nations across the world, there are several far-right organizations in Poland and public support of these parties is marginal.

The neo-fascist Polish Nationalist Union was one of the larger groups active in the early 1990s, The current major neo-fascist movement is the NOP under the leadership of Adam Gmurczyk. Tomaz Szczepanski founded the organization "Niklot" in 1998, promoting Slavic supremacy (a Slavic form of the Nazis' übermensch). Like the ultra-Catholic Radio Maryja station, they have anti-modernist, nationalist, anti-Gipsy and xenophobic program.^[53]

United States and Canada

American racism has been a major issue in the country since before its founding. Historically dominated by socially and ethnically diverse White settler society race in the United States as a concept became significant in relation to other groups. Generally racist attitudes in the country have been most onerously applied to Native Americans, African Americans and some "foreign-seeming" action against Mexican immigrants among others.

The Chinese, Japanese and Irish had trouble in America, during the 19th Century, but the Blacks fell foul of the Jim Crow Laws which once racially separated the racist parts of America between Blacks and Whites. These first emerged in the late 19th Century and lasted to the mid 1960's ^[54] and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

The cold blooded use of police brutality on Mr Rodney King by the LAPD in 1991 saw Los Angeles torn apart by several days of Black American versus White and Korean riots. The L.A.P.D. had a reputation befor then of having a heavy anti Black bias, as well as a reported dislike for Arabs. Thankfully this has all changed and any overt racists in the forces have been removed.

Mexicans ^[55] / ^[56] and Blacks ^[57] are still hated in parts of America, while the horror of 9/11, 2001, has heightened the American fears about Islam and Arabs in general.

Canada has also had a few anti-Chinese and anti-Native American riots in Victorian times and during the Great Depression, but now it's virtually died out in the much more tolerant modern state.

Africa

For the main artical see- The Apartheid system.

South African Apartheid laws were a system was used to deny many rights of Non-white people The laws allowed the white minority to keep the Black majority out of certain areas. Black people had to carry special papers (passes) or have permission to live and work in particular areas. Whites opposed intermarriage with non-whites and Coloured people were also discriminated against, but not as badly as the Non-whites. The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act of 1949 prohibited marriage between persons of different races and the Immorality Act of 1950 made sexual relations with a person of a different race a criminal offence ^[58]. The Blacks suffered greatly and were even banned from voteing at one point.

For the main article see the- Rwandan Genocide.

The Rwandan Genocide ^[59] of 1994 was the mass killing of hundreds of thousands of Rwanda's Tutsis and politically moderate Hutu by tribalist and ultimately racist, Hutus under the Hutu Power ideology. The Twa pygmies were also killed by both sides. Bantu Hutus and Nilotic Tutsis had hated each other for centuries, but had managed to co-exist until the Prussians colonised the various local countries. The Prussian authorities approved of social Darwinism and helped the Tutsis to rule over the Hutus. This only counted to foster the hatred that erupted in Rwandan and Burundi in the 1990's, which killed about 900,000 people ^[60]!

Anti-Chinese riots hit Lusaka, Zambia, in 2006 ^[61] and Maseru, Lethsotho in 2007 ^[62]. Most Africans fear the Chinese are trying to colonise Africa like the Europeans did in Victorian times. Chinese Neo-colonialism is a growing fear in both Africa and the Orient.

Abidjan in Ivory Coast were hit by the more exspeted Anti-white riots in 2004 ^[63][64]. The often brutal European colonial rule has left many bitter feelings in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Australia and New Zealand

Australia and New Zealand were also tainted with racism to. Asustralia has had a long traditional hatred of Orentals. The anti-Chinese demonstrations that took place in the Burrangong region, in New South Wales, Australia between 1860 and 1861. They lead to the Sinophobic Lambing Flat riots. They occurred on the goldfields at Spring Creek, Stoney Creek, Back Creek, Wombat, Blackguard Gully, Tipperary Gully, and Lambing Flat (now Young, New South Wales) In December 1920, Anti-Japanese and Indonesian (mainly from Kupang in Timor) communities took place in Broome, a town in northern Western Australia.

By the 21st century the situation had no improved much. The Redfern Riots on the evening of Saturday 14 February 2004 was an event in the inner Sydney suburb of Redfern sparked by the death of the Indigenous Australian teenager, Thomas 'TJ' Hickey, Indigenous Australian were until about the 1970's regarded as inferior people by most White Australians. The horror of 9/11 helped stoke the causes of the anti-Arab Cronulla riots of 2005 were a series of racially motivated mob confrontations which originated in and around Cronulla, a beachfront suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Soon after the riot, ethnically motivated violent incidents occurred in several other Sydney suburbs. The Lebanese Australian and Egyptian Arabs were the primary targets. In 2009, Melbourne, Indian students protested against what they claimed were racist attacks by white youns, blocking streets in the city centre as they did so.

New Zealand has a smoldering dislike of Australians and Maori in some quarters. Bastion Point (Takaparawhau in Māori) is a coastal piece of land in Orakei, Auckland, New Zealand, overlooking the Waitemata Harbour. The area has significance in New Zealand history for its role in 1970s Māori protests against forced land alienation by non Māori New Zealanders.^[65] New Zealanders have until about the 1970's regarded Maori as an inferior people

Both Tonga and the Solomon Islands have also had anti-Chinese in recent years.

There is also a unrelated Bastion Point near Mallacoota, Victoria, Australia.

Asia

For the full articles see- 1977 riots in Sri Lanka, Burning of Jaffna library, Osh riots, Dushanbe riots.

The Uzbeks, Tajiks, Kyrgyz, Armenians and Meskhetian Turks have regularly clashed in the Fergana Valley, Central Asia. The rivalries between these nationally are as old as the pre-Soviet, states they emerged from. The Osh riots of 1990 were an ethnic conflict between Kyrgyz and Uzbeks that took place in in the city of Osh, that was then a part of the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic (Kyrgyz SSR).

The racist Dushanbe riots were an instance of anti-Armenian and anti-government unrest in Dushanbe, the capital of the Tajik SSR, from February 12–14, 1990.

The Burning of Jaffna library, in 1981 was an important event in the Sri Lankan civil war. An organized mob went on a rampage on the nights of May 31 to June 2, 1981, burning the Jaffna library in Jaffna. The Sinhalese and Tamils have had a long standing feud though out history over who was in charge of northern Sri Lanka, in particular, the Tamil dominated Jaffna peninsula.

For the main articles see- the May 1998 riots in Indonesia and the 1969 race riots of Singapore.

The May 1998 riots in Indonesia were a principal factor in the Fall of Suharto. They occurred in several parts of Indonesia, but most notably in the capital and largest city, Jakarta. The riots were triggered by economic problems like food shortages and mass unemployment in Indonesia.

It soon degenerated in to a Sinophobic pogrom by the ethically Malay against the Chinese people living in Indonesia.

Malaysia, Singapore and South Korea have also had anti-Chinese and Anti-Vietnamese riots over the years.

For the main articles see- the The Nanjing Anti-African protests, the 2008 Tibetan unrest, the July 2009 Ürümqi riots and the 2009 Shaoguan incident.

The Nanjing Anti-African protests protests were mass demonstrations and riots against African students in Nanjing, China, which lasted from December 1988, to the following January. The students were from China's former allies in Africa like Angola and Mozambique.

During 2008, many Tibetan students that had failed to except Tibet’s re-assimilation in to China, during the 1950’s, after about 200 years of intermittent independence, decided to riot on the anniversary of the Tibetan’s failed anti-Chinese rebellion. The riots were bloodily suppressed and defeated by a combination of Chinese riot police and troops in armoured cars. Most Chinese regarded Tibet as rightfully theirs and the Tibetan people as an inferior and disorderly people. Most Tibetans are kept off the social ladder as the region is developed for the benefit of ‘Greater China’.

By 2009, the Uyghur realised they were in virtually the same situation. The July 2009 Ürümqi riots were the final boiling over of simmering Uyghur versus Han Chinese that dated back to the province’s re-annexation after a brief spell of independence during and between the World Wars. The Chinese regard Uyghur as backward peasants and keep them on a lower level on the social ladder. Chinese media blamed ’criminal elements’ for the riot ^[66] broke out on 5 July 2009 in Ürümqi, the capital city of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, in northwestern China. Rioting on the first day involved at least 1,000 Uyghurs^[67][68][69] in a protest that escalated into attacks on Han people after confrontations with police.^[70][71] Police attempted to quell the rioters with tear gas, riot police and armoured vehicles by imposing a curfew in most urban areas. In total, officials said that 197 people died ^[72] with 1,721 others injured as hundreds of Han people clashed with both police and Uyghurs on 7 July ^[73]. Authorities also shut down Internet services and restricted cell phone services in Ürümqi for the night.^{[74] [75]} On 8 July, Chinese president Hu Jintao cut short his attendance of the 35th G8 summit and returned to China due to the situation in Xinjiang.

Macao and Hong Kong have also had Anti-Vietnamese riot over the years.

With the revelations of what the Holocaust had done to it's victims and how the civil rights movement tried to liberate the Afro-Caribbeans from racist White supremacist rule in South Africa and the southern USA (eg-Mississippi and Alabama ), the old ideas about race were swept away along with the prejudices that followed in it's wake! Blacks could vote in South Africa after a 50 year ban and the word 'Nigger' fell out use.

In some cases positive discrimination, the ethnics 1st laws and "political correctness" have taken the situation to the opposite extreme, leading to accusations in the UK, USA and Australia of reverse racism, that is to say racism in favour, not against the ethnic minorities. Political correctness is a term applied to language, ideas, policies, or behaviour seen as seeking to minimize offence to gender, racial, cultural, disabled, aged or other identity groups. Conversely, the term "politically incorrect" is used to refer to language or ideas that may cause offense or that are unconstrained by orthodoxy or good manners (eg- racists and Islamophobics). An example of political correctness is the term House Negro is a racially pejorative term for a black person in a domestic job (hotel porter, waiter), comparing them to a Black servant employed in the house of a White master during slavery. Malcolm X where he explains that the slaves called "House Negroes" working in the house and "Field Negroes" laboured outside. Such terms are now considered politically incorrect and abhorrent.

Text of speech his : ^[76]

The United States is now a diverse country and in 2006, it became the third nation in world history to reach 300 million people. China and India each each got just over 1 billion people in them.^[77][78]

The spectacular growth of the Hispanic population through immigration from principally Mexico among other places combined with and generally high birth rates are noted as a partial factor for the USA's rising population in the last quarter-century. The 2000 census also found Native Americans/Amerindians at their highest population ever, 4.5 million, since the U.S was founded in 1776.^[79]

Brazil is also a racially diverse and multiracial country.^[80] Nowadays, most Brazilians classify themselves as being Whites, closely followed by the 'Brown group' (coloureds). Racial Intermarriage has been part of the country's history and most Brazilians can trace their origin to European, Amerindian, and African ancestors. The only real racial trouble comes in the fact that the Whites have a tendency of getting the better jobs and houses, whilst the Blacks have a tendency to be left back in the Favelas.

• 
  A racially segregated bus station in Durham, North Carolina, in May 1940. The Jim Crow Laws racially separated parts of America between Blacks and Whites.
• 
  A billiard hall for only African Americans, in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1939.
• 
  The cafe has two entry doors for two rooms: one for "Whites" only and "Coloureds" only.
• 
  An African-American youth at a drinking ‘coloured only’ water fountain in a courthouse lawn in Halifax, North Carolina, in 1938.
• 
  A hard-hitting 1906 Punch cartoon depicting King Leopold II of Belgium as a rubber vine entangling a Congolese man.
• 
  The Rexist flag.
• 
  The VNV flag.
• 
  Norwegians were classed as ‘Aryans‘.
• 
  Portuguese were classed as ‘Mediterraneans‘.
• 
  Mayor Mr Anatoly Pushkov, of Togliatti in Russia, would have been classed as an 'Alpine'. He was elected in 2008.
• 
  Arabs were classed as ‘Middle Eastern’.
• 
  The Chinese Uyghur were classed as ‘Orientals’.
• 
  The Vietnamese Hmong tribe were classed as ‘Orientals’.
• 
  Amerindians, like the Apache, were classed as ‘Orientals’ and once killed by White colonists.
• 
  The Komi of Siberia were yet another tribe classed as supposed ‘Orientals’ or an Oriental and Aryan mix.
• 
  Azeris would have been oddly classed as either 'Orientals' or 'Middle Eastern'
• 
  Indians were classed as ‘Indics’.
• 
  Gypsies were classed as ’Indics’, They did face a degree of persecution even in 1920's Hungary. The picture was taken in 1928.
• 
  Gambians were classed as ‘Negroids’.
• 
  the Congolese were also classed as ‘Negroids’.
• 
  the Russian come Israeli Physicians, Mr Benzion Werbin is of Jewish decent and could become a victim of anti-Semites.
• 
  The Inuit were once classified as an 'earlier off shoot' of the human race that came in to existence long before most others did.
• 
  The Lapps were also once falsely classified as a supposed early off shoot of the human race.

• Racism
• The ANC
• The Nazis
• The Fascists
• The KKK
• Discrimination
• DNA
• RNA
• Dr Charles Darwin
• The Austronesian peoples
• The Negritos
• The Human genome
• Haplogroups
• pseudo-scientific
• Mr Colin Jordan
• How Rastus Gets His Turkey
• Coon song
• The Holocaust
• The Porrajmos
• List of race riots
• List of massacres of Indigenous Australians
• Identity politics
• The Zoot Suit Riots
• The Kondopoga melee
• Scientific racism

Reflist 

Category:RacismCategory:Human migrationCategory:SlaveryCategory:HistoryCategory:BiologyCategory:NazismCategory:Kinship and descentCategory:RaceCategory:Hate crimesCategory:Social inequalityCategory:SociologyCategory:World War IICategory:Contemporary French historyCategory:Contemporary German historyCategory:Contemporary Italian historyCategory:History of the United States (1918–1945)Category:Contemporary British historyCategory:History of JapanCategory:Jewish history

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