List of Internet top-level domains

This list of Internet top-level domains (TLD) contains top-level domains, which are those domains in the DNS root zone of the Domain Name System of the Internet. A list of the top-level domains by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is maintained at the Root Zone Database.^[1] IANA also oversees the approval process for new proposed top-level domains for ICANN. As of April 2021^[update], their root domain contains 1502 top-level domains.^[2]^[3] As of March 2021^[update], the IANA root database includes 1589 TLDs. That also includes 68 that are not assigned (revoked), 8 that are retired and 11 test domains.^[1] Those are not represented in IANA's listing^[2] and are not in root.zone file (root.zone file also includes one root domain).^[4]

Types

IANA distinguishes the following groups of top-level domains:^[5]

infrastructure top-level domain (ARPA)
generic top-level domains (gTLD)
generic-restricted top-level domains (grTLD)
sponsored top-level domains (sTLD)
country code top-level domains (ccTLD)
test top-level domains (tTLD)

Original top-level domains

Seven generic top-level domains were created early in the development of the Internet, and predate the creation of ICANN in 1998.

Name: DNS names
Entity: intended use
Administrator: managers
Notes: general remarks
IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions

Name	Entity	Administrator^[6]	Notes	IDN	DNSSEC	SLD	IPv6
.com	commercial	Verisign	This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Though originally intended for use by for-profit business entities, for a number of reasons it became the main TLD for domain names and is currently used by all types of entities including nonprofits, schools, and private individuals. Domain name registrations may be successfully challenged if the holder cannot prove an outside relation justifying reservation of the name,^[7] to prevent "squatting". It was originally administered by the United States Department of Defense.	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
.org	organization	Public Interest Registry	This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Originally created as a miscellaneous category as stated in RFC 920 (October 1984) "...any other domains meeting the second level requirements," and clarified in RFC 1591 (March 1994), "This domain is intended as the miscellaneous TLD for organizations that didn't fit anywhere else. Some non-government organizations may fit here."^[8]^[9] While mainly non-profits have used this domain, it was never restricted from miscellaneous use.	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
.net	network	Verisign	This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. According to RFC 1591 (March 1994) "This domain is intended to hold only the computers of network providers."^[9]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
.int	international	Internet Assigned Numbers Authority	The .int TLD is strictly limited to organizations, offices, and programs endorsed by a treaty between two or more nations. However, a few grandfathered domains do not meet these criteria.	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
.edu	education	Educause (via Verisign)	The .edu TLD is limited to specific higher educational institutions such as, but not limited to, trade schools and universities. In the U.S., its use was restricted in 2001 to post-secondary institutions accredited by an agency on the list of nationally recognized accrediting agencies. This domain is therefore almost exclusively used by American colleges and universities. Some institutions, such as the Exploratorium, that do not meet the current registration criteria have grandfathered domain names.	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
.gov	U.S. national and state government agencies	Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (via Verisign)	The .gov TLD is limited to United States governmental entities and agencies as well as qualifying state, county and local municipal government agencies, and tribal governments.	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
.mil	U.S. military	United States Department of Defense	The .mil TLD is limited to divisions, services and agencies of the United States Department of Defense.	No	Yes	Yes	Yes

Infrastructure top-level domains

Infrastructure	Entity	Notes	IDN	DNSSEC
.arpa	"Address and Routing Parameter Area"	Originally assigned to the Advanced Research Projects Agency in the early days on the Internet, .arpa is now exclusively used as an Internet infrastructure TLD.	No	Yes

Country code top-level domains

As of 20 May 2017, there were 255 country-code top-level domains, purely in the Latin alphabet, using two-character codes. As of June 2022^[update], the number was 316, with the addition of internationalized domains.^[1]

Proposed internationalized ccTLDs

Internationalised domain names have been proposed for Japan and Libya.

ICANN-era generic top-level domains

Name: DNS name
Target market: intended use
Restrictions: restrictions, if any, on who can register, and how the domain can be used
Operator: entity the registry has been delegated to
IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions

English

A

Name	Target market	Restrictions	Operator/Registry	IDN	DNSSEC
.academy	Schools, military academies, online learning websites, PTAs and student portals, or any site created to be educational on a particular topic.	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 1]}	Yes	Yes
.accountant	Certified Public Accountants, tax advisors, corporate accountants, personal and business accountants, and professional CPA organizations.	—	Global Registry Services Ltd^[10]	Unknown	Yes
.accountants	Accountants and accounting firms.	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 2]}	Yes	Yes
.active		Reserved for Active Network.	The Active Network	Unknown	Yes
.actor	Aspiring actors and their agents, theaters and movie studios, entertainment outlets, streaming video sites, movie review sites, and celebrity gossip sites.	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.ads	advertising	Reserved for Google AdSense.	Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)^[11]
.adult	Sites providing sexually explicit content, such as pornography.	-	ICM Registry	Yes	Yes
.aero	Air-transport industry.	Must verify eligibility for registration; only those in various categories of air-travel-related entities may register.	SITA	No	No
.africa	African and pan-African topics, African Union	—	ZA Central Registry	Unknown	Yes
.agency	Marketing and advertising agencies, PR or communications agencies, design firms, talent agencies, travel agencies, and other related agencies.	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 3]}	Yes^[12]	Yes
.airforce	Military recruiters, flight training schools, supply companies, military aircraft suppliers and repair companies, and Air Force members and veterans.	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.amazon		Reserved for Amazon.	Amazon
.analytics		Reserved for SAS Institute.	Campus IP LLC^[11]
.apartments	Property (apartment) managers, condominium/apartment developers, college websites/centers, and city guides and community centers.	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.app	Apps.^[13]	—	Google^{[n 2]}	Yes	Yes
.apple	Apple.^[14]	Reserved for Apple.^[15]	Apple	Unknown	Yes
.archi	architects and architect firms^[16]	Restricted to individuals and organizations that can verify participation in architecture industry.^[17]	STARTING DOT LIMITED	Unknown	Yes
.army	Military recruiter, army supply stores, military training schools, army members and veterans	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.art	artists, museums, art galleries, dealers, service providers and contractors	—	UK Creative Ideas	Yes	Yes
.arte		Reserved for Arte			Yes
.associates	Accountants, law firms, consulting firms, real estate agencies, health & medical groups	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 4]}	Yes	Yes
.attorney	Independent attorneys and law firms of any size, legal services entities, elected officials and judges, professional organizations, law students	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.auction	Auction houses & online auctions, car and truck auction, B2B commodity auctions, charity auctions for non-profits and schools, buyer and seller communities	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.audible		Reserved for Audible	Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.audio	stereo/sound systems, music	—	Uniregistry	Yes^[18]	Yes
.author		—	Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]		Yes
.auto	vehicles		XYZ.com^[11]		Yes
.autos	vehicles	—	XYZ.com	Unknown	Yes
.aws		Reserved for Amazon Web Services	Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]		Yes

B

Name	Target market	Restrictions	Operator/Registry	IDN	DNSSEC
.baby	For selling baby-related products		XYZ.com^[11]	Yes	Yes
.band	Music venues, ticket sale/resale sites, music band & musician sites, school band sites, music review sites	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.bank	banks	Restricted to banks and savings associations	fTLD Registry Services, LLC	Unknown	Yes
.bar	Bars and related industry	—	Punto 2012	Yes	Yes
.barefoot		Reserved for Gallo Vineyards Inc.	Gallo Vineyards, Inc.^[11]
.bargains	Online retailers, large and small, "sale" sections on retail websites, discount & overstock sites, bargain hunters, frugal-living bloggers	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 5]}	Yes	Yes
.baseball	baseball	Reserved for MLB	MLB Advanced Media DH, LLC^[11]
.basketball	basketball	Reserved for FIBA	Fédération Internationale de Basketball (FIBA)^[11]
.beauty	beauty	—	XYZ.com^[11]	Yes	Yes
.beer	breweries and beer aficionados	—	Minds + Machines^{[n 3]}	Unknown	Yes
.best		—	BestTLD Pty Ltd	Unknown	Yes
.bestbuy		Reserved for Best Buy	BBY Solutions, Inc.^[11]
.bet	gambling	—	Identity Digital plc^[11]	Yes	Yes
.bible		—	American Bible Society^[11]	Yes	Yes
.bid	auctions	—	Global Registry Services Ltd^[10]	Yes	Yes
.bike	Bicycle & motorcycle enthusiasts, bike retailers & gear shops, bike repair shops, biking event organizers, bike or motorcycle clubs	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 6]}	Yes^[19]	Yes
.bingo	Bingo halls, casinos, online & casual gaming sites, travel agencies	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.bio	Organic agriculture^[20]	Open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register; however, registrants who are "producers, transformers and retailers, or otherwise involved in the field of agriculture, food and farming" must comply with the Principles of Organic Agriculture.^[21]^[22]	Identity Digital^[23]	Unknown	Yes
.biz	business	Open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register; however, registrations may be challenged later if they are not held by commercial entities in accordance with the domain's charter. This TLD was created to provide relief for the .com TLD, where many names have already been taken.	NeuStar	Yes^[12]	Yes
.black	those who like the color black^[24]	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.blackfriday	Black Friday, retail	—	Uniregistry	Yes^[18]	Yes
.blockbuster		Reserved for Blockbuster LLC	Dish DBS Corporation^[11]
.blog	Blogs	—	Automattic^[25]	^[12]	Yes
.blue	those who like the color blue^[26]	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.boo	—	—	Google^{[n 2]}	Yes	Yes
.book			Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.boots		Reserved for Boots Company Ltd	THE BOOTS COMPANY PLC^[11]
.boston	websites related to the city of Boston, Massachusetts USA		Boston TLD Management, LLC^[11]	Unknown	Yes
.bot		Previously restricted to online "bots" using approved frameworks (Amazon Lex, Dialogflow, Gupshup, Microsoft Bot Framework, and Pandorabots)^[27] and now has no restrictions.^[28]	Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.boutique	Specialty online retailers, vintage shops, designers, artists and artisans, craftspeople	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 7]}	Yes	Yes
.box	individuals and businesses, in order to promote personal cloud storage	—	NS1 Limited	Yes	Yes
.broadway	Broadway theatre	Reserved for members of the Broadway League	Celebrate Broadway, Inc.^[11]
.broker			DOTBROKER REGISTRY LTD^[11]
.build	construction industry		Plan Bee LLC	Yes	Yes
.builders	Contractors, subcontractors, commercial/residential architects, interior designers	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 8]}	Yes	Yes
.business	Creative businesses & agencies, freelancers & independent consultants, any other business looking to differentiate from the competition	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 9]}	Yes	Yes
.buy	sales		Amazon Registry Services, INC^[11]
.buzz	marketing and social networking	—	DOTSTRATEGY	Yes	Yes

C

Name	Target market	Restrictions	Operator/Registry	IDN	DNSSEC
.cab	Airline & travel-related products or services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging, tourist attractions	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 10]}	Yes	Yes
.cafe	Cafes, restaurants, delis, cafeterias, coffee shops & coffee stands, student lounges, mobile food/beverage vendors, cooking schools	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.call			Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.cam	Cameras, photography, broadcasting, film-making and livestreaming.	—	CAM Connecting SarL ^[29]	Yes	Yes
.camera	Professional photographers, camera and equipment retailers, photo studios & photography schools, wedding and specialty photographers, anyone who wants to share photos online	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 11]}	Yes	Yes
.camp	Camping/RV sites, travel writers & bloggers, outdoor adventure companies, summer camps for kids, hotels, hostels, lodges, bed & breakfast lodging	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 12]}	Yes	Yes
.cancerresearch	Organizations, research institutes and individuals interested in ending cancer through research^[30]	—	Australian Cancer Research Foundation	Unknown	Yes
.capital	Mortgage companies, financial services professionals, investment services, venture capital investors	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 13]}	Yes	Yes
.car	vehicles		Cars Registry Limited^[11]
.cards	Occasion shoppers (holiday, birthday, bereavement), occasion-related websites, gift buyers, corporate HR departments	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 14]}	Yes	Yes
.care	Surgeons, primary/secondary care physicians, insurance providers, hospitals & clinics, medical, dental, or vision specialists, service based products or services	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 15]}	Yes	Yes
.career	jobs and job-searching	—	dotCareer LLC	Yes	Yes
.careers	Career services (coaching, resume writing), job sites & recruiters, business coaches, staffing firms, HR department of any business	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 16]}	Yes	Yes
.cars	Automotive	—	Uniregistry	Yes	Yes
.case		Reserved for CNH Industrial	CNH Industrial N.V.^[11]
.cash	Pawn shops and consignment shops, currency exchanges, other cash-based businesses, check cashing services	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 17]}	Yes	Yes
.casino	Casino & online gaming sites, travel agencies, local tourist sites, hotel booking sites	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.catering	Caterers & personal chefs, specialty food vendors, wedding planners & event planners, event spaces, wholesale suppliers	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 18]}	Yes	Yes
.catholic	Catholicism		Dicastery for Communication^[11]
.center	Community centers, business centers, shopping centers, tourist sites/city centers, tutoring & learning centers	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 19]}	Yes	Yes
.cern	CERN	CERN	CERN	Unknown	Yes
.ceo	CEOs	—^[31]	CEOTLD Pty Ltd	Unknown	Yes
.cfd	clothing fashion design		ShortDot SA^[11]
.channel		—	Google^{[n 2]}	Yes^[12]	Yes
.chat	Online chat rooms, dating, political, religious, sports, human interest, & hobbyist forums, companies with live chat help desks, chatbot technology companies	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.charity		—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.cheap	Online retailers, discount sites, overstock sites, businesses who sell bulk products at discounted prices, bargain hunters & frugal-living bloggers	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 20]}	Yes	Yes
.christmas	Christmas	—	Uniregistry	Yes^[18]	Yes
.church	Churches, youth organizations, spiritual communities, religion-based organizations, anyone who publishes spiritual or religious content	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 21]}	Yes	Yes
.circle		—	Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.city	City resource sites for locals and travelers, travel writers & bloggers, local reviews websites, tourist attractions, transportation businesses	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 22]}	Yes	Yes
.claims	Insurance adjusters & claims representatives, insurance claims departments (auto, medical, homeowners), customer service departments of insurance companies, law firms	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 23]}	Yes	Yes
.cleaning	Contractors, commercial/home cleaning services, auto detailing/cleaning services	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 24]}	Yes	Yes
.click		—	Uniregistry	Yes^[18]	Yes
.clinic	Healthcare clinics, medical or healthcare specialists, sports clinics, urgent care clinics	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 25]}	Yes	Yes
.clothing	Online retailers, department stores, designers	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 26]}	Yes	Yes
.cloud	Companies involved in cloud computing	—	Aruba S.p.A.
.club	groups, organizations, assemblies, communities, general	—^[32]	.CLUB DOMAINS	Yes^[33]	Yes
.coach	Athletic organizations, personal trainers & coaches, business, life, & health coaches, school & community club coaches or tutors, affordable travel, airline, train, car, or other transportation companies	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.codes	Software and web developers, IT companies, technology R&D companies, coding enthusiasts, coding classes & camps	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 27]}	Yes	Yes
.coffee	Coffee shops, roasters, wholesalers & suppliers, machine & equipment suppliers and stands	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 28]}	Yes	Yes
.college	Educational	—	XYZ.com	Yes	Yes
.community	City guides & community centers, online communities, neighborhood associations, churches, mosques, temples, and other spiritual communities, local writers & bloggers	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 29]}	Yes	Yes
.company	Small, medium, or large businesses, business that want to demonstrate authority in their field, makers, artisans, anyone who sells a niche product	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 30]}	Yes	Yes
.compare		Reserved for Gocompare.com Limited	iSelect Ltd^[11]
.computer	Computer manufacturers, computer repair services, computer resellers, computer training & education programs, tech companies	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 31]}	Yes	Yes
.condos	Real estate brokers/agents, property (condominium) managers, mortgage companies, condominium/apartment developers, condominium associations	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 32]}	Yes	Yes
.construction	Contractors, commercial/residential architects, wholesale and retail construction suppliers	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 33]}	Yes	Yes
.consulting	Consulting firms, independent consultants, specialty services, businesses that offer expert training	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.contact			Top Level Spectrum, Inc.^[11]
.contractors	Construction-related businesses, contractors, subcontractors, independent contractors with unique skills and expertise, unions or other organizations promoting their people and skills	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 34]}	Yes	Yes
.cooking	sharing recipes	—	Minds + Machines^{[n 3]}	Yes	Yes
.cool	Fashion magazines & blogs, meme aggregators, trend tracking sites, online merchants, fun publications & sites	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 35]}	Yes	Yes
.coop	cooperatives	The .coop TLD is limited to cooperatives as defined by the Rochdale Principles.	DotCooperation	No	Yes
.country	general	—	Minds + Machines^{[n 3]}	Yes	Yes
.coupon	discounts and rebates		Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.coupons	Coupon pages, coupon sites, discount sites, coupon-themed blogs, bargain hunters	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.courses	education		Open Universities Australia Pty Ltd^[11]
.cpa	accountants and accounting firms	Restricted to licensed CPAs and CPA firms	American Institute of Certified Public Accountants	Unknown	Yes
.credit	Credit card companies, lenders, credit unions, collection agencies, credit counselors & financial planners	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 36]}	Yes	Yes
.creditcard	Credit card companies, store/retailer credit card sites, credit counselors & financial planners, credit card processing services	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 37]}	Yes	Yes
.cruise	Cruise lines, cruise-related products or services, travel agencies & vacation services, private charter boats		Viking River Cruises (Bermuda) Ltd.^[11]
.cricket	cricket	—	Global Registry Services Ltd^[10]	Unknown	Yes
.cruises	cruise businesses and travel	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 38]}	Yes	Yes
.cyou	For any individual or business that shares the ethical values of diversity, inclusivity, and independence^[34]	—	Shortdot SA^[35]		Yes

D

Name	Target market	Restrictions	Operator/Registry	IDN	DNSSEC
.dad	fathers	—	Google^{[n 2]}	Unknown	Yes
.dance	Dance studios & instructors, nightclubs & music venues, dance teams & troupes, dance shoe, clothing & equipment manufacturers, fans of dance & live performances	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.data			Dish DBS Corporation^[11]
.date	online dating	—	Global Registry Services Ltd^[10]	Unknown	Yes
.dating	Dating & matchmaker sites, travel sites & city guides, singles meetup groups, traditional “classified” sites, event businesses	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 39]}	Yes	Yes
.day	general	—	Google^{[n 2]}	Unknown	Yes
.deal	sales		Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.deals	Discount sites, bargain hunters, coupon sites, coupon pages. coupon-themed guides, directories and blogs	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 40]}	Yes	Yes
.degree	Brick-and-mortar schools & universities, online universities, other learning courses, other educational resources	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.delivery	Consumer delivery services, commercial shipping services, transportation services, messenger services, any business that ships their products	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 41]}	Yes	Yes
.democrat	Political candidates, lobbyists, political parties, fundraising organizations	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.dental	Dentists, endodontists, orthodontists, retailers selling oral health supplies, wholesale suppliers for dental care	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 42]}	Yes	Yes
.dentist	Dentists, endodontists, orthodontists, retailers selling oral health supplies, wholesale suppliers for dental care	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.design	graphic art and fashion	—	Top Level Design	Yes	Yes
.dev	software development	—	Google	Unknown	Yes
.diamonds	Jewelers, diamond wholesalers and retailers, jewelry appraisers and buyers, pawn shops	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 43]}	Yes	Yes
.diet	dieting and dietary	—	Uniregistry	Yes^[18]	Yes
.digital	Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, media buying/production companies (digital & traditional), online event, meetup & gaming sites, technology companies, e-commerce sites	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 44]}	Yes	Yes
.direct	Direct-to-consumer stores, bargain hunters, transportation services, messenger services, delivery & shipping services	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 45]}	Yes	Yes
.directory	Listings organizations, name, phone & address directories, online business directories, clubs, groups, & other organizations directories	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 46]}	Yes	Yes
.discount	Discount sites, bargain hunters, coupon sites, coupon pages, coupon-themed blogs	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 47]}	Yes	Yes
.diy	do-it-yourself		Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.^[11]
.docs	Technical Documentation		Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)^[11]
.doctor	Doctors, any business with “doctor” in the name, other health care providers, PhD experts in any field		Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.dog	Dog breeders, dog walking, grooming & sitting businesses, veterinarians, animal shelters & adoption centers, pet stores & suppliers	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.domains	Any web-based service, network consultants, domain brokers, resellers and registrars, home-related products and services	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 48]}	Yes	Yes
.dot			Dish DBS Corporation^[11]
.download	technology	—	Global Registry Services Ltd^[10]	Unknown	Yes
.drive		Reserved for Google Drive	Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)^[11]

E

Name	Target market	Restrictions	Operator/Registry	IDN	DNSSEC
.earth	Individuals or businesses with a worldwide focus	—	Interlink Co., Ltd.^[11]		Yes
.eat	restaurants and foodies	—	Google^{[n 2]}	Unknown	Yes
.eco	Sustainability minded companies, non-profits and professionals.^[36]	Open to anyone pledging a commitment to sustainability action.^[37]	Big Room Inc.^[38]	No	Yes
.education	Colleges & universities, public schools, PTAs & other school groups, education research organizations, any organization focused on educating its audience	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 49]}	Yes	Yes
.email	Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, email marketing experts, CRM and marketing technology specialists, anyone who wants a memorable email address	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 50]}	Yes	Yes
.energy	Electrical, mechanical, chemical, nuclear & thermal energy producers, solar, wind, hydro, bio & other sustainable alternative energy producers, battery manufacturers & oil industry R&D, energy conservation organizations, energy food & drink manufacturers	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 51]}	Yes	Yes
.engineer	Computer and software engineering companies, civil, electrical, mechanical, and architectural engineering companies, environmental, chemical, geotechnical, and bio engineering companies, engineer training or educational institutions, railroad engineers	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.engineering	Computer and software engineering companies, civil, electrical, mechanical, and architectural engineering companies, environmental, chemical, geotechnical, and bio engineering companies, engineer training or educational institutions, railroad engineers	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 52]}	Yes	Yes
.edeka	edeka firms	—	EDEKA Verband kaufmännischer Genossenschaften e.V.	Yes	Yes
.entertainment	Ticket outlets, travel sites & local tourist sites, performance halls, theaters, & music venues, anyone in the entertainment industry, celebrity news sites	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.enterprises	Entrepreneurs, startups, parent & holding companies, enterprise SaaS solutions & tech services	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 53]}	Yes	Yes
.equipment	Home improvement stores, construction equipment rentals, construction equipment sales, sporting goods stores	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 54]}	Yes	Yes
.esq	lawyers, law firms, legal professionals	To be restricted to verified lawyers and attorneys^[39]	Google^{[n 2]}	Unknown	Yes
.estate	Estate sale management & appraisal services, estate planners & lawyers, real estate agents & brokers	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 55]}	Yes	Yes
.events	Event planners, sports & gaming agencies/sites, ticket sale/resale sites, city guides & community centers, performance halls, music clubs/bars	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 56]}	Yes	Yes
.exchange	Foreign currency exchanges, stock brokers, investment fund traders, ETF distributors, brokers, & dealers	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 57]}	Yes	Yes
.expert	Home services providers, online review sites, skilled worker databases, freelancers, consultants, & subject matter experts	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 58]}	Yes	Yes
.exposed	Tabloid sites, celebrity romance blog, TV spoiler sites, sites that host leaked documents, investigative journalism sites	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 59]}	Yes	Yes
.express	Transportation services, messenger services, delivery & shipping services, direct-to-consumer stores	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes

F

Name	Target market	Restrictions	Operator/Registry	IDN	DNSSEC
.fail	Online meme aggregators, humor websites, video sites	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 60]}	Yes	Yes
.faith	religion and churches	—	Global Registry Services Ltd^[10]	Unknown	Yes
.family	Family-focused travel sites, blogs about family-friendly activities & games, family history sites, photo sites, obstetricians & family practice doctors	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.fan	Fan sites, current events & gossip sites, sport blogs and forums, personal & business sites about niche topics		Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.fans	general	—	ZDNS International Limited	Unknown	Yes
.farm	Real estate brokers/agents, farming services & equipment dealers, farmers & ranchers, property managers, health food distributors, cryptocurrency farmers	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 61]}	Yes	Yes
.fashion	clothing industry	—	Minds + Machines^{[n 3]}	Yes	Yes
.fast		Reserved for Amazon	Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.feedback	feedback and reviews	—	Top Level Spectrum	Unknown	Yes
.fiat		Reserved for Stellantis (previously Fiat Chrysler Automobiles and Fiat S.p.A.)	Stellantis N.V.	Unknown	Yes
.film	films		Motion Picture Domain Registry Pty Ltd^[11]
.final	final versions of anything		Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR - NIC.br^[11]
.finance	Investment services, banks & financial institutes, credit counselors & financial planners, accounting firms, lenders	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 62]}	Yes	Yes
.financial	Investment services, banks & financial institutions, credit counselors & financial planners, accounting firms, lenders	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 63]}	Yes	Yes
.fire		Reserved for Amazon (promotion of Fire devices)	Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.fish	Seafood markets, restaurants & suppliers, sport fishing & fly fishing enthusiasts, fishing gear, tackle, & product manufacturers, travel outfitters & fishing guide companies, aquariums, pet & fish supply stores, marine biology programs & conservation organizations	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 64]}	Yes	Yes
.fishing	fishing businesses, sports, and interests	—	Minds + Machines^{[n 3]}	Yes	Yes
.fit	Fitness and exercise	—	Minds + Machines^{[n 3]}	Unknown	Yes
.fitness	Gyms, athletic clubs & family health organizations, personal trainers, weight loss, health & wellness clinics, health & exercise blogs, fitness competition & events companies	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 65]}	Yes	Yes
.flights	Airline-related products or services, helicopter rides, skydiving, & hang gliding, travel agencies & travel services, private pilots, airport transportation	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 66]}	Yes	Yes
.florist	Florists, flower delivery services, floral designers, flower seed suppliers	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 67]}	Yes	Yes
.flowers	florists and gardens	—	Uniregistry	Yes	Yes
.fly	travel	To be restricted to verified airlines, travel agencies and travel resellers^[40]	Google^{[n 2]}	Unknown	Yes
.foo	programming and development	—^[41]	Google^{[n 2]}	Yes	Yes
.food			Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.^[11]
.foodnetwork		Reserved for Food Network	Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.^[11]
.football	Professional & amateur football & soccer teams, football clothing, gear & fan merchandise, football equipment manufacturers, football coaches & players	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.forsale	Individual real estate brokers and brokerages, wholesalers and retailers across many product categories, discount, flash sale and deal websites, auction sites and individuals selling items they no longer need	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.forum	forums		Fegistry, LLC^[11]	Arabic^[12]	Yes
.foundation	Charitable organizations, public school foundations, other philanthropic organizations & foundations	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 68]}	Yes	Yes
.free	sales		Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.frontdoor		Reserved for HGTV	Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.^[11]
.fun		—	Radix Registry	Yes	Yes
.fund	Investment services, banks & financial institutions, credit counselors & financial planners, lenders	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 69]}	Yes	Yes
.furniture	Home décor and furnishing stores, department stores, home designers, vintage stores, antique dealers	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 70]}	Yes	Yes
.fyi	"for your information"	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes

G

Name	Target market	Restrictions	Operator/Registry	IDN	DNSSEC
.gallery	Galleries, professional photographers, camera and equipment retailers, photo studios & photography schools, wedding and specialty photographers, anyone who wants to share photos online	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 71]}	Yes	Yes
.game	gaming		Uniregistry, Corp.^[11]	Yes	Yes
.games	Gaming sites, forums & reviews, online or brick & mortar game stores/clubs, sports events, clubs—professional & recreational, casinos		Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.garden	gardening	—	Minds + Machines^{[n 3]}	Yes	Yes
.gay	Individuals in the lgbt community and/ or supportive organisations and people	—	Top Level Design^{[ID 72]}	Yes	Yes ^[42]
.gdn	general	—	GDN Registry	Yes^[43]	Yes
.gift	gift-giving	—	Uniregistry	Yes^[18]	Yes
.gifts	Gift buyers, discount sites, corporate HR departments, bargain hunters	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 73]}	Yes	Yes
.gives	Philanthropic organizations and foundations, charities, nonprofits, corporate giving initiatives, volunteer organizations	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.glass	Glass & glass repair shops, glass departments within home supply stores, contractors, windshield repair & auto glass businesses, DIYers/artists	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 74]}	Yes	Yes
.gle	Google abbreviations	In use for some URL abbreviations related to Google such as forms.gle and goo.gle.	Charleston Road Registry Inc. (a Google subsidiary)^[44]	Unknown	Yes
.global	general, companies or individuals with a global focus or presence	—	Dot GLOBAL	Yes	Yes
.gmbh	German limited liability companies	—	Binky Moon, LLC
.gold	Jewelers, gold traders and dealers, coin sellers and traders, trophy and awards shops	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.golf	Professional & amateur golf organizations, golf courses, equipment suppliers & manufacturers, golf travel & event companies, golf players, enthusiasts & spectators, sports networks	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.google	Google	In use for some websites related to Google such as blog.google.	Alphabet Inc.	Unknown	Yes
.gop	Republican Party politics	—	Republican State Leadership Committee	Spanish^[45]	Yes
.graphics	Web design firms, freelance designers, graphic artists	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 75]}	Yes	Yes
.green	the environmentally-focused	"As a Registrant you may not ... use a .green name or its content in a way that negatively affects the mission, purpose of the .green TLD, or its brand."^[46]	Identity Digital	Unknown	Yes
.gripe	Online complaint sites, online forums, customer service providers, feedback sites, blogs about scams	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 76]}	Yes	Yes
.grocery		Reserved for Walmart	Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.^[11]
.group	Groups based on hobbies or interests (running, crafts, gaming), group-based businesses (medical practices, law firms, financial advisors), professional associations, support groups	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.guide	City resource sites for locals and travelers, travel writers & bloggers, local reviews websites, tourist attractions & guides, outdoor adventure companies	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 77]}	Yes	Yes
.guitars	Guitars	—	Uniregistry	Yes^[18]	Yes
.guru	Mindfulness & yoga practices, spiritual leadership sites, any training program, work-for-hire sites, freelancers, consultants, & subject matter experts	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 78]}	Yes^[47]	Yes

H

Name	Target market	Restrictions	Operator/Registry	IDN	DNSSEC
.hair	haircare products and services		XYZ.com^[11]
.hangout		Reserved for Google Hangouts	Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)^[11]
.haus	German housing and real estate	—	Identity Digital		Yes
.health	health and related topics		DotHealth, LLC^[11]
.healthcare	Primary/secondary care physicians, hospitals & clinics, healthcare insurance providers & brokers, company HR/benefits departments	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 79]}	Yes	Yes
.help	help sites	—	Uniregistry	Yes^[18]	Yes
.here	generic geographic	—	Google^{[n 2]}	Unknown	Yes
.hiphop	Hip hop culture	—	Dot Hip Hop, LLC	Yes^[48]	Yes
.hiv	AIDS and HIV awareness	—	dotHIV	Unknown	Yes
.hockey	Sports media, sporting goods stores & hockey equipment suppliers, professional, minor league & amateur hockey teams, hockey fans, fantasy leagues, sponsors, coaches & referees	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.holdings	Holding companies, private equity firms, real estate developers	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 80]}	Yes	Yes
.holiday	Airline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources & services, travel writers & bloggers, city guides & resource sites, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 81]}	Yes	Yes
.homegoods		Reserved for HomeGoods	The TJX Companies, Inc.^[11]
.homes	real estate professionals	—	Dominion Enterprises	Unknown	Yes
.homesense		Reserved for HomeSense	The TJX Companies, Inc.^[11]
.horse	horse-related businesses and interest	—	Minds + Machines^{[n 3]}	Yes	Yes
.hospital	Hospitals & clinics, healthcare providers, medical, dental, or vision specialists, insurance providers		Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.host	network companies	—	Radix Registry	Unknown	Yes
.hosting		—	Uniregistry	Yes^[18]	Yes
.hot			Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.hotels		Reserved for Booking.com	Booking.com B.V.^[11]
.house	Real estate brokers/agents, mortgage companies, home builders, construction/home improvement suppliers, home improvement sites & blogs	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 82]}	Yes	Yes
.how	how-to guides	—	Google^{[n 2]}	Unknown	Yes

I

Name	Target market	Restrictions	Operator/Registry	IDN	DNSSEC
.ice		Reserved for Intercontinental Exchange	IntercontinentalExchange, Inc.^[11]
.icu	entrepreneurs and business owners	—	ShortDot SA
.inc	Corporations		Intercap Registry Inc.
.industries	Machine or equipment manufacturers, manufacturers, tech or biotech companies, professional associations, businesses with “industries” in their names	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 83]}	Yes	Yes
.info	information	—	Identity Digital	German^[12]	Yes
.ing	Verbal suffix: e.g., "jump.ing"	—	Google^{[n 2]}	Unknown	Yes
.ink	creative printing or tattooing^[49]	—	Top Level Design	Yes	Yes
.institute^[50]	Educational institutions, training programs, foundations, research organizations, military schools	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 84]}	Yes	Yes
.insurance	insurance companies		fTLD Registry Services LLC^[11]
.insure	Insurance companies (life, auto, homeowners, renters), insurance divisions of larger companies (car rentals, warranties), insurance brokers & advisors	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 85]}	Yes	Yes
.international	Any organization with an international presence, international consultants, import/export businesses, international travel organizations	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 86]}	Yes	Yes
.investments	Investment services (institutional, private), wealth management services, financial planners, brokerage firms	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 87]}	Yes	Yes
.irish	Airline-related products or services, domestic/International travel agencies, resources & services, travel writers & bloggers, Ireland travel guides & resource sites, seasonal opportunities (St. Patrick's Day)	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes

J

Name	Target market	Restrictions	Operator/Registry	IDN	DNSSEC
.jewelry	Jewelers, jewelry buyers, online retailers, department stores	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.jobs	Employment	For websites with job opportunities and job listings.^[51]	Employ Media	No	Yes
.joy		—	Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]

K

Name	Target market	Restrictions	Operator/Registry	IDN	DNSSEC
.kim	Kim (Korean surname)	—	Identity Digital	Unknown	Yes
.kitchen	Restaurants, cafes, & delis, food stands & mobile vendors, meal services & personal chefs, kitchen supply stores, food blogs & recipe sites	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 88]}	Yes	Yes
.kosher	Kosher food certification and regulations	—	OK Kosher Certification
.kpn	Dutch Telecom Company	Only available to KPN.

L

Name	Target market	Restrictions	Operator/Registry	IDN	DNSSEC
.land	Real estate brokers and agents, residential/commercial land developers, home builders, mortgage companies, traditional “classified” sites	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 89]}	Yes	Yes
.lat	Latin American communities and users	—	ECOM-LAC^[11]
.law	practitioners and educators in law	Restricted to qualified lawyers, courts of law, law schools, and legal regulators.^[52]	Minds + Machines Group Limited^[11]
.lawyer	Independent attorneys and law firms of any size, legal services entities, elected officials and judges, professional organizations, law students	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.lease	Real estate brokers/agents, property managers, condo/apartment developers, real estate law firms	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 90]}	Yes	Yes
.leclerc		Reserved for E.Leclerc	A.C.D. LEC Association des Centres Distributeurs Edouard Leclerc
.legal	Attorneys, lawyers & law firms, corporate legal teams, paralegals, legal advocates, committees, associations and interest groups associated with the law	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.lgbt	the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community	—	Identity Digital	Unknown	Yes
.life	Wellness and health experts, charities, coaches & personal development enthusiasts, lifestyle bloggers, anyone who wants to share personal stories	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 91]}	Yes	Yes
.lifeinsurance	life insurance	—	American Council of Life Insurers^[11]
.lighting	Lighting & lighting repair shops, lighting departments within home supply stores, contractors, commercial/residential architects, DIYers	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 92]}	Yes	Yes
.like		—	Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.limited	Private companies, limited by shares, limited companies, businesses with “limited” or “LTD” in their names, specialty products and services, businesses that sell limited-quantity products	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 93]}^[53]	Yes	Yes
.limo	Airline & travel-related products or services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, hotels, lodging, weddings, party and occasion-related services	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 94]}	Yes	Yes
.link	connecting to information^[54]	—	Uniregistry	Yes^[18]	Yes
.live	Live streaming sites, entertainment/music venues, news sites/blogs, ticket sale/resale sites, video production companies	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.living		—	Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.^[11]
.loan	banks and lenders	—	Global Registry Services Ltd^[10]	Unknown	Yes
.loans	Mortgage companies, personal loan agencies, auto loan agencies & car dealerships, credit consolidation services	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 95]}	Yes	Yes
.locker		Reserved for DISH DBS Corporation	Dish DBS Corporation^[11]
.lol	LOL: laughing out loud (humorous or comedic content)	—	Uniregistry^[55]	Unknown	Yes
.lotto	lottery	—	Identity Digital	Unknown	Yes
.love	dating sites	—		Unknown	Yes
.ltd	Private companies, limited by shares, limited companies, businesses with “limited” or “LTD” in their names, specialty products and services, businesses that sell limited-quantity products	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.luxury	businesses catering to the wealthy	—	Luxury Partners	Yes	Yes

M

Name	Target market	Restrictions	Operator/Registry	IDN	DNSSEC
.makeup			XYZ.com^[11]
.management	Property managers, wealth management firms, money management, systems & network managers, leadership teams	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 96]}	Yes	Yes
.map	maps and navigation		Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)^[11]	No
.market	Online retailers, independent or chain grocery stores, buyer and seller communities, discount sites & coupon sites	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.marketing	Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, media buying/production companies (digital & traditional), staffing agencies, marketing consultants	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 97]}	Yes	Yes
.markets			Donuts^{[ID 98]}	Unknown	Yes
.mba	Colleges, universities, & graduate programs, online educational sites, job search sites, MBA candidates	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.med	medicine and related topics		Medistry LLC^[11]
.media	Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, media buying/production companies (digital & traditional), news outlets, media bloggers, celebrity publications, digital publishers & graphic designers	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 99]}	Yes	Yes
.meet	social gatherings, meeting new people	—	Identity Digital	Unknown	Yes
.meme	Internet memes	—	Google^{[n 2]}	Unknown	Yes
.memorial	News site obituaries, personal tribute sites, floral & funeral arrangement companies	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.men	men	—	Global Registry Services Ltd^[10]	Unknown	Yes
.menu	restaurants	—	Wedding TLD2	Yes	Yes
.mint		Reserved for Intuit Mint	Intuit Administrative Services, Inc.^[11]
.mobi	mobile devices	Must be used for mobile-compatible sites in accordance with standards.	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.mobile			Dish DBS Corporation^[11]
.mobily		Reserved for Mobily	GreenTech Consultancy Company W.L.L.^[11]
.moda	For people and organizations interested and engaged in the world of fashion and style.^[56]	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 100]}	Yes	Yes
.moe	Japanese otaku culture; see moe (slang)	—	Interlink	Yes	Yes
.mom	mothers		Uniregistry, Corp.^[11]
.money	Lenders, financial services businesses, money blogs & news sites, investment bankers & brokers, financial planners & experts	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.monster			XYZ.com	Yes	Yes
.mortgage	Mortgage brokers, real estate brokers/agents, home buyers, traditional “classified” sites	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.motorcycles	motorcycles	—	DERMotorcycles	Unknown	Yes
.mov	digital video	—	Google^{[n 2]}	Unknown	Yes
.movie	Streaming movie services, movie studios & distributors, movie theaters & entertainment outlets, ticket sale/resale sites, movie review sites	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.museum	museums	Must be verified as a legitimate museum.	Museum Domain Management Association	Latin script^[12]	Yes
.music	Music dissemination and appreciation	—	Under contention

N

Name	Target market	Restrictions	Operator/Registry	IDN	DNSSEC
.name	individuals, by name	Open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register; however, registrations may be challenged later if they are not by individuals (or the owners of fictional characters) in accordance with the domain's charter.	Verisign	Yes^[12]	Yes
.navy	Naval training schools, navy supply stores, military recruiters, credit unions, navy members and veterans	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.network	IT professionals, tech consultants, career sites, industry-specific professional groups, social networks	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 101]}	Yes	Yes
.new	Websites where people can create something	The second-level domain name must be the thing to be created immediately when a user visits the .new website. Most likely, the .new will redirect to a company's main website.	Google^{[n 2]}	Unknown	Yes
.news	News organizations, educational publications, trade publications, neighborhood news blogs	—		Unknown	Yes
.nexus			Google^{[n 2]}	Unknown	Yes
.ngo	Non-governmental organizations.	Restricted to validated NGOs, as determined by PIR.^[57]	Public Interest Registry	Unknown	Yes
.ninja	Sites promoting specialized skills, repair services (auto, appliance, etc.), gaming sites, martial arts organizations	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.now			Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.ntt		Restricted to use by NTT Japan.^[58]	Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation.^[11]	Yes	Yes

O

Name	Target market	Restrictions	Operator/Registry	IDN	DNSSEC
.observer			Donuts^{[ID 98]}
.org	general	—	Public Interest Registry
.one	general	—	One Registry	Unknown	Yes
.ong	Non-governmental organizations.	Restricted to validated NGOs, as determined by PIR.^[57]	Public Interest Registry	Unknown	Yes
.onl	generic	—	I-REGISTRY	Unknown	Yes
.online	generic	—	Radix Registry	Unknown	Yes
.ooo	general		Infibeam	Yes	Yes
.open	private to the "Registry Operator and its qualified Affiliates and Trademark Licensees"^[59]		American Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc.^[11]
.organic	organic gardeners, farmers, foods, etc.	Registrants must be verified as a member of the organic community.^[60]	Identity Digital	Unknown	Yes
.origins		Reserved for Origins	The Estée Lauder Companies Inc.^[11]

P

Name	Target market	Restrictions	Operator/Registry	IDN	DNSSEC
.page			Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)^[11]
.partners	Law firms, real estate agencies, investment firms, accounting firms, nonprofit organizations	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 102]}	Yes	Yes
.parts	Appliance wholesalers & service, tool rentals & service businesses, auto/boat/heavy equipment businesses	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 103]}	Yes	Yes
.party	nightclubs and social gatherings	—	Global Registry Services Ltd^[10]	Unknown	Yes
.pay	electronic payments		Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.pet	animals and pets		Identity Digital^[11]
.pharmacy	pharmacies	"All registrants within the .pharmacy gTLD are vetted prior to registration to confirm that they meet all applicable regulatory standards, including pharmacy licensure and valid prescription requirements, in the jurisdictions where they are based and where they serve patients."^[61]	National Association of Boards of Pharmacy	Unknown	Yes
.phone	telephone-related businesses		Dish DBS Corporation^[11]
.photo	photography and photo-sharing	—	Uniregistry	Yes^[18]	Yes
.photography	Professional photographers, camera and equipment retailers, photo studios & photography schools, wedding and specialty photographers, anyone who wants to share photos online	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 104]}	Yes	Yes
.photos	Professional photographers, camera and equipment retailers, photo studios & photography schools, wedding and specialty photographers, anyone who wants to share photos online	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 105]}	Yes	Yes
.physio	physical therapists	Must be eligible for membership within an association that is a member of the World Confederation for Physical Therapy, have proper training as a physical therapist outside WCPT's reach, or otherwise supports physical therapy.^[62]^[63]	PhysBiz	Unknown	Yes
.pics	photography and photo-sharing	—	Uniregistry	Yes^[18]	Yes
.pictures	Professional photographers, camera and equipment retailers, photo studios & photography schools, wedding and specialty photographers, anyone who wants to share photos online	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 106]}	Yes	Yes
.pid	personal identification	—	Top Level Spectrum	Unknown	Yes
.pin			Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.pink	those who like the color pink	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.pizza	Pizzerias, take & bake pizza shops, Italian or Greek restaurants, pizza brands found in grocery stores	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 107]}	Yes	Yes
.place	Airline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources & services, travel writers & bloggers, tourist attractions, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 108]}	Yes	Yes
.plumbing	Plumbers & plumbing repair businesses, plumbing departments within home supply stores, contractors/subcontractors, DIYers	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 109]}	Yes	Yes
.plus	Consumer commodity stores & sites, clothing (plus, big & tall), service-based businesses, any entity wanting to show their competitive advantage	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.poker	Poker players and sites	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 110]}	Unknown	Yes
.porn	adult entertainment (pornography)	For sites providing sexually explicit content, such as pornography.	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.post	postal services	The .post TLD is restricted to Postal Administrations as defined in the Universal Postal Union constitution, and their large customers who wish to provide "Trusted Postal Services".^[64]	Universal Postal Union	No^[65]	Yes
.press	publishing and journalism	—	Radix Registry	Unknown	Yes
.prime		Reserved for Amazon Prime	Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.pro	professions/professionals	—	Identity Digital^[66]	No	Yes
.productions	Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, media buying/production companies (digital & traditional), video production services, anyone in the film industry	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 111]}	Yes	Yes
.prof	Professors, teachers and learning	—	Google^{[n 2]}	Unknown	Yes
.promo	advertising		Identity Digital^[11]
.properties	Real estate brokers/agents, residential/Commercial land developers, property (condo/apartment) managers, home builders, mortgage companies	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 112]}	Yes	Yes
.property	real estate	—	Uniregistry	Yes^[18]	Yes
.protection	security		XYZ.COM LLC^[11]
.pub	Pubs, bars & nightclubs, burger joints, breweries & taphouses, beer distributors, restaurant & bar suppliers publications	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes

Q

Name	Target market	Restrictions	Operator/Registry	IDN	DNSSEC
.qpon	coupons	—	dotCOOL	Unknown	Yes
.quebec	People and businesses in Quebec	—	—	Unknown	Yes

R

Name	Target market	Restrictions	Operator/Registry	IDN	DNSSEC
.racing	racing	—	Global Registry Services Ltd^[10]	Unknown	Yes
.radio	radio stations, amateur radio operators		European Broadcasting Union (EBU)^[11]
.read			Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.realestate	real estate		dotRealEstate LLC^[11]
.realtor	realtors	To be restricted to members of the National Association of Realtors and the Canadian Real Estate Association, and related associations.^[67]	Real Estate Domains	Unknown	Yes
.realty	realty and housing		Fegistry, LLC^[11]
.recipes	Recipe sites, food & beverage grocery brands, health & fitness organizations, cooking enthusiasts, personal/professional chefs	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 113]}	Yes	Yes
.red	those who like the color red^[68] Also Spanish variant of .net Also likely to be attractive for domain hacks for words that end with '-red'.	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.rehab	Physical and occupational therapists and professionals, drug, alcohol and gambling addiction counselors, rehabilitation facilities and recovery centers, online health directories, physical or emotional health associations	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.reit	real estate investment trusts	Restricted to REITs, as determined by national law.^[69]	National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts	Unknown	Yes
.rent	Real estate professionals and small businesses	—	xyz.xyz	Unknown	Yes
.rentals	Real estate brokers/agents, city guides, college housing centers, & community centers, vehicle, equipment, or entertainment/event rentals, property managers, condo/apartment developers	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 114]}	Yes	Yes
.repair	General or specialty repair shops, construction contractors/subcontractors, DIYers, appliance wholesalers & service, auto/boat businesses	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 115]}	Yes	Yes
.report	News and current events sites, financial reporting sites, financial or business analysts, consumer product reviews, police, school, or other community report listings	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 116]}	Yes	Yes
.republican	Political candidates, lobbyists, political parties, fundraising organizations	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.rest	Restaurants and related industry	—	Punto 2012	Yes^[70]	Yes
.restaurant	Casual eateries, gourmet restaurants, suppliers, chains, review sites, reservation sites & services	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 117]}	Yes	Yes
.review	public reviews	—	Global Registry Services Ltd^[10]	Unknown	Yes
.reviews	News media, food publications, travel publications, literary publications, any product & service with online reviews	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.rich	businesses catering to the wealthy	—	I-REGISTRY	Unknown	Yes
.rip	Loved ones seeking to memorialize the deceased, funeral homes and cemeteries, businesses that support the funeral industry, obituary websites^[71]	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.rocks	Pop culture sites, niche and fan sites, musicians, gemstone & jewelry companies	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.rodeo	Rodeo interest	—	Minds + Machines^{[n 3]}	Yes	Yes
.room	lodging or room design		Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.rugby	rugby		World Rugby Strategic Developments Limited^[11]
.run	Runners, running shoe retailers, specialty running gear shops, running event organizers	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes

S

Name	Target market	Restrictions	Operator/Registry	IDN	DNSSEC
.safe	security and safety		Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.sale	Online and brick-and-mortar retailers and wholesalers, automotive and motorcycle dealers, discount, flash sale, and deal websites, auction sites and individuals selling items they no longer need	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.salon	Hair salons, nail salons, beauty product companies, beauty schools	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.save			Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.sbi			State Bank of India
.scholarships	scholarship related	—	Scholarships.com^[72]^[73]	Unknown	Unknown
.school	Public schools, private & charter schools, specialty and trade schools, online learning sites, resource sites for teachers	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 118]}	Yes	Yes
.science	science-related sites	—	Global Registry Services Ltd^[10]	Unknown	Yes
.search	search engines		Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)^[11]
.secure	security		Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.security			XYZ.COM LLC^[11]
.select			iSelect Ltd^[11]
.services	Service division of any company, home services (cleaning, landscaping, plumbing, pet care), business services (tech support, interior design, translation services), community service organizations	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 119]}	Yes	Yes
.sex	adult entertainment (pornography)	For sites providing sexually explicit content, such as pornography.	ICM Registry	Yes	Yes
.sexy	adult entertainment	—	Uniregistry	Yes^[18]	Yes
.shoes	Shoe stores, department stores, online retailers, athletic shoe retailers, discount shoe stores	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 120]}	Yes	Yes
.shop			GMO Registry, Inc.^[11]
.shopping	Online retailers, shopping centers, personal shoppers, discount sites & coupon sites, shopping blogs & product reviews		Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.show	Ticket sale/resale sites, performance halls, music clubs/bars, streaming video services, movie review sites, travel sites & city guides	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.showtime		Reserved for Showtime	CBS Domains Inc.^[11]
.silk		Reserved for Amazon Silk	Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.singles	(Tickets) Ticket sale/resale sites, gaming agencies, movie review sites, city guides, sports sites (Dating) Dating & matchmaker sites, singles meetup groups, traditional “classified” sites, travel sites & city guides	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 121]}	Yes	Yes
.site	general	—	Radix Registry	Unknown	Yes
.ski	skiing		STARTING DOT LIMITED^[11]
.skin			XYZ.com
.sky			Sky International AG^[11]
.sling		Reserved for Sling Media	Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation^[11]
.smile			Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.sncf		Reserved to the SNCF company.	SNCF
.soccer	Professional & amateur soccer clubs, soccer equipment suppliers & manufacturers, soccer & sports media networks, soccer players, enthusiasts, & spectators, soccer camps, coaches, & training organizations	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.social	Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, media buying/production companies (digital & traditional), blogs & forums, event & meetup groups, any person or organization driving awareness of their social presence (Actual use also includes Fediverse services, such as Mastodon)	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.software	Software testing, support, & consulting companies, software product developers & manufacturers, software training & educational institutions, software resellers	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.solar	Renewable & sustainable energy producers, solar panel, roof tile, & storage producers, solar cell battery, chargers, lights, speakers, & generator manufacturers, sunglass, shades, UV clothing, sunblock & other solar protection products	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 122]}	Yes	Yes
.solutions	SaaS providers, people who offer do-it-yourself tips and tutorials, consultants, any business focused on providing the right solutions to their customers’ problems.	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 123]}	Yes	Yes
.song			Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.spa	Spas	—	Asia Spa and Wellness Promotion Council Limited
.space	as a creative space	—	Radix Registry	Unknown	Yes
.spreadbetting	Spread betting		DOTSPREADBETTING REGISTRY LTD^[11]
.spot			Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.sport	sport institutions		Global Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF)
.srl	Spanish/Italian/Romanian/French limited liability companies		InterNetX GmbH
.storage	Self storage		Self Storage Company LLC^[11]
.store	stores	—	Radix Registry	Yes	Yes
.stream	streaming media		Global Registry Services Ltd^[10]
.studio	Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, creative freelancers, other creative agencies (i.e., animation, production), dance, yoga, or fitness studios	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.study	education		OPEN UNIVERSITIES AUSTRALIA PTY LTD^[11]
.style	Fashion bloggers, department stores, designers, online retailers	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.sucks	gripe sites	—	Vox Populi	Unknown	Yes
.supplies	Contractors, distribution companies, appliance wholesalers & service, auto/boat/heavy equipment businesses, home services retailers	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 124]}	Yes	Yes
.supply	Contractors, distribution companies, appliance wholesalers & service, auto/boat/heavy equipment businesses	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 125]}	Yes	Yes
.support	IT/Tech support services, social services, customer service & support departments, independent consultants & consulting firms, staffing services	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 126]}	Yes^[74]	Yes
.surf	surfing	—	Minds + Machines^{[n 3]}	Unknown	Yes
.surgery	Surgeons, primary/secondary care physicians, hospitals & clinics, healthcare providers, insurance providers	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 127]}	Yes	Yes
.systems	IT businesses, other tech-focused businesses, businesses that sell electronics or home security systems, organizational consultants	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 128]}	Yes	Yes

T

Name	Target market	Restrictions	Operator/Registry	IDN	DNSSEC
.talk			Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.tattoo	tattoo aficionados	—	Uniregistry	Yes^[18]	Yes
.tax	Accounting & bookkeeping firms, tax advisors, auditors, financial experts & advisors	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.taxi	Airline & travel-related products or services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging, tourist attractions	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.team	Professional & amateur sports teams, sports equipment suppliers & manufacturers, sports media, athletes & fans, clubs, online communities & business organizations	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.tech	technology	—	Radix Registry	Yes	Yes
.technology	Tech-focused businesses & tech startups, businesses that sell to tech companies, developers, coders, programmers, computer retailers, technology blogs, news sites, & review sites, hardware & software companies, R&D companies, tech product manufacturers	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.tel	internet communication services	A contact directory housing all types of contact information directly in the Domain Name System.		Yes^[75]	Yes
.tennis	Tennis courts, clubs & other venues, tennis equipment suppliers and retailers, professional & amateur tennis players, sports media	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.theater	Entertainment & movie theater outlets, live performance theaters, professional performer associations, movie review sites, travel sites & city guides	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.theatre	theatre		XYZ.COM LLC^[11]
.tickets	ticket resale		XYZ.COM LLC^[11]
.tips	Travel, hotel & hospitality companies, cooking & recipe publications, parenting & and relationship publications, manufacturers of any product with assembly instructions, publications that provide advice on gratuity practices around the world	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.tires	Tire wholesalers, tire retailers, auto repair shops	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.today	News & current event sites, websites that publish daily content, daily inspiration sites, sites with daily rotating deals or offers, anyone who wants to spur immediate action	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.tools	Tool shops, tool departments within home supply stores, contractors, subcontractors, construction-related businesses	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.top	general	—	Jiangsu Bangning	Unknown	Yes
.tours	Airline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources & services, tourist attractions, outdoor adventure companies, private plane/helicopter tours & services	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.town	Travel agencies, resources & services, local business associations, city guides & resource sites, transportation businesses, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.toys	Toy stores, online retailers, department stores, game companies, sporting goods companies	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.trade	businesses	—	Global Registry Services Ltd^[10]	Yes	Yes
.trading			DOTTRADING REGISTRY LTD^[11]
.training	Personal trainers & nutrition coaches, gyms and fitness centers, sports medicine practitioners, business that sell sports gear or apparel, or fan merchandise, animal trainers, career or vocational training centers	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.travel	Airline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources, bloggers & services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, destination resorts, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging, any other travel or transportation business	Must be verified as a legitimate travel-related entity.		No	Yes
.travelersinsurance		Reserved for Travelers Insurance	Travelers TLD, LLC^[11]
.trust			UNR Corp.^[11]
.tube			Latin American Telecom LLC^[11]
.tunes			Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]

U

Name	Target market	Restrictions	Operator/Registry	IDN	DNSSEC
.uconnect			Not assigned^[11]^[76]
.university	Online universities, brick-and-mortar universities, university-related clubs & organizations	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.uno	general, Spanish and Italian speakers, Uno (card game)

V

Name	Target market	Restrictions	Operator/Registry	IDN	DNSSEC
.vacations	Airline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources, bloggers & services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, destination resorts, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.ventures	Venture capital investment firms, business financial services, business consultants, programs & services for entrepreneurs	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.vet	Veterinarians, veterinary clinics and hospitals, wholesale suppliers for veterinary supplies	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.video	Video production & media companies, videographers, video editors, script writers, & producers, streaming video sites services, creative agencies	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.villas	International real estate brokers/agents, international travel agencies, resources & services, travel writers & bloggers, traditional “classified” sites	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.vin	Wineries, wine shops & wine bars, wine distributors, wine clubs & online retailers, wine review sites and apps	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.vip	Very important persons		Minds + Machines Group Limited^[11]
.vision	Opticians & optometry clinics, healthcare providers, insurance provider, glasses retailers, online and brick & mortar	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.vodka	vodka-related businesses and interest	—		Yes	Yes
.volvo		Only Volvo Holding Sverige Aktiebolag and its Affiliates are eligible to register a Domain Name under the .volvo Domain ^[77]	AB Volvo	Unknown	Yes
.vote	democratic elections and campaign websites	Must use the domain in connection with a "clearly identified political/democratic process."^[78]	Identity Digital	Unknown	Yes
.voting	polling sites	—		Latin and Cyrillic scripts^[12]	Yes
.voyage	Airline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources, bloggers & services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes

W

Name	Target market	Restrictions	Operator/Registry	IDN	DNSSEC
.wang	general Wǎng is a Chinese Mandarin pinyin rendering of 网 (traditional 網) meaning "web" or "portal".^[79] Wang is also a common surname in mainland China.	—	Zodiac Registry	Yes^[80]	Yes
.watch	Watchmakers, jewelry stores, watch repair shops, neighborhood watch groups	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.watches	watches		Identity Digital^[11]	Yes	Yes
.weather		Reserved for The Weather Channel	International Business Machines Corporation^[11]
.webcam	web cam shows and video sharing	—	Global Registry Services Ltd^[10]	Yes	Yes
.website	general	—	Radix Registry	Unknown	Yes
.wed	engaged couples and wedding-oriented businesses	This TLD is intended primarily for engaged couples on a short-term basis (two years with large third-year renewal fees for second-level domains).^[81] And although the registry is advertising for multiple world languages, all domains appear to need to be in Latin script.^[82]		No	Yes
.wedding	wedding-oriented businesses	—	Minds + Machines^{[n 3]}	Yes	Yes
.whoswho	Who's Who (general)	An open TLD, any person or entity is permitted to register. Conceived for those cited in one of the Who's Who reference titles published around the world, the registry was opened for use by private individuals, and for-profit and nonprofit entities, including those with social media aspirations. Registry policies allow for rapid takedown of non-compliant domains, for violations including imposturous registration of another's names, and proscribed uses, including pornography or adult services/applications.	Who's Who Registry	Yes	Yes
.wiki	wikis	"An open TLD for anyone interested in community resource creation"	Top Level Design	Yes	Yes
.win	games, Microsoft Windows	—	Global Registry Services Ltd^[10]	Unknown	Yes
.wine	Wineries, wine bars, wine shops, wine distributors, wine clubs & online retailers, wine review sites	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.winners		Reserved for TJX Companies	The TJX Companies, Inc.^[11]
.wl					Yes
.work	general	—	Minds + Machines^{[n 3]}	Yes	Yes
.works	Contractors, distribution companies, appliance wholesalers & service, auto/boat/heavy equipment businesses, companies with solution based products or services	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.world	Brands with an international presence, nonprofits and charities, travel agencies & adventure companies, world travelers & global communities, any business with “world” in its name	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.wow			Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.wtf	Bargain websites, photo & video aggregators, meme sites, news of the weird	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes

X

Name	Target market	Restrictions	Operator/Registry	IDN	DNSSEC
.xxx	adult entertainment (pornography)	For sites providing sexually explicit content, such as pornography.	Uniregistry	Yes	Yes
.xyz	general	—	XYZ.com	Yes^[83]	Yes

Y

Name	Target market	Restrictions	Operator/Registry	IDN	DNSSEC
.yachts	yachts		DERYachts, LLC	^[11]
.yoga	yoga	—	Minds + Machines^{[n 3]}	Yes	Yes
.you			Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.youtube		Reserved for YouTube	Google, LLC

Z

Name	Target market	Restrictions	Operator/Registry	IDN	DNSSEC
.zero			Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
.zip	digital storage information, providers, and related entities.		Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)^[11]	Yes	Yes
.zone	Sports fans, technology groups & followers, entertainment, fairs, destinations with a “zone”, city planners & zoning regulators, any topic with a following	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes

Chinese

Name	Chinese term	Translation	Restrictions	Operator	IDN	DNSSEC
.ren	人 rén	"people/person" in Mandarin pinyin	Restricted TLD^[84]	(Cancelled)^[85]	Unknown	Yes
.shouji	手机 shǒujī	mobile phone		QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
.tushu	图书 túshū	books		Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
.wanggou	网购 wǎnggòu	online shopping		Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
.weibo	微博 wēibó	microblogging		Sina Corporation
.xihuan	喜欢 xǐhuān	like		QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
.xin	信 xìn	credit; honest		Alibaba Group

French

Name	Translation	Restrictions	Operator	IDN	DNSSEC
.arte	"ARTE means Association relating to European television"		Association Relative à la Télévision Européenne G.E.I.E.	^[11]
.clinique	"clinic or hospital"		The Estée Lauder Companies Inc.	^[11]
.luxe	"luxury"	—	Minds + Machines^{[n 3]}	Unknown	Yes
.maison	"house"	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 129]}	Yes	Yes
.moi	"me"		Amazon Registry Services, Inc.	^[11]
.rsvp	Invitations and replies	—	Google^{[n 2]}	Unknown	Yes
.sarl	Société à responsabilité limitée, Francophone Limited liability company	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 130]}	Yes	Yes

German

Name	Translation	Restrictions	Operator	IDN	DNSSEC
.epost	e-mail		Deutsche Post AG
.gmbh	GmbH	Upon request, you will be required to demonstrate current or pending designation as a GmbH company whose existence can be validated with the respective public authorities in Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein or Switzerland.	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.haus	"house"	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.immobilien	"real estate"	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes^[12]	Yes
.jetzt	"now"	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.kaufen	"buy"	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes^[12]	Yes
.kinder	"children"	restricted .brand TLD	Ferrero Trading Lux S.A.
.reise	"travel"	Must be an eligible member of the travel business community; also, domain must be used for travel-related purposes.^[86]	Identity Digital	Yes^[12]	Yes
.reisen	"traveling"	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 131]}	Yes^[12]	Yes
.schule	"school"	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 132]}	Yes	Yes
.versicherung	"insurance"	—		Latin script^[12]	Yes

Hindi

Name	Translation	Restrictions	Operator	IDN	DNSSEC
.desi	देसी, Hindi for the peoples and cultures of South Asia See also Desi	—	Desi Networks	Unknown	Yes
.shiksha	शिक्षा, Marathi and Hindi for "education".	—	Identity Digital	Unknown	Yes
.भारत

Italian

Name	Translation	Restrictions	Operator	IDN	DNSSEC
.casa	"house"	—	Minds + Machines^{[n 3]}	Yes	Yes
.immo	French, German,^[87] and Italian abbreviation for "real estate"	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 133]}	Yes	Yes
.moda	"fashion"	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes^[12]	Yes
.voto	"vote", for election and campaign websites	Must use the domain in connection with a "clearly identified political/democratic process."^[88] Initially only available to registrations in the United States.^[89]	Identity Digital	Unknown	Yes

Portuguese

Name	Translation	Restrictions	Operator	IDN	DNSSEC
.bom	good		Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR - NIC.br
.passagens	ticket		Travel Reservations SRL

Spanish

Name	Translation	Restrictions	Operator	IDN	DNSSEC
.abogado	"lawyer"	To be restricted to licensed lawyers or law firms.^[90]	Minds + Machines^{[n 3]}	Unknown	Yes
.futbol	"Football" (soccer)	—	Identity Digital^{[n 1]}	Yes	Yes
.gratis	"free"	—	Identity Digital^{[ID 134]}	Yes	Yes
.hoteles	"hotels"		Travel Reservations SRL
.juegos	"games"	—	Uniregistry	Yes^[18]	Yes
.ltda	companies in South America	Domains are limited to registered LTDAs (like LLCs) in Brazil, Colombia, Chile, and Ecuador.^[91]	InterNetX	Unknown	Yes
.soy	"I am" Also refers to the soybean and its food derivatives	—	Google^{[n 2]}	Latin script, Japanese^[92]	Yes
.tienda	"shop", "store"	—	Identity Digital	Yes	Yes
.uno	"one", for websites targeting Spanish speaking consumers	—		Spanish	Yes
.viajes	"travel" or "trips"	—	Identity Digital	Spanish	Yes
.vuelos	"flights"		Travel Reservations SRL	Yes	Yes

Internationalized generic top-level domains

All of these TLDs are internationalized domain names (IDN) and support second-level IDNs.

Notes: general remarks and intended use
DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions

Arabic script

DNS Name	IDN	Language	Script	Transliteration	English Translation	Notes	DNSSEC
xn--4gbrim^[93]	.موقع	Arabic	Arabic	mawqiʿ	"site" or "location"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--fhbei^[93]	.كوم		Arabic	kwm	com	Owned by: VeriSign Sarl^[11]
xn--mgbb9fbpob^[93]	.موبايلي		Arabic	mūbāylī	Mobily	Owned by: GreenTech Consultancy Company W.L.L.^[11]
xn--mgbi4ecexp^[93]	.كاثوليك		Arabic	kāthūlīk	Catholic	Owned by: Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) (Pontifical Council for Social Communication)^[11]
xn--ngbc5azd^[93]	.شبكة	Arabic	Arabic	shabaka	"network"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--ngbe9e0a^[93]	.بيتك		Arabic	baytak	your home	Owned by: Kuwait Finance House^[11]
xn--mgbab2bd^[93]	.بازار	Persian	Arabic	bâzâr	"market", "bazaar"	Open TLD	Yes

Chinese characters

DNS Name	IDN	Language	Script	Transliteration	English Translation	Notes	DNSSEC
xn--3ds443g^[93]	.在线	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified)	zàixiàn	"online"	Open TLD. The Chinese Government quickly bought 20,000 internationalized subdomains for localities.^[94]	Yes
xn--fiq228c5hs^[93]	.中文网	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified)	Zhōngwén wǎng	"(written) Chinese (language) network"	Open TLD. The Chinese Government quickly bought 20,000 IDN for localities.^[94]	Yes
xn--ses554g^[93]	.网址	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified)	wǎngzhǐ	"network address" or "website"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--5tzm5g^[93]	.网站	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified)	wǎngzhàn	"website"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--io0a7i^[93]	.网络	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified)	wǎngluò	"network"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--55qx5d^[93]	.公司	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified and Traditional)	gōngsī	"business organization" or "company"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--czru2d^[93]	.商城	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified and Traditional)	shāngchéng	"mall"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--nqv7f^[93]	.机构	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified)	jīgòu	"agency"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--6qq986b3xl^[93]	.我爱你	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified)	wǒ ài nǐ	"I love you"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--czr694b^[93]	.商标	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified)	shāngbiāo	"trademark"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--rhqv96g^[93]	.世界	Chinese and Japanese	Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), Kanji (Shinjitai and Kyūjitai)	shìjiè sekai	"world"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--3bst00m^[93]	.集团	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified)	jítuán	"conglomerate"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--30rr7y^[93]	.慈善	Chinese and Japanese	Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), Kanji (Kyūjitai and Shinjitai)	císhàn jizen	"philanthropy"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--45q11c^[93]	.八卦	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified and Traditional)	bāguà	"gossip"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--55qw42g^[93]	.公益	Chinese and Japanese	Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), Kanji (Shinjitai and Kyūjitai)	gōngyì kõeki	"philanthropy"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--g2xx48c^[93]	.购物	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified and Traditional)	gòuwù	"shopping"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--kput3i^[93]	.手机	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified and Traditional)	shǒujī	"cell phone"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--mxtq1m^[93]	.政府	Hani Chinese	Chinese (Simplified and Traditional)	zhèngfǔ	"public affairs	Second level restricted to ISO3166-1 country codes; third level registrations restricted to governmental organizations, or public institutions^[95]	Yes

Cyrillic script

DNS Name	IDN	Language	Script	Transliteration	English Translation	Notes	DNSSEC
xn--d1acj3b^[93]	.дети	Russian	Cyrillic (Russian)	dyeti	"kids" or "children"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--80aqecdr1a^[93]	.католик		Cyrillic	Katolik	"сatholic" (as noun)	Owned by: Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (Pontifical Council for Social Communications)^[11]
xn--j1aef^[93]	.ком	Russian	Cyrillic (Russian)	kom	"com"	Owned by: VeriSign Sarl
xn--80asehdb^[93]	.онлайн	Russian	Cyrillic (Russian)	onlain	"online"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--c1avg^[93]	.орг	Russian	Cyrillic (Russian)	org	"org" or "organization"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--80aswg^[93]	.сайт	Russian	Cyrillic (Russian)	sait	"site"	Open TLD	Yes

Japanese characters

DNS Name	IDN	Language	Script	Transliteration	English Translation	Notes	DNSSEC
xn--q9jyb4c^[93]	.みんな	Japanese	Hiragana	minna	everyone	Open TLD^[96]	Yes
xn--1ck2e1b^[93]	.セール	Japanese	Katakana	sēru	sale	Owned by: Amazon Registry Services, Inc.^[11]
xn--bck1b9a5dre4c^[93]	.ファッション	Japanese	Katakana	fasshon	fashion
xn--cck2b3b^[93]	.ストア	Japanese	Katakana	sutoa	store
xn--eckvdtc9d^[93]	.ポイント	Japanese	Katakana	pointo	point
xn--gckr3f0f^[93]	.クラウド	Japanese	Katakana	kuraudo	cloud
xn--tckwe^[93]	.コム	Japanese	Katakana	komu	com	Owned by: VeriSign Sarl^[11]

Other script

DNS Name	IDN	Language	Script	Transliteration	English Translation	Notes	DNSSEC
xn--54b7fta0cc^[97]	.বাংলা	Bengali	Bengali	Bānlā	Bangla	Open TLD
xn‑‑h2brj9c^[98]	.भारत	Hindi	Devanagari	bharat	India
xn--i1b6b1a6a2e^[93]	.संगठन	Marathi, Hindi	Devanagari	saṅgaṭhana	"organization"	Open TLD	Yes
xn--11b4c3d^[93]	.कॉम	Marathi, Hindi	Devanagari	kom	com
xn--c2br7g^[93]	.नेट	Marathi, Hindi	Devanagari	net	net
xn--mk1bu44c^[93]	.닷컴	Korean	Hangul	datkeom / tatk'ŏm	dotcom
xn--t60b56a^[93]	.닷넷	Korean	Hangul	datnet / tatnet	dotnet
xn--9dbq2a^[93]	.קום	Hebrew	Hebrew	qwm	com	Open TLD	Yes
xn--42c2d9a^[93]	.คอม	Thai	Thai	khom	com

Geographic top-level domains

Name: DNS name
Entity: Target geographic area
Notes: general remarks
IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions

Africa

Name	Entity	Notes	IDN	DNSSEC
.africa	Africa	^[11]^[99]		Yes
.capetown	Cape Town, South Africa	^[100]	Unknown	Yes
.durban	Durban, South Africa	^[101]	Unknown	Yes
.joburg	Johannesburg, South Africa	^[102]	Unknown	Yes

Asia

Name	Entity	Notes	IDN	DNSSEC
.abudhabi	Abu Dhabi, UAE	^[11]
.arab	League of Arab States	^[11]
.asia	Asia–Pacific region	This is a TLD for companies, organizations, and individuals based in the region of Asia, Australia, and the Pacific.	Chinese, Japanese, Korean^[12]	Yes
.doha	Doha, Qatar	^[11]
.dubai	Dubai, UAE	^[11]
.krd	Kurdistan	This is a TLD for companies, organizations, and individuals based in the region of Kurdistan^[103]^[104]	Kurdish	Yes
.kyoto	Kyoto, Japan	^[105]
.nagoya	Nagoya, Japan	^[106]	Japanese^[12]	Yes
.okinawa	Okinawa, Japan	^[107]	Japanese	Yes
.osaka	Osaka, Japan	^[11]
.ryukyu	Ryukyu Islands, Japan	^[108]	Unknown	Yes
.taipei	Taipei, Taiwan	Introduced in September 2014^[109]	Unknown	Yes
.tokyo	Tokyo, Japan	^[110]	Yes	Yes
.yokohama	Yokohama, Japan	^[111]	Japanese	Yes

Europe

Geographic TLDs in France
Name	Entity	Notes	IDN	DNSSEC
.alsace	Alsace	"The purpose of .ALSACE is to bring Alsatian culture and identity to the Internet, make our region more visible internationally and boost the digital economy in Alsace."^[112]	Unknown	Yes
.bzh	Brittany; Breton language and culture	Breizh in Breton.^[113] This is a TLD for Web sites in the Breton language or related to Breton culture	French^[12]	Yes
.corsica	Corsica	TLD Related to Corsican Culture	Unknown	Yes
.eus	Basque, Spain and France	Euskal Herria in Basque. Web sites must be in the Basque language and are checked periodically.^[114]	Unknown	Yes
.paris	Paris	"Must be an individual or corporate entity with a bona fide presence in the Greater area of Paris"^[115]	Yes	Yes

Geographic TLDs in Spain
Name	Entity	Notes	IDN	DNSSEC
.bcn	Barcelona	^[11]
.barcelona	Barcelona		Unknown	Yes
.cat	Catalonia; Catalan language and culture	This is a TLD for Web sites in the Catalan language or related to Catalan culture.^[116]	Catalan^[12]	Yes
.eus	Basque, Spain and France	Euskal Herria in Basque. Web sites must be in the Basque language and are checked periodically.^[114]	Unknown	Yes
.gal	Galicia	This is a TLD for Web sites in the Galician language or related to Galician culture.^[117]	Unknown	Yes
.madrid	Madrid	^[118]	Unknown	Yes

Geographic TLDs in Germany
Name	Entity	Notes	IDN	DNSSEC
.bayern	Bavaria	^[119]	Yes	Yes
.berlin	Berlin	Must have a connection to Berlin, Germany for example a company based in Berlin or a person from Berlin etc.^[120]	Latin and Cyrillic scripts^[12]	Yes
.cologne	Cologne	^[121]	Yes	Yes
.koeln	Cologne	^[122]	Yes	Yes
.hamburg	Hamburg		Latin script^[12]	Yes
.nrw	North Rhine-Westphalia	^[123]	Yes	Yes
.ruhr	Ruhr	^[124]	German^[12]	Yes
.saarland	Saarland	^[125]	Unknown	Yes

Other European Geographic TLDs
Name	Entity	Notes	IDN	DNSSEC
.eu	EU, European Union	^[126] Available for any person, company or organization based in the European Union.	Yes	Yes
.amsterdam	Amsterdam, Netherlands	^[127]	Unknown	Yes
.bar	Bar, Montenegro	^[11] Mostly used for bars and other alcohol facilities worldwide	Unknown	Unknown
.brussels	Brussels, Belgium	^[128]	Latin script^[12]	Yes
.cymru	Wales, United Kingdom	^[129]	Welsh^[12]	Yes
.wales	Wales, United Kingdom	^[129]	Welsh^[12]	Yes
.frl	Friesland, Netherlands	Fryslân in (West) Frisian, one of the twelve provinces in the Netherlands.^[130]	Unknown	Yes
.gent	Ghent, Belgium	^[131]	Unknown	Yes
.helsinki	Helsinki, Finland		Unknown	Unknown
.irish	Ireland; global Irish community		Unknown	Yes
.ist	İstanbul, Turkey		Unknown	Unknown
.istanbul	İstanbul, Turkey		Unknown	Unknown
.london	London, United Kingdom	^[132]	Yes	Yes
.moscow [ru]	Moscow, Russia	^[133]	Yes	Yes
.scot	Scotland, United Kingdom	^[134]	Unknown	Yes
.stockholm	Stockholm, Sweden	^[11]	Yes^[135]
.swiss	Switzerland	^[11]	Yes^[136]	Yes
.tatar	Tatar peoples and places	Tatarstan is a region in Russia, though this TLD is meant for the global Tatar community.^[137]	Unknown	Yes
.tirol	Tyrol, Austria	^[138]	Yes^[12]	Yes
.vlaanderen	Flanders, Belgium	^[139]	Latin script^[12]	Yes
.wien	Vienna, Austria	^[140]	Latin script^[12]	Yes
.zuerich	Zurich, Switzerland	^[141]	Unknown	Yes

North America

Name	Entity	Notes	IDN	DNSSEC	Alternatives
.boston	Boston, Massachusetts	^[11]			.boston.ma.us
.miami	Miami, Florida	^[142]	Unknown	Yes	.miami.us
.nyc	New York City, New York	^[143]	Spanish^[12]	Yes	.new-york.ny.us
.quebec	Quebec, Canada	^[144]	Unknown	Yes	.qc.ca
.vegas	Las Vegas, Nevada	^[145]	Yes	Yes	.las-vegas.nv.us

Oceania

Name	Entity	Notes	IDN	DNSSEC
.kiwi	New Zealanders	^[146]	Latin script^[12]	Yes
.melbourne	Melbourne, Australia	^[147]	Unknown	Yes
.sydney	Sydney, Australia	^[148]	Unknown	Yes

South America

Name	Entity	Notes	IDN	DNSSEC
.lat	Latin America	^[149]	Spanish^[150]	Yes
.rio	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	^[151]	Unknown	Yes

Internationalized geographic top-level domains

DNS name	Display name	Entity	Language	Script	Transliteration	Notes	Other TLD	IDN	DNSSEC
xn--1qqw23a^[93]	.佛山	Foshan, China	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified)	fat⁶ saan¹	^[152]		Yes	Yes
xn--xhq521b^[93]	.广东	Guangdong, China	Chinese	Chinese (Simplified)	gwong² dung¹	^[11]
xn--80adxhks^[93]	.москва [ru]	Moscow, Russia	Russian	Cyrillic (Russian)	moskva	^[153]	.moscow	Russian^[12]	Yes
xn--p1acf^[93]	.рус [ru]	Russian language, post-Soviet states	Russian	Cyrillic (Russian)	rus	^[11]	.su
xn--mgbca7dzdo^[93]	.ابوظبي	Abu Dhabi	Arabic	Arabic	Abū Ẓabī	^[11]	.abudhabi
xn--ngbrx^[93]	.عرب	Arab	Arabic	Arabic	‘Arab	^[11]

Brand and corporate top-level domains

Name: DNS name
Entity: company and/or brand
Notes: general remarks
IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions

Name	Entity	Notes	IDN	DNSSEC
.aaa	American Automobile Association	^[11]
.aarp	AARP	^[11]
.abarth	Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Abarth)	^[11]
.abb	ABB	^[11]
.abbott	Abbott Laboratories	^[11]
.abbvie	AbbVie	^[11]
.abc	American Broadcasting Company^[154]	^[11]
.accenture	Accenture	^[11]
.aco	ACO Severin Ahlmann GmbH & Co. KG	^[11]
.aeg	Aktiebolaget Electrolux	^[11]
.aetna	Aetna	^[11]
.afl	Australian Football League	^[11]
.agakhan	Aga Khan Foundation	^[11]
.aig	American International Group	^[11]
.aigo	Aigo	^[11]
.airbus	Airbus	^[11]
.airtel	Bharti Airtel	^[11]
.akdn	Aga Khan Foundation	^[11]
.alfaromeo	Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Alfa Romeo)	^[11]
.alibaba	Alibaba Group	^[11]
.alipay	Alibaba Group	^[11]
.allfinanz	Allfinanz Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft	^[155]	Unknown	Yes
.allstate	Allstate	^[11]
.ally	Ally Financial	^[11]
.alstom	Alstom	^[11]
.amazon	Amazon
.americanexpress	American Express	^[11]
.amex	American Express	^[11]
.amica	Amica Mutual Insurance	^[11]
.android	Google (Android)	^[156]	Unknown	Yes
.anz	Australia & New Zealand Banking Group	^[11]
.aol	AOL	^[11]
.apple	Apple	^[11]
.aquarelle	Aquarelle.com Group	^[157]	Unknown	Yes
.aramco	Aramco	^[11]
.audi	Audi	^[11]
.auspost	Australia Post	^[11]
.aws	Amazon Web Services	^[11]
.axa	Axa	^[158]	Yes^[12]	Yes
.azure	Microsoft	^[11]
.baidu	Baidu	^[11]
.bananarepublic	Gap (Banana Republic)	^[11]
.barclaycard	Barclays	^[159]	Unknown	Yes
.barclays	Barclays	^[159]	Unknown	Yes
.basketball	FIBA	^[160]
.bauhaus	Werkhaus GmbH	^[11]
.bbc	BBC	^[11]
.bbt	BB&T	^[11]
.bbva	Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria	^[11]
.bcg	Boston Consulting Group	^[11]
.bentley	Bentley	^[11]
.bharti	Bharti Enterprises	^[11]
.bing	Microsoft (Bing)	^[11]
.blanco	BLANCO GmbH + Co KG	^[11]
.bloomberg	Bloomberg	^[161]	Unknown	Yes
.bms	Bristol-Myers Squibb	^[11]
.bmw	BMW	^[162]	No	Yes
.bnl	Banca Nazionale del Lavoro	^[163]	Unknown	Yes
.bnpparibas	BNP Paribas	^[164]	Unknown	Yes
.boehringer	Boehringer Ingelheim	^[11]
.bond	Bond University^[11]	Later became a gTLD on 26 November 2019
.booking	Booking.com	^[11]
.bosch	Robert Bosch GmbH	^[11]
.bostik	Bostik	^[11]
.bradesco	Bradesco	^[165]	Unknown	Yes
.bridgestone	Bridgestone	^[11]
.brother	Brother Industries	^[11]
.bugatti	Bugatti	^[11]
.cal	Google (Google Calendar)	^[166]	Unknown	Yes
.calvinklein	PVH	^[11]
.canon	Canon	^[11]
.capitalone	Capital One	^[11]
.caravan	Caravan International	^[167]	Unknown	Yes
.cartier	Richemont DNS	^[11]
.cba	Commonwealth Bank	^[11]
.cbn	Christian Broadcasting Network	^[11]
.cbre	CBRE Group	^[11]
.cbs	CBS	^[11]
.cern	CERN	^[168]	Unknown	Yes
.cfa	CFA Institute	^[11]
.chanel	Chanel	^[11]
.chase	Chase Bank	^[11]
.chintai	Chintai Corporation [ja]	^[11]
.chrome	Google (Google Chrome)	^[169]	Unknown	Yes
.chrysler	Chrysler	^[11]
.cipriani	Hotel Cipriani Srl	^[11]
.cisco	Cisco Systems	^[11]
.citadel	Citadel Domain	^[11]
.citi	Citigroup	^[11]
.citic	CITIC Group	^[170]	No	Yes
.clubmed	Club Med	^[11]
.comcast	Comcast	^[11]
.commbank	Commonwealth Bank	^[11]
.creditunion	CUNA Performance Resources	^[11]
.crown	Crown Equipment Corporation	^[11]
.crs	Federated Co-operatives (Co-Operative Retailing System)	^[171]	Unknown	Yes
.csc	DXC Technology
.cuisinella	Société Alsacienne de Meubles (Cuisinella)	^[172]	Unknown	Yes
.dabur	Dabur	^[11]
.datsun	Nissan (Datsun)	^[11]
.dealer	Dealer Dot Com	^[11]
.dell	Dell	^[11]
.deloitte	Deloitte	^[11]
.delta	Delta Air Lines	^[11]
.dhl	Deutsche Post	^[11]
.discover	Discover Financial Services	^[11]
.dish	Dish Network	^[11]
.dnp	Dai Nippon Printing	^[173]	Unknown	Yes
.dodge	Chrysler (Dodge)	^[11]
.dunlop	Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company (Dunlop Tyres)	^[11]
.dupont	DuPont	^[11]
.dvag	Deutsche Vermögensberatung	^[174]	Unknown	Yes
.edeka	Edeka	^[175]	Unknown	Yes
.emerck	Merck Group	^[176]	Unknown	Yes
.epson	Seiko Epson	^[11]
.ericsson	Ericsson	^[11]
.erni	ERNI Group Holding AG	^[11]
.esurance	Esurance	^[11]
.etisalat	Etisalat	^[11]
.eurovision	European Broadcasting Union (Eurovision)	^[11]
.everbank	EverBank	^[177]	Unknown	Yes
.extraspace	Extra Space Storage	^[11]
.fage	Fage	^[11]
.fairwinds	FairWinds Partners	^[11]
.farmers	Farmers Insurance Exchange	^[11]
.fedex	FedEx	^[11]
.ferrari	Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Ferrari)	^[11]
.ferrero	Ferrero	^[11]
.fiat	Fiat Chrysler Automobiles	^[11]
.fidelity	Fidelity Investments	^[11]
.firestone	Bridgestone	^[11]
.firmdale	Firmdale Holdings	^[178]	Unknown	Yes
.flickr	Yahoo! (Flickr)	^[11]
.flir	FLIR Systems	^[11]
.flsmidth	FLSmidth	^[179]	Unknown	Yes
.ford	Ford	^[11]
.fox	Fox Broadcasting Company	^[11]
.fresenius	Fresenius Immobilien-Verwaltungs-GmbH	^[11]
.forex	Dotforex Registry Ltd	^[11]
.frogans	OP3FT	Solely for use by the Frogans technology^[180]	Yes^[12]	Yes
.frontier	Frontier Communications	^[11]
.fujitsu	Fujitsu	^[11]
.fujixerox	Fuji Xerox	^[11]
.gallo	E & J Gallo Winery	^[11]
.gallup	Gallup	^[11]
.gap	Gap	^[11]
.gbiz	Google	^[181]	Unknown	Yes
.gea	GEA Group	^[11]
.genting	Genting Group	^[11]
.giving	Giving Limited	^[11]
.gle	Google	^[182]	Unknown	Yes
.globo	Grupo Globo	^[183]	No	Yes
.gmail	Google (Gmail)	^[184]	Unknown	Yes
.gmo	GMO Internet	^[185]	Unknown	Yes
.gmx	1&1 Mail & Media (GMX, Global Message Exchange)	^[186]	Unknown	Yes
.godaddy	Go Daddy	^[11]
.goldpoint	Yodobashi Camera	^[11]
.goodyear	Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company	^[11]
.goog	Google	^[187]	Unknown	Yes
.google	Google	^[188]	Unknown	Yes
.grainger	Grainger Registry Services, LLC	^[11]
.guardian	Guardian Life Insurance Company of America	^[11]
.gucci	Gucci	^[11]
.hbo	HBO	^[11]
.hdfc	Housing Development Finance Corporation	^[11]
.hdfcbank	HDFC Bank	^[11]
.hermes	Hermès	^[11]
.hisamitsu	Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical	^[11]
.hitachi	Hitachi	^[11]
.hkt	Hong Kong Telecom	^[11]
.honda	Honda	^[11]
.honeywell	Honeywell	^[11]
.hotmail	Microsoft (Hotmail)	^[11]
.hsbc	HSBC	^[189]	Unknown	Yes
.hughes	Hughes Network Systems	^[11]
.hyatt	Hyatt	^[11]
.hyundai	Hyundai Motor Company	^[11]
.ibm	IBM	^[190]	Unknown	Yes
.ieee	Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers	^[11]
.ifm	ifm electronic gmbh	^[11]
.ikano	Ikano	^[11]
.imdb	Amazon (IMDb)	^[11]
.infiniti	Nissan (Infiniti)	^[11]
.intel	Intel	^[11]
.intuit	Intuit	^[11]
.ipiranga	Ipiranga	^[11]
.iselect	iSelect	^[11]
.itau	Itaú Unibanco	^[11]
.itv	ITV	^[11]
.iveco	CNH Industrial (Iveco)	^[11]
.jaguar	Jaguar Land Rover	^[11]
.java	Oracle (Java)	^[11]
.jcb	JCB	^[11]
.jcp	JCP Media	^[11]
.jeep	Chrysler (Jeep)	^[11]
.jpmorgan	JPMorgan Chase	^[11]
.juniper	Juniper Networks	^[11]
.kddi	KDDI	^[11]
.kerryhotels	Kerry Trading Co. Limited	^[11]
.kerrylogistics	Kerry Trading Co. Limited	^[11]
.kerryproperties	Kerry Trading Co. Limited	^[11]
.kfh	Kuwait Finance House	^[11]
.kia	Kia Motors Corporation	^[11]
.kinder	Ferrero (Kinder Surprise)	^[11]
.kindle	Amazon (Amazon Kindle)	^[11]
.komatsu	Komatsu	^[11]
.kpmg	KPMG	^[11]
.kred	KredTLD	^[191]	Unknown	Yes
.kuokgroup	Kerry Trading Co. Limited	^[11]
.lacaixa	Caixa d’Estalvis i Pensions de Barcelona	^[192]	Unknown	Yes
.ladbrokes	Ladbrokes	^[11]
.lamborghini	Lamborghini	^[11]
.lancaster	Lancaster (Coty)	^[11]
.lancia	Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Lancia)	^[11]
.lancome	L'Oréal	^[11]
.landrover	Jaguar Land Rover	^[11]
.lanxess	Lanxess	^[11]
.lasalle	JLL	^[11]
.latrobe	La Trobe University	^[193]	Unknown	Yes
.lds	The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)^[194]	^[195]	Unknown	Yes
.leclerc	E.Leclerc	^[196]
.lego	Lego Group	^[11]
.liaison	Liaison Technologies	^[11]
.lexus	Toyota (Lexus)	^[11]
.lidl	Lidl	^[11]
.lifestyle	Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.	^[11]
.lilly	Eli Lilly & Company	^[11]
.lincoln	Ford (Lincoln)	^[11]
.linde	Linde	^[11]
.lipsy	Lipsy Ltd	^[11]
.lixil	Lixil Group	^[11]
.locus	Locus Analytics	^[11]
.lotte	Lotte Holdings	^[11]
.lpl	LPL Financial	^[11]
.lplfinancial	LPL Financial	^[11]
.lundbeck	Lundbeck	^[11]
.lupin	Lupin Limited	^[11]
.macys	Macy's	^[11]
.maif	Mutuelle Assurance Instituteur France (MAIF)	^[11]
.man	MAN	^[11]
.mango	Mango	^[197]	Latin script^[12]	Yes
.marriott	Marriott International	^[11]
.maserati	Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Maserati)	^[11]
.mattel	Mattel	^[11]
.mckinsey	McKinsey & Company	^[11]
.metlife	MetLife	^[11]
.microsoft	Microsoft	^[11]
.mini	BMW (Mini)	^[198]	No	Yes
.mit	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	^[11]
.mitsubishi	Mitsubishi Corporation	^[11]
.mlb	MLB Advanced Media	^[11]
.mma	MMA IARD	^[11]
.monash	Monash University	^[199]^[200]	No	Yes
.mormon	The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)^[194]	^[201]	Unknown	Yes
.moto	Motorola	^[11]
.movistar	Telefónica (Movistar)	^[11]
.msd	MSD Registry Holdings, Inc.	^[11]
.mtn	MTN	^[11]
.mtr	MTR Corporation	^[11]
.mutual	Northwestern Mutual	^[11]
.nadex	Nadex	^[11]
.nationwide	Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company	^[11]
.natura	Natura & Co	^[11]
.nba	National Basketball Association	^[11]
.nec	NEC	^[11]
.netflix	Netflix	^[11]
.neustar	Neustar	^[202]	No	Yes
.newholland	CNH Industrial (New Holland Agriculture, New Holland Construction)	^[11]
.nfl	National Football League	^[11]
.nhk	NHK	^[203]	Unknown	Yes
.nico	Dwango (Niconico)	^[204]	Unknown	Yes
.nike	Nike	^[11]
.nikon	Nikon	^[11]
.nissan	Nissan	^[11]
.nissay	Nippon Life	^[11]
.nokia	Nokia	^[11]
.northwesternmutual	Northwestern Mutual	^[11]
.norton	NortonLifeLock	^[11]
.nra	National Rifle Association of America	^[205]	Unknown	Yes
.ntt	Nippon Telegraph & Telephone	^[11]
.obi	OBI Group Holding SE & Co. KGaA	^[11]
.office	Microsoft (Microsoft Office)	^[11]
.omega	Swatch Group (Omega)	^[11]
.oracle	Oracle	^[11]
.orange	Orange	^[11]
.otsuka	Otsuka Pharmaceutical	^[206]	Unknown	Yes
.ovh	OVH	^[207]	French^[12]	Yes
.panasonic	Panasonic	^[11]
.pccw	PCCW	^[11]
.pfizer	Pfizer	^[11]
.philips	Philips	^[11]
.piaget	Piaget	^[208]	Unknown	Yes
.pictet	Pictet	^[11]
.ping	Ping	^[11]
.pioneer	Pioneer Corporation	^[11]
.play	Google (Google Play)	^[11]
.playstation	Sony (PlayStation)	^[11]
.pohl	Deutsche Vermögensberatung (founder Reinfried Pohl)	^[209]	Unknown	Yes
.politie	Politie Nederland	^[11]
.praxi	Praxi	^[210]	Unknown	Yes
.prod	Google (products)	^[211]	Unknown	Yes
.progressive	Progressive Corporation	^[11]
.pru	Prudential Financial	^[11]
.prudential	Prudential Financial	^[11]
.pwc	PwC	^[212]	Unknown	Yes
.quest	Quest Software	^[11]
.qvc	QVC	^[11]
.redstone	Redstone Haute Couture Co	^[11]
.reliance	Reliance Industries	^[11]
.rexroth	Robert Bosch GmbH	^[11]
.ricoh	Ricoh	^[11]
.rmit	Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology	^[11]
.rocher	Ferrero (Ferrero Rocher)	^[11]
.rogers	Rogers Communications	^[11]
.rwe	RWE	^[11]
.safety	Safety Registry Services, LLC.	^[11]
.sakura	Sakura Internet [ja]	^[11]
.samsung	Samsung SDS	^[11]
.sandvik	Sandvik	^[11]
.sandvikcoromant	Sandvik Coromant	^[213]	Unknown	Unknown
.sanofi	Sanofi	^[11]
.sap	SAP	^[214]
.saxo	Saxo Bank	^[11]
.sbi	State Bank of India	^[11]
.sbs	Special Broadcasting Service^[11]	Later became a gTLD on 15 June 2021
.sca	Svenska Cellulosa	^[215]	Unknown	Yes
.scb	Siam Commercial Bank		Thai^[12]	Yes
.schaeffler	Schaeffler Technologies	^[11]
.schmidt	Société Alsacienne de Meubles (Cuisines Schmidt)	^[216]	Unknown	Yes
.schwarz	Schwarz Gruppe	^[11]
.scjohnson	S. C. Johnson & Son	^[11]
.scor	SCOR	^[11]
.seat	SEAT	^[11]
.sener	Sener Ingeniería y Sistemas, S.A.	^[11]
.ses	SES	^[11]
.sew	SEW Eurodrive	^[11]
.seven	Seven West Media	^[11]
.sfr	SFR	^[11]
.seek	Seek	^[217]	No	Unknown
.shangrila	Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts	^[11]
.sharp	Sharp Corporation	^[11]
.shaw	Shaw Cablesystems G.P.	^[11]
.shell	Shell	^[11]
.shriram	Shriram Capital	^[11]
.sina	Sina Corp	^[11]
.sky	Sky Group	^[11]
.skype	Microsoft (Skype)	^[11]
.smart	Smart Communications	^[11]
.sncf	SNCF	^[11]
.softbank	SoftBank	^[11]
.sohu	Sohu	^[218]	Unknown	Yes
.sony	Sony	^[11]
.spiegel	Der Spiegel	^[219]	Unknown	Yes
.stada	Stada Arzneimittel	^[11]
.staples	Staples	^[11]
.star	Disney Star	^[11]
.starhub	StarHub	^[11]
.statebank	State Bank of India	^[11]
.statefarm	State Farm	^[11]
.statoil	Statoil	^[11]
.stc	Saudi Telecom Company	^[11]
.stcgroup	Saudi Telecom Company	^[11]
.suzuki	Suzuki	^[220]	Unknown	Yes
.swatch	Swatch Group	^[11]
.swiftcover	Swiftcover	^[11]
.symantec	Gen Digital	^[11]
.taobao	Alibaba Group (Taobao)	^[11]
.target	Target	^[11]
.tatamotors	Tata Motors	^[11]
.tdk	TDK	^[11]
.telecity	TelecityGroup	^[11]
.telefonica	Telefónica	^[11]
.temasek	Temasek Holdings	^[11]
.teva	Teva Pharmaceuticals	^[11]
.tiffany	Tiffany & Co.	^[11]
.tjx	TJX Companies	^[11]
.toray	Toray Industries	^[11]
.toshiba	Toshiba	^[11]
.total	Total	^[11]
.toyota	Toyota	^[11]
.travelchannel	Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc. (Travel Channel)	^[11]
.travelers	Travelers TLD, LLC (The Travelers Companies)	^[11]
.tui	TUI	^[221]	Unknown	Yes
.tvs	T V Sundram Iyengar & Sons Private Limited	^[11]
.ubs	UBS	^[11]
.unicom	China Unicom	^[11]
.uol	Universo Online	Delegated to UOL subsidiary UBN Internet.^[222]	Unknown	Yes
.ups	United Parcel Service	^[11]
.vanguard	Vanguard Group	^[11]
.verisign	VeriSign	^[11]
.vig	Vienna Insurance Group	^[11]
.viking	Viking River Cruises	^[11]
.virgin	Virgin Group	^[11]
.visa	Visa	^[11]
.vista	Vistaprint	^[11]
.vistaprint	Vistaprint	^[11]
.vivo	Telefônica Brasil	^[11]
.volkswagen	Volkswagen Group of America	^[11]
.volvo	Volvo	^[11]
.walmart	Walmart	^[11]
.walter	Sandvik	^[11]
.weatherchannel	IBM (The Weather Company)	^[11]
.weber	Saint-Gobain	^[11]
.weir	Weir Group	^[11]
.williamhill	William Hill	^[223]	Unknown	Yes
.windows	Microsoft (Microsoft Windows)	^[11]
.wme	Endeavor	^[224]	Unknown	Yes
.wolterskluwer	Wolters Kluwer	^[11]
.woodside	Woodside Petroleum	^[11]
.wtc	World Trade Centers Association	^[225]	Unknown	Yes
.xbox	Microsoft Xbox	^[11]
.xerox	Fuji Xerox	^[11]
.xfinity	Comcast	^[11]
.yahoo	Yahoo!	^[11]
.yamaxun	Amazon (Amazon China)	^[11]
.yandex	Yandex	^[226]	Unknown	Yes
.yodobashi	Yodobashi Camera	^[11]
.youtube	Google (YouTube)	^[227]	Unknown	Yes
.zappos	Amazon (Zappos)	^[11]
.zara	Inditex (Zara)	^[11]
.zippo	Zippo	^[11]

Internationalized brand top-level domains

DNS name	IDN TLD	Entity	Script	Transliteration	Comments	DNSSEC
xn--mgba3a3ejt	.ارامكو	Aramco Services Company	Arabic		^[11]
xn--mgbaakc7dvf	.اتصالات	Emirates Telecommunications Corporation (trading as Etisalat)	Arabic		^[11]
xn--8y0a063a	.联通	China United Network Communications Corporation Limited	Chinese (Simplified)	Liántōng	^[11]
xn--6frz82g	.移动	China Mobile Communications Corporation	Chinese (Simplified)	Yídòng
xn--fiq64b	.中信	CITIC Group	Chinese	zhōngxìn	^[228]	Yes
xn--5su34j936bgsg	.香格里拉	Shangri‐La International Hotel Management Limited	Chinese	Xiānggélǐlā	^[11]
xn--b4w605ferd	.淡马锡	Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited	Chinese (Simplified)	Dànmǎxī	^[11]
xn--3oq18vl8pn36a	.大众汽车	Volkswagen (China) Investment Co., Ltd.	Chinese (Simplified)	Dàzhòngqìchē	^[11]
xn--vermgensberater-ctb	.vermögensberater	Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft	Latin		^[229]	Yes
xn--vermgensberatung-pwb	.vermögensberatung	Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft	Latin		^[230]	Yes
xn--qcka1pmc	.グーグル	Google	Katakana	gūguru	^[231]	Yes
xn--flw351e	.谷歌	Google	Chinese	gǔgē	^[232]	Yes
xn--estv75g	.工行	Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited	Chinese	Gōngháng	^[11]
xn--w4rs40l	.嘉里	Kerry Trading Co. Limited	Chinese	Jiālǐ	^[11]
xn--w4r85el8fhu5dnra	.嘉里大酒店	Kerry Trading Co. Limited	Chinese	Jiālǐdàjiǔdiàn	^[11]
xn--kcrx77d1x4a	.飞利浦	Koninklijke Philips N.V.	Chinese (Simplified)	Fēilìpǔ	^[11]
xn--jlq61u9w7b	.诺基亚	Nokia Corporation	Chinese (Simplified)	Nuòjīyà	^[11]^[233]
xn--fzys8d69uvgm	.電訊盈科	PCCW Enterprises Limited	Chinese (Traditional)	din6 soen3 jing4 fo1	^[11]
xn--cg4bki	.삼성	Samsung	Hangul	samseong	^[234]	Yes

Special-Use Domains

ICANN/IANA has created some Special-Use domain names which are meant for special technical purposes. ICANN/IANA owns all of the Special-Use domain names.^[235]

Name	Notes	IDN
.example	Not installed as a domain name, but usable in text as an example. (example.com, example.net, and example.org are also reserved for this purpose but are active sites.)	Unknown
.invalid	Not installed as a domain name, but usable in testing as a domain which wouldn't work.	Unknown
.local	Local network. Must be used with multicast DNS (mDNS).^[236]	Unknown
.localhost	Points back to own computer.	Unknown
.onion	Connection to the Tor network.	Unknown
.test	Meant for testing DNS software.	Unknown

Non-IANA domains

Besides the TLDs managed (or at least tracked) by IANA or ICANN, other independent groups have created, or had attempted to create, their own TLDs with varying technical specifications, functions, and outcomes.

Internet Engineering Task Force proposals for local TLDs

The IETF has submitted several request for comments on TLDs that could be used to represent local devices and services.

Name	RFC	Notes
.home.arpa	RFC 8375^[237]	A special-use domain for non-unique use in residential home networks.
.internal	RFC 6762 Appendix G^[238]	ICANN has also proposed this to be a Top-Level Domain String for Private Use.^[239]
.intranet		The IETF does not recommend use of unregistered top-level domains at all, but should network operators decide to do this, the following top-level domains have been used on private internal networks without the problems caused by trying to reuse ".local" for this purpose.
.private
.corp		Mentioned by ICANN for causing a name collision.^[240]
.home		Mentioned by ICANN for causing a name collision.^[240]
.lan		Many routers automatically append ".lan" to local device hostnames, including those that use OpenWrt.

Blockchain-registered

Blockchain-based domains are registered and exchanged using a public blockchain like Ethereum. Oftentimes, these domains serve specific functions such as creating human-readable references to smart contract addresses used in DApps or personal wallet addresses.^[241] Generally, these non-standard domains are unreachable through the normal DNS resolution process and instead require clients to use some sort of transparent web proxy or gateway to access them

Name	Blockchain	Notes
N/A	Handshake	Handshake is both an alternative DNS root zone and a domain name-centric blockchain meant for managing TLDs in a decentralized way which allows virtually any domain to be registered as a TLD by end users. The project intends to be a more resilient and distributed implementation of the global root zone without needing a centralized organization, like ICANN, to manage or operate it. However, it doesn't aim to outright replace the existing root zone, as it reserves all existing TLDs so that a query for wikipedia.org, for example, that is sent to a Handshake node can be redirected to the traditional root.^[242]
.eth	Ethereum	Domains under the .eth TLD are primarily used as human-readable aliases to Ethereum wallet addresses, rather than IP addresses,^[243] though some efforts into expanding the use of .eth into the traditional DNS space have been made.
.crypto, .zil	Ethereum, Zilliqa	Both .crypto and .zil aim to make cryptocurrency wallet address resolution easier, with the exception that, unlike the other examples mentioned here, the two TLDs are the product of a for-profit company, Unstoppable Domains, that markets the domains as an alternative DNS root despite being entirely dependent on the traditional root zone.^[244]
.bit	Namecoin	Namecoin's .bit TLD technically operates as a single-domain DNS root, though has historically peered with the OpenNIC root zone to provide greater accessibility. The popularity and usage of .bit domains is much lower than the other projects mentioned, despite it being the earliest example. This is primarily due to the negative reputation Namecoin has garnered after .bit domains became popular for sharing and distributing illegal or illicit content such as malware, which ultimately prompted OpenNIC to end its peering agreement and stop serving the TLD in its root zone in 2018.^[245]
.xlm	Stellar	Soroban domain allows Stellar's blockchain addresses to be shortened as a .xlm address using a Soroban smart contract.^[246]

Alternate roots

In the case of alternative DNS roots, organizations or projects make use of the same mechanisms of the DNS but instead take on the role of ICANN in managing and administering an entirely separate root zone, thus having the ability to create new TLDs independently. However, this doesn't make these domains any less isolated from the rest of the internet, though the ability for clients to resolve them theoretically only requires switching to a recursive DNS resolver that recognizes and serves records underneath the alternate root zone.

Name	Root	Notes
N/A	Handshake	The list of registered TLDs on the Handshake blockchain is too large and dynamic to enumerate here.
.bbs .chan .cyb .dyn .geek .gopher .indy .libre .neo .null .o .oss .oz .parody .pirate	OpenNIC
.fur	FurNIC
.lib .coin .emc .bazar	Emercoin
.ku .te .ti .uu .ko .rm	New Nations

Explanatory notes

Internet Domain Notes

Citations

External links

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