Corruption in Russia

Corruption is seen as a big problem in Russia.^[1] It affects many parts of life. This includes the economy,^[2] business,^[3] public administration,^[4] law enforcement,^[5][6] healthcare,^[7][8] and education.^[9] Corruption is a big part of the historical model of government. It is seen as the reason the rule of law is weak in Russia.^[1] Transparency International said in 2022, "Corruption is endemic in Russia". Russia had the lowest score in Europe in the Corruption Perceptions Index for 2021.^[10] It has been said to be a kleptocracy,^[11] an oligarchy,^[12] and a plutocracy.