環保關稅(environmental tariff),亦作綠色關稅(green tariff)或生態關稅(eco-tariff),是一種對國際貿易中有污染行為的保護[1]。透過對從輸入國入口或送輸出往出口國的貨物所徵收的稅款,作為對貨物未能達到稅要求的環境污染控制的補償,以防止「環境方面的惡性競爭」("environmental races to the bottom")及「廢物傾倒」("eco-dumping")[2]。
Since freer trade raises income, it directly contributes to increasing pollution levels via the scale effect. However, it thereby induces the composition (and) technique effects of increased income, both of which tend to reduce pollution levels. 由於更自由的貿易令收入增加,會透過規模效應直接令污染水平增加。然而,收入的增加亦同時會誘導組成技術的影響,使污染程度得以降低。
Section 8002 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act (42 U.S.C. 6982) is amended by adding the following new subsections at the end thereof:
`(t) The Administrator shall prepare, within one hundred and twenty days of the enactment of this section and yearly thereafter, a pollution control index for each of the top fifty countries identified by the Office of Trade and Investment of the Department of Commerce based on the value of exports to the United States from that country's attainment of pollution control standards in the areas of air, water, hazardous waste and solid waste as compared to the United States. The purpose of this index is to measure the level of compliance within each country with standards comparable to or greater than those in the United States. The Administrator shall analyze, in particular, the level of technology employed and actual costs incurred for pollution control in the major export sectors of each country in formulating the index'."[8]
...seeing it as a threat to their growth and fearing that developed countries would attempt to export their preferences for pollution control or to place 'environmental' tariffs on imports from countries with lower standards. ……認為這威脅到新興工業化國家和未發展國家的成長,並擔心發達國家會試圖把他們的在污染控制方面的偏好強加於新興工業化國家和未發展國家,又或對從污染控制標準較低的國家入口的產品實施環保關稅。
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Ghosh, S. & Yamarik, Steven 2006, Do Regional Trading Arrangements Harm the Environment?: An Analysis of 162 Countries in 1990, Applied Econometric and International Development, 2006 Vol. 6;
Naghavi, Alireza, Can R&D-Inducing Green Tariffs Replace International Environmental Regulations?; Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, 2006-92;
Tobey, James A, 1990, The Effects of Domestic Environmental Policies on Patterns of World Trade: An Empirical Test, Kyklos, Blackwell Publishing, Vol. 43(2), Pgs. 191-209;
Baldwin, R E & Murray, Tracy, 1977, MFN Tariff Reductions and Developing Country Trade Benefits under the GSP, Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, Vol. 87 (345), pages 30-46, March 1977
Hazilla, Michael & Kopp, Raymond J, 1990, Social Cost of Environmental Quality Regulations: A General Equilibrium Analysis, Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, Vol. 98(4), Pgs. 853-73, August 1990;