Umalaleveva
Umalaleveva noma uvuvatha isifo esithelelanayo esithwalwa omasikido esiphatha abantu kanye nezinye izilwane esibangelwa ukucinzwa umasikido protozoans (uhlobo lwesicubu esisodwa i-microorganism) sohlobo lwe-Plasmodium.[1] Umalaleveva ubanga izimpawu ezibandakanya umkhuhlane, ukutubeka, ukuphalaza kanye nokuphathwa yikhanda. Uma kukubi kakhulu kungabangela isikhumba esiphuzi, ukuxhuzula, i-coma noma ukufa.[2] Lezi zimpawu zivamise ukuqala ezinsukwini ezilishumi kuya kwezilishumi nanhlanu emva kokuncinzwa umasikido.Kulabo abangalashwanga kahle isifo singaphinde sibuye emva kwezinyanga.[1] Kulabo abasindile ekuthelelekeni, uma uphinda utheleleka kuvamise ukuba nezimpawu ezincane. Lokhu kuvimbeleka kwesikhashana kuyaphela emva kwezinyanga noma iminyaka uma ungaphindanga waba sendaweni engaba nomalaleveva.[2]
| Umalaleveva | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Ukuhlela ngohlobo oluthile kanye nezinsiza zangaphandle | |
| ICD/CIM-10 | B50-B54 B50-B54 |
| ICD/CIM-9 | 084 084 |
| OMIM | 248310 |
| DiseasesDB | 7728 |
| MedlinePlus | 000621 |
Imvamisa, isifo sihanjiswa ukuncizwa umasikido wesifazane onesifo owaziwa nge-Anopheles. Lokhu kuncizwa kungenisa izilwane eziphila ngegazi ezisuka ematheni kamasikido ziye kumuntuegazini.[1] Izilwane eziphila ngegazi zibe seziya esibindini lapho ezifike zikhule khona zizalane zande. Izinhlobo ezinhlanu ze-Plasmodium zingathelela abantu baphinde bazisabalalise.[2] Ukufa imvamisa kubangelwa P. falciparum ne P. vivax, P. ovale, kanye P. malariae okujwayele ukubangela umalaleveva ongenawo amandla kakhulu.[1][2] Lezi zilwanyana P. knowlesi azivamisile ukubanga isifo kubantu.[1] Umalaleveva uvamise ukuxilongwa ngokuhlola ngezipopolo kwegazi kusetshenziswa amafilimu egazi, noma nge-antigen- ukuhlola okusheshayo.[2] izindlela ezisebenzisa i-polymerase chain reaction ukuze kutholakale izilwanyana eziphila ngegazi DNA isisunguliwe, kodwa azikasetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinomalaleveva ojwayele ngenxa yezindleko zayo kanye nokuba nzima kwayo.[3]
Ubungozi besifo bungancipha ngokuvimbela ukuncinzwa omasikido ngokusebenzisa inethi yomasikido kanye nemithi exosha izilwanyana, noma ngezindlela zokulawula omasikido ezifana nokufutha imithi ebulala izilwanyana kanye nokumoma amanzi amile.[2] Imithi eminingi ikhona yokuvikela umalaleveva kulabo abavakashayo ezindaweni ezijwayele ukuba nalesi sifo. Ukuphuza umuthi ngezikhathi ezithile sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine kuyadingeka ezinganeni kanye nasemva kwezinyanga ezintathu zokuqala uma ukhulelwe ezindaweni ezinesibalo esiphezulu samalaleveva. Yize isidingo sikhona, awukho umuthi okhona, kodwa-ke kusenziwa imizamo yokuwuthola.[1] Ukwelashwa okunconywayo kokwelapha umalaleveva ukuhlanganisa imithi elwisana nomalaleveva ebandakanya artemisinin.[1][2] Umuthi wesibili kungaba yi mefloquine, lumefantrine, noma i-sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine.[4] Quinine ndawonye ne doxycycline ingasetshenziswa uma i-artemisinin ingatholakali.[4] Kunconywa ukuthi ezindweni lapho isifo sivamise khona, umalaleveva uqinisekisiwe ukuthi ukhona ngaphambi kokuthi uqale nokwelashwa ngenxa yokunyuka kokungasebenzi komuthi.Ukungazweli sekuvamile emithini eminingi; isibonelo, ukungazweli kwe-chloroquine P. falciparum sekusabalale cishe izindawo eziningi ezinomalaleveva, kanti nokungazweli kwe-artemisinin sekube yinkinga kwezinye izingxenye ze-Eshiya eseNingizimumpumalanga .[1]
Isifo sisabalele ezifundeni ezizungeze i-equator|zizungeze i-equator tropical kanye nezifunda eziphakathi kwe-equator ne-temperate subtropical ezikhona emhlabeni jikelele ezizungeze equator.[2] Lokhu kubandakanya eziningi Sub-Saharan Africa, I-Eshiya, kanye Latin America. Inhlangano yezeMpilo yoMhlaba ilinganisa ukuthi ngonyaka wezi-2012, kwaba khona abantu abayi-207 wezigidi ababenomalaleveva. Ngalowo nyaka, isifo kulinganiselwa ukuthi sabulala abantu abaphakathi kuka-473,000 no-789,000, abaningi babo kwakuyizingane zase-Afrika.[1] Umalaleveva ujwayele ukuhlanganiswa nenhlupheko kanti futhi unomthelela omubi ekuthuthukeni komnotho.[5][6] E-Africa kulinganiselwa ukuthi balahlekelwa $12 wezigidigidi zase-USD ngonyaka ngenxa yokunyuka kwezindleko zokunakekelwa kwezempilo, ukungakwazi ukusebenza kanye nomthelela kwezokuvakasha.[7]
