William Francis Buckley (May 30, 1928 – June 3, 1985) was a United States Army officer in the United States Army Special Forces, and a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) station chief in Beirut from 1984[1] until his kidnapping and execution in 1985.
William Francis Buckley | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Birth name | William Francis Buckley |
| Born | May 30, 1928 Medford, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Died | June 3, 1985 (aged 57) Lebanon |
| Buried | |
| Service/ |  United States Army Central Intelligence Agency |
| Years of service | 1947–1965 (Army) 1965–1985 (CIA) |
| Rank |  Lieutenant Colonel (Army)Paramilitary Operations Officer (CIA) |
| Unit | U.S. Army Central Intelligence Agency |
| Battles/wars | Korean War Vietnam War |
| Awards | Silver Star Soldier's Medal Bronze Star with Valor device Purple Heart (2) Meritorious Service Medal Combat Infantry Badge Parachutist Badge Vietnam Gallantry Cross Distinguished Intelligence Cross Intelligence Star Exceptional Service Medal |
| Alma mater | Boston University (BA) |
Buckley's cover was as a political officer at the U.S. Embassy.[2][3] He was kidnapped by the group Islamic Jihad in March 1984, and held hostage and tortured by psychiatrist Aziz al-Abub. Hezbollah later claimed they executed him in October 1985, but another American hostage disputed that, believing that he died five months prior, in June.[4][5][6]
He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery and is commemorated with a star on the Memorial Wall at the CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia.[7]
Early life and education
Buckley was born in Medford, Massachusetts, on May 30, 1928. He grew up on south Main Street in the neighboring town of Stoneham. He graduated from high school there in 1947,[8] and then joined the United States Army.
He began as a military police officer and served in that capacity for two years, but then attended Officers Candidate School (OCS) and was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in Armor. He continued his military education at the Engineer Officer's Course at Fort Belvoir, Virginia, the Advanced Armor Officer's Course at Fort Knox, Kentucky, and the Intelligence School at Oberammergau, West Germany.
Career
U.S. Army
After serving as a company commander during the Korean War with the 1st Cavalry Division, Buckley returned to Boston University and completed his studies, graduating in 1955 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science. It was during this time that Buckley began his first employment with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), from 1955 to 1957. He was also employed as a librarian in the Concord, Winchester and Lexington public libraries.
In 1960, Buckley joined the 320th Special Forces Detachment, which became the 11th Special Forces Group, and attended both Basic Airborne and the Special Forces Officers Course. He was assigned as an A-Detachment commander and later as a B-Detachment commander.
Colonel Buckley served in Vietnam with the U.S. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, or MACV, as a senior advisor to the South Vietnamese Army.[9]
He was inducted into the U.S. Army ROTC Hall of Fame in April 2022.[10]
Central Intelligence Agency
In 1965 (or 1963, according to one source), Buckley rejoined the CIA in what is now called the Special Activities Division.[11] According to Leslie Cockburn's book, Out of Control (1987), Buckley was involved in approving CIA assassinations undertaken by controversial CIA operative Theodore Shackley. In his book, Prelude to Terror (2005) Joseph Trento claims that Buckley was "one of Shackley's oldest and dearest friends."[6]
Buckley may have been working for the CIA while in Mexico in 1963, but this is unconfirmed.[11] His CIA employment kept him in South Vietnam from 1965 to 1970, and he was promoted in his military capacity to Lieutenant Colonel in May 1969. After leaving Vietnam, he served in Zaire (1970–1972), Cambodia (1972), Egypt (1972–1978), and Pakistan (1978–1979).[11]
In 1983, Buckley succeeded Ken Haas as the Beirut Station Chief/Political Officer at the U.S. Embassy. Buckley was successfully rebuilding the network of agents lost in and due to the bombing of the U.S. Embassy after the Marine Corps barracks bombing in October 1983 when the Islamist group Hezbollah wrongly announced that they had also killed the CIA station chief, not yet knowing the station chief was Buckley.[1] Their announcement was the first real indication that he was on a Hezbollah "hit list".[12][13][14]
Kidnapping and death
Background and prelude
In recent history, Lebanon has been considered by American Intelligence agencies as a politically and socially unstable country, but throughout 1983 this instability increased dramatically. The Shi'ite population of Lebanon became increasingly radicalized and started to target Westerners and Western-owned infrastructure such as embassies.[15][16]
David Barkay, a former officer in Israel's intelligence unit 504, asserts that a spy from Hezbollah delivered a note to his operatives (Barkay among them) six days before the kidnapping occurred.[17] The note contained a message from Imad Mughniyeh to a Hezbollah team that had been training for a kidnapping operation for months. The message instructed the team to prepare for the operation, which was set to take place in a couple of days. The note identified the target of the operation as "an American senior intelligence officer". Barkay adds that it's possible that the information about the impending kidnapping did not reach the CIA due to an "egotistical" dispute between the Mossad and Israel's Military Intelligence Directorate.
Kidnapping
On March 16, 1984, Buckley was kidnapped by Hezbollah[18] from his apartment building when he was leaving for work.[5][19] Army Major General Carl Stiner had warned Buckley that he was in danger, but Buckley told him that "I have a pretty good intelligence network. I think I'm secure." However, according to Stiner, Buckley continued to live in his apartment and travel the same route to and from work every day.[20]
It was thought that one of the reasons he was kidnapped along with two other Americans at different times in Beirut was because of the upcoming trial of 17 Iranian-backed militants that was about to begin in Kuwait.
Aftermath
On November 22, 1985, Ted Shackley, Buckley's friend and recruiter, traveled to the Atlantic Hotel in Hamburg, where he met General Manouchehr Hashemi, the former head of SAVAK's counterintelligence division. Also at the meeting was Manucher Ghorbanifar. According to the report of this meeting that Shackley sent to the State Department, Hashemi said Ghorbanifar had "fantastic" contacts with Iran,[21] but the CIA had designated him one year earlier as a "fabricator".[22] At the meeting, Shackley told Hashemi and Ghorbanifar that the United States was willing to discuss arms shipments in exchange for the four Americans kidnapped in Lebanon, although Buckley was already dead at this point.[23][24][4]
Major General Carl Stiner stated that "Buckley's kidnapping had become a major CIA concern. Not long after his capture, his agents either vanished or were killed. It was clear that his captors had tortured him into revealing the network of agents he had established."[25] According to the United States, Buckley had undergone 15 months of torture by Hezbollah before his death. After Buckley's kidnapping, three videos of Buckley being tortured were sent to the CIA in Athens. Interpreters noticed puncture marks indicating he was injected with narcotics. According to several sources, as a result of his torture, he signed a 400-page statement detailing his CIA activities.[5][26]
In a video taken approximately seven months after the kidnapping, his appearance was described as follows:
Buckley was close to a gibbering wretch. His words were often incoherent; he slobbered and drooled and, most unnerving of all, he would suddenly scream in terror, his eyes rolling helplessly and his body shaking.[27] The CIA consensus was that he would be blindfolded and chained at the ankles and wrists and kept in a cell little bigger than a coffin.[5]
Execution
On October 4, 1985, Islamic Jihad announced that it had executed Buckley.[28] After Buckley's death, Hezbollah's concern for other hostages' health increased, with Hezbollah captors inquiring about the hostages' health and well-being.[29]
The United States National Security Council acknowledged in an unclassified note that Buckley probably died on June 3, 1985, of a heart attack.[4][5][30]
Buckley's remains were recovered by Major Jens Nielsen (Royal Danish Army) attached to the United Nations Observation Group Beirut[31] on December 27, 1991, after they were dumped on a road near Beirut airport.[32] His body was returned to the United States on December 28, 1991, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia.[33][34]
Legacy
An agency memorial service was held in August 1987 to commemorate his death. A public memorial service was held with full military honors at Arlington on May 13, 1988, just short of three years after his presumed death date. At the service, attended by more than 100 colleagues and friends, CIA Director William H. Webster eulogized Buckley, saying, "Bill's success in collecting information in situations of incredible danger was exceptional, even remarkable."[7][4]
There is a small park (dedicated May 30, 2010) with a memorial in his memory in the main square of his hometown of Stoneham, Massachusetts.[35][36]
Awards and decorations
Among Buckley's decorations and awards are the Silver Star, Soldier's Medal, Bronze Star Medal with "V" Device, two Purple Hearts, the Meritorious Service Medal, the Combat Infantryman's Badge, and the Parachutist Badge. He also received the Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with bronze star from the Army of the Republic of Vietnam.[37] Among his CIA awards are the Intelligence Star, Exceptional Service Medallion and Distinguished Intelligence Cross.Among Buckley's civilian awards are the Freedom Foundation Award for Lexington Green Diorama, Collegium and Academy of Distinguished Alumni Boston University. The William F. Buckley Memorial Park in Stoneham, Massachusetts, is dedicated to his memory.
The 51st star on the CIA Memorial Wall represents him, surrounded by about 132 other stars (as of January 2021) representing CIA officers killed in the line of duty. Approximately 35 of the stars are for unnamed agents whose identities have not been revealed for national security reasons. His name and year of death are recorded in the "Book of Honor" at the wall. The CIA awarded him the Distinguished Intelligence Cross, an Intelligence Star, and an Exceptional Service Medal, but has not said whether any of these were issued posthumously (although at least one award of the Exceptional Service Medal must have been made posthumously).[citation needed]
 | Intelligence Star |
 | Distinguished Intelligence Cross |
 | Exceptional Service Medal |
 | 12 Overseas Service Bars |
Personal life
According to the biographical information distributed by the CIA, Buckley was "an avid reader of politics and history" and "a collector and builder of miniature soldiers." The latter hobby enabled him to become a principal artisan in the creation of a panorama at the Lexington Battlefield Tourist Center near his native Medford, Massachusetts. The press release also said he owned an antique shop and was an amateur artist and a collector of fine art. It called him "a very private and discreet individual".[7]
See also
- William R. Higgins (1945–1990)
- Imad Mughniyah (1962–2008)
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
- Clancy, Tom; Stiner, Carl; Koltz, Tom (2002). Shadow Warriors: Inside the special Forces. New York City, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-399-14783-8. OCLC 318994713 – via Internet Archive.
- Kushner, Harvey W. (2003) [2002]. Westby, Jerry; Tauber, Sara; Burns, Vince; Axelsen, Diana E.; Peterson, Kate (eds.). Encyclopedia of terrorism (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-0-7619-2408-1. OCLC 50725450 – via Internet Archive.
- Picco, Giandomenico (1999). Man Without a Gun: One Diplomat's Secret Struggle to Free the Hostages, Fight Terrorism, and End a War. Times Books – Random House. pp. 334 (Buckley). ISBN 9780812929102. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
- Thomas, Gordon (1989) [1988]. Journey into Madness: Medical Torture and the Mind Controllers. New York City, New Work: Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-05357-9. OCLC 476815079.
Further reading
- Ignatius, David (December 24, 2013) [1987]. Agents of Innocence (8th ed.). London, England: Quercus. ISBN 978-1-848-66748-8. OCLC 909290643. This book contains a thinly disguised portrait of Buckley in the form of the character Tom Rogers.
- West, Nigel (1992) [1991]. Seven spies who changed the world. A Mandarin paperback (2nd ed.). London: Mandarin. ISBN 978-0-7493-0620-5. OCLC 26543346.