Estimates of the total number of deaths in the Syrian Civil War, by various war monitors, range between 580,000 as of May 2021,[1] and approximately 617,910 as of March 2024.[2] In late September 2021, the United Nations stated it had documented the deaths of at least 350,209 "identified individuals" in the conflict between March 2011 and March 2021, but cautioned the figure was "certainly an under-count" that specified only a "minimum verifiable number".[3][4][5]
| Pre-war population 22 ±.5; Internally displaced 6 ±.5, Refugees 5.5 ±.5, Fatalities 0.5 ±.1 (millions)[citation needed] | |
| Syrian refugees | |
| By country | Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey |
| Settlements | Camps: Jordan |
| Internally displaced Syrians | |
| Casualties of the war | |
| Crimes | Human rights violations, massacres, rape |
| Return of refugees, Refugees as weapons, Prosecution of war criminals | |
The most violent year of the conflict was 2014, when around 110,000 people were killed.[6] In April 2016, UN envoy to Syria Staffan de Mistura stated that more than 400,000 people were killed in the Syrian civil war.[7] By mid-March 2022, opposition activist group the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR) reported the number of children killed in the conflict had risen to 25,857, and that 15,761 women had also been killed.[2]
On 28 June 2022, the United Nations Human Rights Office (OHCHR) stated that at least 306,887 civilians had been killed in Syria during the conflict between March 2011 and March 2021, representing about 1.5% of its pre-war population. This figure did not include indirect and non-civilian deaths.[8][9] As of May 2021, according to the GCR2P NGO, a minimum of 580,000 people is estimated to have been killed; with 13 million Syrians being displaced and 6.7 million refugees forced to flee Syria. Government forces reportedly arrested and tortured numerous repatriated refugees, subjecting them to forced disappearances and extrajudicial executions.[1]
As of February 2015, the UNHCR has designated the conflict as the "world's worst humanitarian crisis", while the head of the UNHRC's commission for Syria stated the Syrian government was responsible for the majority of civilian casualties up to that point.[10] The Syrian Network for Human Rights estimated the Syrian government and its foreign allies to be responsible for 91% of the total civilian casualties.[11][12][13] According to the pro-opposition SOHR, 87% of all civilian deaths it had documented were caused by government or pro-government forces.[14]
Overall deaths
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All of the following totals include civilians, rebels and government forces:
| Source | Casualties | Time period |
|---|---|---|
| United Nations | 350,209 killed (minimum, identified only)[3] | 15 March 2011 – 15 March 2021 |
| GCR2P | 580,000 killed (minimum)[1] | 15 March 2011 – 31 May 2021 |
| Syrian Observatory for Human Rights | 617,910 killed (507,567 conf. by names)[2][15][note 1] | 15 March 2011 – 15 March 2023 |
Death tolls by time periods
The following figures were all compiled by the SOHR which is considered an authoritative source on the matter.[16] The figures are only for documented deaths, while the SOHR estimates another 110,343 undocumented deaths had occurred.[2]
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| Time period | Combatants[17] | Civilians[18] | Grand total (inc. unidentified)[19] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2011 | 3,873 | 3,968 | 7,841 |
| 2012 | 30,253 | 22,663 | 52,916 |
| 2013 | 60,626 | 36,383 | 97,009 |
| 2014 | 80,009 | 30,911 | 110,920 |
| 2015 | 61,705 | 23,822 | 85,527 |
| 2016 | 46,191 | 17,935 | 64,126 |
| 2017 | 26,815 | 11,387 | 38,202 |
| 2018 | 13,357 | 6,776 | 20,133 |
| 2019 | 7,756 | 3,488 | 11,244 |
| 2020 | 5,278 | 1,484 | 6,762 |
| 2021 | 2,324 | 1,560 | 3,884 |
| 2022 | 2,141 | 1,627 | 3,825[20] |
| Jan. 2023 | 170 | 130 | 309[21] |
| Feb. 2023 | 122 | 178 | 290[22] |
| Total | 343,344 | 164,223 | 507,567[2] |
| Time period | Combatants[17] | Civilians[18] | Grand total (inc. unidentified)[19] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | 2,472 | 1,889 | 4,361[23] |
The following breakdown of combatant fatalities does not include 36,957 pro-government and 25,955 anti-government fighters who were killed sometime between 2011 and 2020, but whose deaths were only documented by the SOHR in 2021.[24]
Death tolls by provincesAccording to the Syrian opposition website Syrian Martyrs, the conflict's documented death toll was 151,888 up to 30 April 2016, which was the time of its last update.[28] The number includes 35,859 rebel combatants but does not include members of the government security forces or pro-government foreign combatants who have died.[29] Early in the conflict, the Syrian Martyrs number of civilian deaths was significantly higher than the ones presented by other organisations, including the UN; among the reasons are that they recorded deaths even when no name is given for the reportedly killed individual and that they collated reports of deaths from more sources.[30]
Allawite deathsIn May 2013, SOHR stated that at least 41,000 of those killed during the conflict were Alawites.[31] By April 2015, reportedly a third of the country's 250,000 Alawites that were of fighting age had been killed.[32] In April 2017, a pro-opposition source claimed 150,000 young Alawites had died.[33] Civilian deathsThe Syrian Network for Human Rights has stated it had documented 231,108 civilian deaths and 14 million displaced between March 2011 and January 2024.[34]
According to the pro-opposition Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, 164,223 civilians had been killed between March 2011 and March 2024. This number does not include an estimated 55,000 civilians killed in government prisons.[2]
According to the Violations Documentation Center in Syria, 135,501 civilians had been killed until June 2020.[35]
According to the Statista Research Department, at least 207,000 civilians had been killed by March 2023,[36] including about 25,000 children.[37] At the start of the war, Al Jazeera journalist Nir Rosen stated that many of the deaths reported daily by activists were in fact armed insurgents falsely presented as civilian deaths, but said that real civilian deaths do occur on a regular basis.[38] Several Middle East analysts, including Sharmine Narwani from the Lebanese Al Akhbar newspaper and the UAE/Saudi Al Arabiya website, also urged caution.[39][40] This was later confirmed when in late May 2012, Rami Abdulrahman of the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, which is one of the pro-opposition monitor groups counting the number of those killed in the uprising, stated that civilians who had taken up arms during the earliest days of the conflict were being counted under the category of "civilians" as they were not army nor army defectors.[41][42][43] Combatant deathsGovernment forces
The non-Syrian militiamen fatalities figure includes: over 2,000 Afghans,[46] at least 1,308 Iraqi Shia militiamen,[47] 561–620 Iranians,[48][49] 158 Pakistanis,[50] one Lebanese member of the SCNP,[51] one member of the Lebanese Amal Movement[52] and a Saudi Shiite fighter.[53] Other sources put the overall number of killed Iranian-lead forces, which also includes the Afghan and Pakistani militias,[54] at between 2,500 and 3,500 by the end of August 2017.[55][56] Also, 1,878 Palestinian militiamen have been killed, according to the PFLP–GC, and these include: 1,100 Liwa Al-Quds fighters, 420 PFLP–GC members, 285 members of the PLA, 42 who belonged to Fatah al-Intifada, 11 PPSF members, 10 Al Saeka Brigade fighters and 10 Free Palestine Movement members.[57][58] Additionally, the Action Group For Palestinians of Syria reported 21 Galilee Forces fighters had been killed and put the number of dead Free Palestine Movement members higher at 24.[59] 17 PLA soldiers were also missing.[60] Except one death (August 2011),[61] all of the Hezbollah fatalities have occurred since September 2012.[62] Between October 2015 and December 2017, it was reported that 150–200 Russian security contractors had been killed.[63][64] According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, 273 Russian mercenaries were killed until mid-March 2024.[2] In addition, 1,000 civilian government officials were also killed by November 2012.[65] Anti-government forcesDue to the main opposition monitor SOHR's policy early in the conflict of counting rebel fighters that were not defectors as civilians,[41][42][43][66] a comprehensive number of rebels killed in the conflict, thus far, has not been ascertained. In late November 2012, SOHR estimated that at least 10,000 rebels had been killed, but noted the possibility of the figure being higher because the rebels, like the government, were lying about how many of their forces had died to make it look like they were winning.[67] In March 2013, SOHR stated that the actual number of killed rebels and government forces could be double the number they were already able to document.[68]
There have been 72,702 foreign rebel, ISIL and SDF fighters,[2] at least 455 anti-government suicide bombers[69] and 246 rebel child soldiers[70][71] that have been killed in the conflict. 936 of the killed foreigners were in the SDF, mostly Kurds from parts of Kurdistan outside Syrian Kurdistan.[14] More than 3,200 members of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) also died while fighting alongside the SDF.[2] Foreigners killedForeign civilians killedForeign anti-government fighters killed72,702 foreign anti-government fighters have been killed by mid-March 2024, according to the SOHR.[2][14] 9,936 foreign opposition fighters were killed by late December 2013, according to the Jihadist Salafist Movement in Jordan, with the nationalities being as follows: 1,902 Tunisians, 1,807 Libyans, 1,432 Iraqis, 828 Lebanese, 821 Egyptians, 800 Palestinians, 714 Saudis, 571 Yemenis, 412 Moroccans, 274 Algerians, 202 Jordanians, 91 Omanis, 71 Kuwaitis, 42 Somalis, 30 Albanians and Caucasians, 21 Bahrainis, 9 Emiratis, 8 Qataris, 3 Sudanese and 1 Mauritanian.[98] The London-based European Centre for Syria Research put the number of Saudis killed even higher at 729 a month earlier in November 2013, out of 6,113 foreign fighters reported killed by then.[99] The jihadist movement updated the number of Jordanians killed by late May 2014 to 342,[100] although they put the figure in late October at over 250.[101] According to another estimate, the Jordanian toll was at least 500 by July 2016.[102] According to Abu Omar al-Shishani, the Chechen ISIL commander, 500 militants from the Caucasus had been killed by mid-January 2014 since the start of the war.[103] Ramzan Kadyrov, Head of the Chechen Republic, stated in mid-November 2015, that 200 Chechens had died.[104] According to a report by a Syrian military research center, as of September 2014: 3,872 Saudi, 3,691 Chechen and 2,904 Lebanese fighters had been killed. Another 2,689 Saudi fighters were missing.[105] In mid-May 2015, at least 70 Lebanese fighters were reported killed in the previous several months.[106] In late December 2015, Tunis stated 800 Tunisian ISIL fighters had been killed since the start of the war.[107] The nationalities of some others are as follows: 2,960 Russians,[108][109] 403–453 Frenchmen,[110][111] 400 Turks,[112] 300 Azerbaijanis,[113] 300 Tajiks,[114] 220–380 Germans,[115] 183 Britons,[116][117] 168 Albanians,[118] 150 Belgians,[119] 150 Kyrgyz,[120] 95 Australians,[121] 88 Bosniaks,[122] 84 Indonesians,[123] 75 Danes,[124] 51 Americans,[125][126] 50 Swedes,[127] 43 Georgians,[128] 39 Dutch,[129] 37 Italians,[130] 36 Malaysians,[131] 31 Norwegians,[132] 23 Austrians,[133][134][135][136] 23 Canadians,[137][138] 15–20 Finns,[139] 16 Indians,[140] 13 Afghans,[76][141] 5 Iranians,[142][143][144] 4 Irishmen,[145] 4 Israeli-Arabs,[146] 4 Maldivians,[147] 3 Chinese,[148][149] 3 Pakistanis,[143] 2–3 Filipinos,[150] 2 Eritreans,[143] 2 Mauritanians,[151] 2 South Africans,[152] 2 Spaniards,[153] 2 Uzbeks,[76][154] 1 Armenian,[143] 1 Bangladeshi,[155] 1 Bulgarian,[154] 1 Chadian,[141] 1 Japanese,[156] 1 Kazakh,[157] 1 Romanian[153] and 1 Slovenian.[158] Foreign soldiers killed562–642 foreign soldiers have been killed during the conflict, mostly by military involvement from their countries and in the border areas with Syria.
Following the start of Russia's intervention in Syria against rebel and ISIL forces at the end of September 2015, 116 soldiers had died by 23 February 2019.[176] Among them, was a Russian military co-pilot who was killed when his Su-24 military plane was shot down near the Turkish-Syrian border by the Turkish military on 24 November 2015. His pilot was later recovered alive and well by Russian and Syrian special forces. Additionally, a Russian marine was killed when his military rescue helicopter was shot down by rebels while searching for the downed plane's pilots.[177] Almost half of the deaths were attributed to the crash of an An-26 on approach to Khmeimim air base in Latakia, and the accidental shooting down of a reconnaissance plane by Syrian air-defenses.[178] Seven Russian soldiers were killed in 2020, of whom six died due to hostile fire, including Maj. Gen. Vyacheslav Gladkikh who was killed by an improvised explosive device planted on a side road near Deir ez-Zor on 18 August 2020.[179][180][181][182] Three soldiers were killed in 2021, by hostile fire,[183][184][185] and seven soldiers were killed in 2023,[23] including four due to a dispute between them.[186] Six officers of the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) were also killed in Syria.[187][188][189]
Two members of the Turkish Air Force were killed when their F-4 Phantom II military jet was shot down near the Turkish-Syrian border by the Syrian Army on 22 June 2012.[190] On 2 May 2013, one Turkish border guard policeman was killed in a clash with smugglers or rebel fighters on the border between Turkey and Syria. According to the opposition, two rebels were killed as well.[191] Throughout 2014, seven soldiers and a policeman were killed along the border with Syria in shootouts with foreign jihadists, Kurdish fighters and other unknown gunmen.[192][193][194] On 22 February 2015, a soldier was killed in an accident during a military incursion into Syria to evacuate Turkish troops at the Tomb of Suleyman Shah.[195] Later, in two incidents in July and September, two soldiers were killed and five wounded by cross-border fire from ISIL territory in Syria.[196][197] On 15 February 2016, a soldier died at the border during clashes against human smugglers that tried to cross the border illegally.[198] Two Turkish soldiers died in a suicide bombing at a Syrian border crossing in mid-August.[199] Following the start of Turkey's ground incursion into Syria against ISIL and Kurdish forces in late August 2016, 72 soldiers had died by 29 March 2017.[200] 61–96 more died as result of Turkey's second large incursion between 2018 and 2019,[201][202] and 79–93 were killed in Idlib during the Turkish military operation that began in February 2018.[203][note 2] Another 16 Turkish soldiers died during Turkey's third incursion in clashes against the SDF.[204] 25 more soldiers also died between 2019 and 2023, in the areas of Operation Euphrates Shield and Operation Olive Branch[205] while 29–37 soldiers died in the area of Operation Peace Spring between January 2020 and September 2022.[206] The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights documented the deaths of 261 Turkish soldiers in Syria by 15 March 2024.[2] In early October 2023, clashes between Turkish and pro-Turkish forces on one side and Kurdish forces on the other in northern Syria left eight Turkish soldiers dead.[207]
Foreign air-strike casualtiesThe SOHR considers the following figures on ISIL, al-Nusra and other rebel fatalities to be higher due to the groups' efforts to hide their losses. American-led interventionAccording to the SOHR, U.S.-led Coalition airstrikes have killed 12,868 people across Syria, of which: 9,176 dead were ISIL fighters, 374 Al-Nusra Front militants and other rebels, 169 government soldiers and 2,679 civilians. The air strikes occurred in the period between 23 September 2014 and 15 March 2024.[221][2] Russian interventionAccording to the SOHR, Russian airstrikes in Syria killed more than 21,100 people, of whom 6,201 were ISIL fighters, 6,259 militants from the Al-Qaeda affiliate al-Nusra Front and other rebel forces, 8,723 civilians and at least five Turkish soldiers. The air strikes occurred in the period between 30 September 2015 and 30 October 2023.[222][223] The New York Times accused the Russian air force of specifically focusing on attacking civilian hospitals and other medical facilities, including hospitals on so-called "deconfliction list".[224][225] According to Airwars, a not-for-profit transparency project aimed both at tracking and archiving international military actions in conflict zones such as Iraq, Syria and Libya, Russian airstrikes have killed 4,326–6,416 civilians[226][227] According to the Russian Defense Ministry, since the start of Russia's aerial campaign in Syria and by 20 October 2018, the Russian Air Force killed more than 87,500 rebels and ISIL fighters.[228] Israeli interventionAccording to the SOHR, more than 500 people were killed during Israeli air attacks in Syria between January 2018 and September 2020, including: 228 Hezbollah and other pro-Iranian militiamen, 171 Iranian soldiers, 98 Syrian government fighters[229] and 13 civilians were killed by Israel Armed Forces.[230] According to the SOHR, 119 people were killed during Israeli air attacks in Syria between January and November 3, 2021, including: 38 Syrian soldiers and militiamen, 24 Iraqi militiamen, 17 Afghan militiamen, five Pakistani militiamen, 21 other pro-Iranian foreign militiamen and five civilians.[231] According to the SOHR, 90 people were killed during Israeli air attacks in Syria between January and December 2022, including: 36 military officers and members of the military's air defences, 11 Iranian-backed Syrian militiamen, 29 Iranian-backed non-Syrian militiamen, 11 Syrian and non-Syrian militiamen working for the Lebanese Hezbollah and one civilian.[232] According to the SOHR, between January and December 2023, Israeli airstrikes killed 40 Syrian soldiers, 35 Iranian-backed non-Syrian militiamen, six Iranian servicemen, seven Iranian-backed Syrian militiamen, 20 members of Hezbollah, two members of “Al-Jihad Al-Islami” and four civilians.[233] Medical workers killedA February 2015 joint report by the Center for Public Health and Human Rights of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and the Syrian American Medical Society asserted that "Syria is the most dangerous place in the world to be a doctor".[235] Roughly half (an estimated 15,000)[236] of Syrian doctors fled the country.[237] The government passed a law in 2012 making it illegal to render medical aid to anyone suspected to be an opposition member and Amnesty International found that doctors and medical staff also took part in torture of patients.[236] Physicians for Human Rights has been tracking the medical personnel deaths in Syria, though they state that "these numbers are conservative given the difficulties in reporting during a war." As of the end of September 2015, the number of medical workers killed in the Syrian civil war totaled 679.[238] In March 2017, the number of killed medical personnel was updated to more than 800. 723 of these deaths were attributable to the Syrian government, while 72 were killed by ISIL or rebel groups, one by Kurdish forces, and 13 by unidentified forces.[239] Towards the end of May 2020, the SNHR put the death toll at 855 medical personnel, of which 669 were killed by government forces, 68 by the Russian military, 40 by ISIL, and 36 by the rebels.[240] Médecins Sans Frontières has reported that suppliers in Syria refuse to sell essential medical supplies such as gauze and surgical threads to doctors due to government intimidation, with this being a particular problem for besieged areas.[236] See alsoNotesReferences |
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