User:Immanuelle/Hōraiyama Kofun
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| Coordinates | 34°40′47.86″N 135°46′52.39″E / 34.6799611°N 135.7812194°E |
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Hōraiyama Kofun[1] (宝来山古墳) (also read as Hōraisan Kofun [2]) is a kofun located in Amagatsuji-cho (Amagatsuji-cho), Nara City, Nara Prefecture. It is a Zenpokoenfun
Although it is unclear who was actually buried there, the Imperial Household Agency has designated it as the tomb of the 11th Emperor Suinin, under the name " Sugawara no Fushimi Higashi no Misasagi."
It is the 20th largest kofun in Japan , and recent surveys have estimated it to have been built around the mid- 4th century (early Kofun period ).
Overview
It is a huge keyhole-shaped tumulus constructed in the northern part of the Nara Basin, west of Nara city. To the northeast, the construction of the Saki-Tatenami Kofun Cluster (Saki Shield-row Tomb Group) is known, consisting of large keyhole-shaped tombs such as the Gosashi tomb and Saki Misasagi-yama Kofun, but there is a theory that the Horaiyama Tomb and the surrounding small circular tombs should also be included in this group as the southern branch of the Saki Tomb Group. [2] [3] According to historical documents, the tumulus was once known as "Horai-san" [4] and it is known that grave robbery occurred in 1849 [3] . Since the Meiji period, the Imperial Household Agency has designated it as an imperial tomb, so no full-scale investigations have been conducted to date.
The shape of the mound is circular with a keyhole, with the front part facing south. The mound is built in three tiers. [2] [3] The length of the mound measures 227 meters (some say 240 meters [1] ), making it the 20th largest in Japan . Fukiishi and haniwa clay figures are known to exist on the outside of the mound. [5] A keyhole-shaped moat surrounds the mound, and the total length of the tomb including the moat is 330 meters. [5] The southeastern part of the moat was later expanded, but part of the outer bank remained and remains a small island today. [5] According to historical documents documenting tomb raids during the Edo period, the burial site was a vertical stone chamber containing a chest-shaped sarcophagus . [6] [2] [7] [3] Excavated items include cylindrical haniwa and figurative haniwa (shield-, house-, and quiver-shaped haniwa) collected by the Imperial Household Agency. [3]
Based on clay figures collected by the Imperial Household Agency, the Horaiyama Tomb is estimated to have been built in the late 4th century, during the early Kofun period . [1] Among the large ancient tombs in the northern Nara Basin, it is ranked in the order of construction, following the Saki Misasagi-yama Kofun (said to be the tomb of Hibasuhimenomikoto ) and preceding the Saki Ishizuka-yama Kofun (said to be the tomb of Emperor Seimu) and the Gosashi tomb (said to be the tomb of Empress Jingu ) [1] . In particular, the Horaiyama Tomb is considered to be the tomb of a king of the Yamato Kingship [1] and, unlike previous kofun, is noteworthy for being one of the earliest examples of a moat with a constant water level encircling the mound. [8] [3] Although the identity of the person buried there is unknown, the Imperial Household Agency has designated it as the tomb of the 11th Emperor, Emperor Suinin . [4]
The site of the Horaiyama Tomb was located within the Ukyo capital of Heijo-kyo, which was built later. [3]
History of the ruins
- In 1849 , tomb robbery occurred. [3]
- Bunkyu 3-4 (1863-1864 ), Bunkyu Restoration [9] .
- During the Meiji period, it was designated as the tomb of Emperor Suinin by the Imperial Household Ministry (now the Imperial Household Agency ).
- In 1897 (Meiji 30), the worship hall, stone fence, and iron door were remodeled. [9]
- In 1968, repairs were made to the mound’s breakwaters. [9]
Burial mound
Created based on aerial photographs from the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan
The size of the mound is as follows: [5]
- Total length of the tumulus: 330 meters - including the surrounding moat.
- Mound length: 227 meters
- Rear mound - Built in three tiers.
- Diameter: 123 meters
- Height: 17.3 meters
- Front section - constructed in three stages.
- Width: 118 meters
- Height: 15.6 meters
The mound is surrounded by a keyhole-shaped moat, one of the earliest examples of a moat on a water level. [3] However, while the moat in historical documents from the Edo period is depicted as symmetrical, the southeastern part of the front part of the moat as it exists today bulges outward, which is thought to be due to later expansion for irrigation purposes. [3] The small island floating within the moat (today's Hoonai Baizuka) is thought to be part of the original outer moat embankment. [3]
In addition, it is believed that the current water level in the moat is higher than it was at the time of construction, leading some to speculate that the original length of the mound was around 240 meters. [1]
Construction date
Compared to nearby large ancient tombs, there is little information available to determine its age, and little is known beyond the fact that it was roughly constructed in the mid-4th century. However, fragments of haniwa collected during the construction work carried out since the 2000s showed many characteristics consistent with the early period of Period II (early to mid-4th century), which allowed the date to be rapidly narrowed down [10] . In addition, it was previously thought to have been built later than the Shibuya Mukaiyama Tomb, but excavations at the nearby Sugawara Higashi Site unearthed pottery from the latter half of Furu 1 Type to Furu 2 Type, which are in a style dating to the first half of the 4th century, raising the possibility that this tomb was actually built earlier [11] .
Deceased
| Emperor Suinin (11th) | Emperor Anko (20th) | |
|---|---|---|
 </img> |  </img> | |
| Kojiki | 菅原之御立野中 | 菅原之伏見岡 |
| Nihon Shoki | 菅原伏見陵 | 菅原伏見陵 |
| Shoku Nihongi | 櫛見山陵 | 伏見山陵 |
| Engishiki | 菅原伏見東陵 | 菅原伏見西陵 |
| Present | 菅原伏見東陵 （宝来山古墳） | 菅原伏見西陵 |
It is unclear who was actually buried in the Horaiyama Tomb, but the Imperial Household Agency has designated it as the tomb of the 11th Emperor, Suinin . [12] [13] [14] [15] Regarding Emperor Suinin's tomb, the Kojiki [原 1] states that it was located in "Sugawara no Mitachi no Naka," while the Nihon Shoki [原 2] states that it was located in "Sugawara no Fushimi no Mausoleum." [14] Additionally, the Shoku Nihongi, in its entry for the first year of the Reiki era ( 715 ) [原 3], states that three households were assigned to guard the tomb [14] . In the Engishiki, Shoryoryo [原 4], it is described as a distant tomb called "Sugawara Fushimi Eastern Tomb." Its area was 2 cho (6.8 m2) from east to west and 2 cho (6.8 m2) from north to south, and 2 cho (1.2 m2) of land was allocated to the tomb and 3 cho (1.2 m2) of land for the guardian each year. [14]
In addition to the above, the Nihon Ryōiki [原 5] records that Inukai no Sukune Shinro lived in "the village of Saki, north of the tomb of Ikume in the capital of Nara" [4] [16], and the miscellaneous chapter of the {{ill|10=ja|11=東大寺要録|Tōdai-ji Yōroku} describes his residence as "the tomb of Sugawara no Fushiminoyama" [14] .
Later, during the Genroku Imperial Investigations of Tombs in the Edo period, the Nara Magistrate's Office reported that this tumulus was the tomb of Emperor Suinin (although there was once a theory that it was the tomb of Prince Nittabe, son of Emperor Tenmu ), and this is still the case today. [14] [3] However, while the tombs of Emperor Sujin (the 10th emperor) and Emperor Keikō (the 12th emperor) are located in the southeastern part of the Nara Basin, which is said to be the birthplace of the Yamato kingship, it is unnatural that Emperor Suinin's tomb is located in the northern part of the Nara Basin. The archaeological construction order also differs, so there is a theory that errors had already occurred in the tradition of Emperor Suinin's tomb by the time of the Kojiki, Nihon Shoki, and Engishiki [17] . According to this theory, the reason this tumulus is assumed to be the tomb of Emperor Suinin is because of the relationship between the Haji clan, whose main family was located near the Horaiyama Tumulus, and the legend of Emperor Suinin's haniwa clay figurines. [17] In addition, both the front and rear mounds of the tumulus are built in three tiers, which makes it possible to assume that the person buried there was a member of the royal family who was a central figure in the royal authority. There are no other burial mounds of a similar size in the surrounding area. Due to three points related to the legend of the Haji clan, there is a view that it is highly likely to be the tomb of the head of the Yamato government, who was later known to later generations as "Emperor Suinin" [18] .
In addition, in the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, the tombs of Emperor Suinin and Emperor Anko (the 20th emperor) are listed with similar names, and there is a theory that Emperor Anko's tomb is not the current tomb (archaeologically, it may be the remains of a medieval clan residence [17] ) but the Hyogoyama Tomb (currently the enclave of the tomb of Emperor Suinin; see below) near the Horaiyama Tomb [3] .
Sub-burial mound
It is unclear whether this tumulus had a secondary tomb, but it is assumed that there was no archaeological association with it. [3]
There are other tombs nearby including the believed grave of Tajimamori on a small island.[3] Currently, a place of worship is set up on the opposite shore of the small island .[14]
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References
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