आर (प्रोग्रामन भाषा)

आर (R)
	R logo.svg
पहला अवतरण	अगस्त 1993; 30 वर्ष पूर्व
डिज़ाइनर	Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman
निर्माता	R Core Team
स्थायी विमोचन	3.5.2 ("Eggshell Igloo") (दिसम्बर 20, 2018; 5 वर्ष पूर्व)
लिखने का तरिका	Dynamic
प्रभावकर्ता	Common Lisp; S; Scheme; XLispStat;
प्रभावित	Julia
अनुज्ञप्‍तिधारी	GNU GPL v2
सामान्य संचिका नाम अनुयोजन	.r, .R, .RData, .rds, .rda
वेबसाइट	www.r-project.org
	विकिपुस्तक पर R Programming

आर (R) कम्प्यूटर की एक प्रोग्रामन भाषा है जो विशेषत: सांख्यिकी से संबन्धित गणना करने एवं ग्राफ आदि बनाने हेतु उपयोगी है। यह भाषा विश्व के सांख्यिकीविदों में सांख्यिकी से सम्बन्धित सॉफ्ट्वेयरों के निर्माण के लिये मानक भाषा जैसे प्रचलित हो गयी है।

उदाहरण

मूलभूत सिन्टैक्स

निम्नलिखित उदाहरण भाषा के मूल वाक्यविन्यास और कमांड-लाइन इंटरफ़ेस के उपयोग को दर्शाते हैं।

In R, the generally preferred^[6] assignment operator is an arrow made from two characters <-, although = can usually be used instead.^[7]

> x <- 1:6  # Create vector.> y <- x^2  # Create vector by formula.> print(y)  # Print the vector’s contents.[1]  1  4  9 16 25 36> mean(y)  # Arithmetic mean of vector.[1] 15.16667> var(y)  # Sample variance of vector.[1] 178.9667> model <- lm(y ~ x)  # Linear regression model y = A + B * x.> print(model)  # Print the model’s results.Call:lm(formula = y ~ x)Coefficients:(Intercept)            x       -9.333        7.000  > summary(model)  # Display an in-depth summary of the model.Call:lm(formula = y ~ x)Residuals:      1       2       3       4       5       6  3.3333 -0.6667 -2.6667 -2.6667 -0.6667  3.3333 Coefficients:            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    (Intercept)  -9.3333     2.8441  -3.282 0.030453 *  x             7.0000     0.7303   9.585 0.000662 ***---Signif. codes:  0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1Residual standard error: 3.055 on 4 degrees of freedomMultiple R-squared:  0.9583,Adjusted R-squared:  0.9478 F-statistic: 91.88 on 1 and 4 DF,  p-value: 0.000662> par(mfrow = c(2, 2))  # Create a 2 by 2 layout for figures.> plot(model)  # Output diagnostic plots of the model.

फ्ंक्शन की संरचना

One of R’s strengths is the ease of creating new functions. Objects in the function body remain local to the function, and any data type may be returned.^[8]Here is an example user-created function:

# Declare function “f” with parameters “x”, “y“# that returns a linear combination of x and y.f <- function(x, y) {  z <- 3 * x + 4 * y  return(z)}

> f(1, 2)[1] 11> f(c(1,2,3), c(5,3,4))[1] 23 18 25> f(1:3, 4)[1] 19 22 25

Mandelbrot set

Short R code calculating Mandelbrot set through the first 20 iterations of equation z = z² + c plotted for different complex constants c. This example demonstrates:

use of community-developed external libraries (called packages), in this case caTools package
handling of complex numbers
multidimensional arrays of numbers used as basic data type, see variables C, Z and X.

install.packages("caTools")  # install external packagelibrary(caTools)             # external package providing write.gif functionjet.colors <- colorRampPalette(c("red", "blue", "#007FFF", "cyan", "#7FFF7F",                                 "yellow", "#FF7F00", "red", "#7F0000"))dx <- 1500                    # define widthdy <- 1400                    # define heightC  <- complex(real = rep(seq(-2.2, 1.0, length.out = dx), each = dy),              imag = rep(seq(-1.2, 1.2, length.out = dy), dx))C <- matrix(C, dy, dx)       # reshape as square matrix of complex numbersZ <- 0                       # initialize Z to zeroX <- array(0, c(dy, dx, 20)) # initialize output 3D arrayfor (k in 1:20) {            # loop with 20 iterations  Z <- Z^2 + C               # the central difference equation  X[, , k] <- exp(-abs(Z))   # capture results}write.gif(X, "Mandelbrot.gif", col = jet.colors, delay = 100)

बाहरी कड़ियाँ

The R wiki is a community wiki for R.
R books has an extensive list (with brief comments) of books related to R.
The R Graphical Manual^{[मृत कड़ियाँ]} provides a collection of R graphics from all R packages, as well as an index to all functions in all R packages.
The R Wikibook.

सन्दर्भ

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