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1866–67 United States Senate elections

(Redirected from 1866 United States Senate special election in Iowa)

The 1866–67 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1866 and 1867, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.

1866–67 United States Senate elections
← 1864 & 1865Dates vary by state
(and other dates for special elections)		1868 & 1869 →
25 of the 66 (6 vacant)/72 seats in the United States Senate (with special elections)
34 seats needed for a majority
 Majority partyMinority party
 
LeaderHenry B. Anthony[a]
PartyRepublicanDemocratic
Leader sinceMarch 4, 1863
Leader's seatRhode Island
Last election33 seats9 seats
Seats before3710
Seats won152
Seats after3910
Seat changeIncrease 2Steady
Seats up132
 Third partyFourth party
 
PartyUnionistUnconditional Union
Last election2 seats4 seats
Seats before32
Seats won00
Seats after21
Seat changeDecrease 1Decrease 1
Seats up11
Results of the elections:
     Democratic gain      Democratic hold
     Republican gain      Republican hold
     Legislature failed to elect
     Unreconstructed states
Majority party before election


Republican

Elected Majority party


Republican

The Republican Party gained two seats, as several of the Southern States were readmitted during Reconstruction, enlarging their majority.

Results summary

Senate party division, 40th Congress (1867–1869)

  • Majority party: Republican (57)
  • Minority party: Democratic (9)
  • Other parties: (0)
  • Vacant: (6)
  • Total seats: 72

Change in Senate composition

Before the elections

After August 31, 1866, appointment in New Hampshire.

V6
Seceded		V5
Seceded		V4
Seceded		V3
Seceded		V2V1
V7
Seceded		V8
Seceded		V9
Seceded		V10
Seceded		D1D2D3D4D5D6
R37
Retired		UU1UU2
Unknown		U1U2U3
Ran		D10
Retired		D9
Ran		D8D7
R36
Retired		R35
Retired		R34
Unknown		R33
Ran		R32
Ran		R31
Ran		R30
Ran		R29
Ran		R28
Ran		R27
Ran
Majority →
R17R18R19R20R21R22R23R24R25
Ran		R26
Ran
R16R15R14R13R12R11R10R9R8R7
V14V13V12V11R1R2R3R4R5R6
V15V16V17V18V19V20

As a result of the elections

V6
Seceded		V5
Seceded		V4
Seceded		V3
Seceded		V2V1
V7
Seceded		V8
Seceded		V9
Seceded		V10
Seceded		D1D2D3D4D5D6
R37
Hold		R38
Gain		R39
Gain		UU1U1U2D10
Gain		D9
Gain		D8D7
R36
Hold		R35
Hold		R34
Hold		R33
Hold		R32
Hold		R31
Hold		R30
Hold		R29
Re-elected		R28
Re-elected		R27
Re-elected
Majority →
R17R18R19R20R21R22R23R24R25
Re-elected		R26
Re-elected
R16R15R14R13R12R11R10R9R8R7
V14V13V12V11R1R2R3R4R5R6
V15V16V17V18V19V20

Beginning of the next Congress

V7V6V5V4V3V2V1
V8V9V10V11
Not seated		D1D2D3D4D5D6
R38R39R40
Changed		R41
Changed		R42
New seat		R43
New seat		R44
Gain		R45
Gain		D8
Changed		D7
R37R36R35R34R33R32R31R30R29R28
Majority →R27
R18R19R20R21R22R23R24R25R26
R17R16R15R14R13R12R11R10R9R8
V14V13V12R1R2R3R4R5R6R7
V15V16V17V18V19V20V21
Key:
D#Democratic
R#Republican
UU#Unconditional Unionist
U#Unionist
V#Vacant

Race summaries

Special elections during the 39th Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1866 or in 1867 before March 4; ordered by election date.

StateIncumbentResultsCandidates
SenatorPartyElectoral history
Maine
(Class 2)		Nathan A. FarwellRepublican1864 (appointed)Interim appointee elected January 11, 1865, to finish the term.
Winner did not run for re-election to the next term, see below.
Iowa
(Class 3)		James HarlanRepublican1855
1857 (election invalidated)
1857 (special)
1860		Incumbent resigned May 15, 1865, to become U.S. Secretary of the Interior.
Winner elected January 13, 1866.
Republican hold.
Winner did not run for re-election to the next term, see below.
Tennessee
(Class 1)		Vacant since March 4, 1862, when Andrew Johnson (D)
resigned to become Military Governor of Tennessee.		State re-admitted to the Union.
Winner elected July 24, 1866.
Democratic gain.
Tennessee
(Class 2)		Vacant since March 3, 1861, when Alfred O. P. Nicholson (D)
withdrew in anticipation of secession.		State re-admitted to the Union.
Winner elected July 24, 1866.
Unionist gain.
New Jersey
(Class 2)		John P. StocktonDemocratic1864Incumbent's election disputed and seat declared vacant.
Winner elected September 19, 1866.
Republican gain.
Vermont
(Class 1)		George F. EdmundsRepublican1866 (appointed)Interim appointee elected October 24, 1866, to finish the term.[2]
Vermont
(Class 3)		Luke P. PolandRepublican1865 (appointed)Interim appointee elected October 24, 1866, to finish the term.[2]
Winner lost re-election to the next term, see below.
Kansas
(Class 2)		Edmund G. RossRepublican1866 (appointed)Interim appointee elected January 23, 1867, to finish the term.[3]
New Jersey
(Class 1)		Frederick T. FrelinghuysenRepublican1866 (appointed)Interim appointee elected January 23, 1867, to finish the term.[4]
Nebraska
(Class 1)		New stateNebraska admitted to the Union March 1, 1867.
Winner elected March 1, 1867.
Republican gain.
Nebraska
(Class 2)		Nebraska admitted to the Union March 1, 1867.
Winner elected March 1, 1867.
Republican gain.

Races leading to the 40th Congress

In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1867; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

StateIncumbentResultsCandidates
SenatorPartyElectoral
history
AlabamaVacant since January 21, 1861,
when Benjamin Fitzpatrick (D) withdrew.		Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction.
Seat remained vacant until 1868.		None.
ArkansasVacant since July 11, 1861,
when Charles B. Mitchel (D) was expelled.		Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction.
Seat remained vacant until 1868.		None.
CaliforniaJames A. McDougallDemocratic1860Incumbent retired.
Winner elected in 1866 or 1867.
Republican gain.
ConnecticutLafayette S. FosterRepublican1860Incumbent lost re-election.
Winner elected in 1866.
Republican hold.
FloridaVacant since January 21, 1861,
when David Levy Yulee (D) withdrew.		Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction.
Seat remained vacant until 1868.		None.
GeorgiaVacant since January 28, 1861,
when Alfred Iverson Sr. (D) withdrew.		Winner elected in 1867.
Senate refused to seat the winner.
Seat remained vacant until 1871 when Georgia was readmitted.
IllinoisLyman TrumbullRepublican1855
1861		Incumbent re-elected in 1867.
IowaSamuel J. KirkwoodRepublican1865 (special)Incumbent lost nomination.
Winner elected January 13, 1866.[5]
Republican hold.
  • ▌ Y James Harlan (Republican) 118 votes
  • ▌H. H. Trimble (Democratic) 20 votes
IndianaHenry S. LaneRepublican1860Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.
Winner elected in 1867.
Republican hold.
KansasSamuel C. PomeroyRepublican1861Incumbent re-elected in 1867.
KentuckyGarrett DavisUnionist1861 (special)Incumbent re-elected in 1867 as a Democrat.
Democratic gain.
LouisianaVacant since February 4, 1861,
when John Slidell (D) resigned.		Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction.
Seat remained vacant until 1868.		None.
MarylandJohn CreswellUnconditional
Unionist		1865 (special)Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.
Winner elected in 1866 or in 1867.
Senate refused to seat him as a person "who had given aid and comfort" to the Confederate cause.
Seat remained vacant until 1868.
Unconditional Unionist loss.
MissouriB. Gratz BrownRepublican1863 (special)Incumbent retired due to ill health.
Winner elected in 1866 or 1867.
Republican hold.
NevadaJames W. NyeRepublican1865Incumbent re-elected in 1867.
New HampshireGeorge G. FoggRepublican1866 (appointed)Incumbent retired.
Winner elected in 1866 or 1867.
Republican hold.
New YorkIra HarrisRepublican1861Incumbent lost renomination.
Winner elected January 15, 1867.
Republican hold.
North CarolinaVacant since March 11, 1861,
when Thomas Clingman (D) resigned.		Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction.
Seat remained vacant until 1868.		None.
OhioJohn ShermanRepublican1861 (special)Incumbent re-elected in 1866.
OregonJames NesmithDemocratic1860 or 1861Incumbent lost re-election.
Winner elected in 1866 or 1867.
Republican gain.
PennsylvaniaEdgar CowanRepublican1861Incumbent lost re-election.
Winner elected January 15, 1867.
Republican hold.
South CarolinaVacant since November 11, 1860,
when James Henry Hammond (D) withdrew.		Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction.
Seat remained vacant until 1868.		None.
VermontLuke P. PolandRepublican1865 (appointed)
1866		Incumbent lost re-election.
Winner elected in 1866.
Republican hold.
WisconsinTimothy O. HoweRepublican1861Incumbent re-elected January 23, 1867.[6]

Elections during the 40th Congress

StateIncumbentResultsCandidates
SenatorPartyElectoral history
TennesseeDavid T. PattersonDemocratic1866 (Readmission)Incumbent retired.
Winner elected early on October 22, 1867, for the term beginning March 4, 1869.
Republican gain.

New York

The New York election was held on January 15, 1867, by the New York State Legislature. Republican Ira Harris had been elected in February 1861 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1867.

At the state election in November 1865, 27 Republicans and 5 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1866–1867) in the State Senate. At the state election in November 1866, 82 Republicans and 46 Democrats were elected for the session of 1867 to the Assembly. The 90th State Legislature met from January 1 to April 20, 1867, at Albany, New York.

The caucus of Republican State legislators met on January 10, State Senator Charles J. Folger presided. State Senator Thomas Parsons (28th D.) was absent, but had his vote cast by proxy. They nominated Congressman Roscoe Conkling for the U.S. Senate. The incumbent Senator Ira Harris was voted down.

CandidateInformal
ballot		First
ballot		Second
ballot		Third
ballot		Fourth
ballot		Fifth
ballot
Roscoe Conkling3339455359
Noah Davis3041445049
Ira Harris3224186
Ransom Balcom[8]742wd
Horace Greeley6wd
Charles J. Folger111

Notes:

  • On the fourth ballot, 110 votes were cast, one too many, and it was annulled.
  • "wd" = name withdrawn

The caucus of the Democratic State legislators met also on January 10. State Senator Henry C. Murphy was nominated on the first ballot with 25 votes against 21 for Ex-D.A. of New York A. Oakey Hall. Roscoe Conkling was the choice of both the Assembly and the State Senate, and was declared elected.

1867 United States Senator election result
HouseRepublicanDemocraticDemocratic
State Senate
(32 members)		Roscoe Conkling24Henry C. Murphy2George F. Comstock1
State Assembly
(128 members)		Roscoe Conkling78Henry C. Murphy42

Notes:

  • The vote for Ex-Chief Judge Comstock was cast by Henry C. Murphy.
  • The votes were cast on January 15, but both Houses met in a joint session on January 16 to compare nominations, and declare the result.

Conkling was re-elected in 1873 and 1879, and remained in office until May 17, 1881, when he resigned in protest against the distribution of federal patronage in New York by President James A. Garfield without being consulted. The crisis between the Stalwart and the Half-Breed factions of the Republican party arose when the leader of the New Yorker Half-Breeds William H. Robertson was appointed Collector of the Port of New York, a position Conkling wanted to give to one of his Stalwart friends.

Pennsylvania

The Pennsylvania election was held on January 15, 1867. Simon Cameron was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly.[9]

Incumbent Republican Edgar Cowan, who was elected in 1861, was a candidate for re-election to another term, but was defeated by former Democratic Senator and former United States Secretary of War Simon Cameron, who had previously switched to the Republican Party.[10] The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 15, 1867, to elect a Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1867. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:

State Legislature Results[9]
PartyCandidateVotes%
RepublicanSimon Cameron8261.65
RepublicanEdgar Cowan (Inc.)4936.84
N/ANot voting21.50
Totals133100.00%

See also

References

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