Corruption Perceptions Index

The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) is an index that ranks countries "by their perceived levels of public sector^[1] corruption, as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys."^[2] The CPI generally defines corruption as an "abuse of entrusted power for private gain".^[3] The index is published annually by the non-governmental organisation Transparency International since 1995.^[4]

The 2023 CPI, published in January 2024, currently ranks 180 countries "on a scale from 100 (very clean) to 0 (highly corrupt)" based on the situation between 1 May 2022 and 30 April 2023. Denmark, Finland, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, and Sweden are perceived as the least corrupt nations in the world, ranking consistently high among international financial transparency, while the most apparently corrupt are Syria, South Sudan, and Venezuela (scoring 13), as well as Somalia (scoring 11).^[5]

Methods

Since 2012 CPI takes into account 13 different surveys and assessments^[6] from 12 different institutions.^[7] The institutions are:

• African Development Bank (based in Côte d'Ivoire)
• Bertelsmann Foundation (based in Germany)
• Economist Intelligence Unit (based in the UK)
• Freedom House (based in the US)
• Global Insight (based in the US)
• International Institute for Management Development (based in Switzerland)
• Political and Economic Risk Consultancy (based in Hong Kong)
• The PRS Group, Inc., (based in the US)
• World Bank
• World Economic Forum
• World Justice Project (based in the US)

Countries need to be evaluated by at least three sources to appear in the CPI.^[8] The CPI measures perception of corruption due to the difficulty of measuring absolute levels of corruption.^[9]Transparency International commissioned the University of Passau's Johann Graf Lambsdorff to produce the CPI.^[10] Early CPIs used public opinion surveys.^[8]

Validity

A study published in 2002 found a "very strong significant correlation" between the Corruption Perceptions Index and two other proxies for corruption: black market activity and an overabundance of regulation.^[11]

All three metrics also had a highly significant correlation with the real gross domestic product per capita (RGDP/Cap); the Corruption Perceptions Index correlation with RGDP/Cap was the strongest, explaining over three-quarters of the variance.^[11] (Note that a lower rating on this scale reflects greater corruption so that countries with higher RGDPs generally had less corruption.)

Alex Cobham of the Center for Global Development reported in 2013 that "many of the staff and chapters" at Transparency International, the publisher of the Corruption Perceptions Index, "protest internally" over concerns about the index. The original creator of the index, Johann Graf Lambsdorff, withdrew from work on the index in 2009, stating "In 1995 I invented the Corruption Perceptions Index and have orchestrated it ever since, putting TI on the spotlight of international attention. In August 2009 I have informed Cobus de Swardt, managing director of TI, that I am no longer available for doing the Corruption Perceptions Index."^[12]

Economic implications

Research papers published in 2007 and 2008 examined the economic consequences of corruption perception, as defined by the CPI. The researchers found a correlation between a higher CPI and higher long-term economic growth,^[13] as well as an increase in GDP growth of 1.7% for every unit increase in a country's CPI score.^[14] Also shown was a power-law dependence linking higher CPI score to higher rates of foreign investment in a country.

Assessments

The Index was methodologically criticized in the past,^[15] i.e. questioned based on its methodology.

According to political scientist Dan Hough, three flaws in the Index include:^[16]

• Corruption is too complex a concept to be captured by a single score. For instance, the nature of corruption in rural Kansas will be different from that in the city administration of New York, yet the Index measures them in the same way.
• By measuring perceptions of corruption, as opposed to corruption itself, the Index may simply be reinforcing existing stereotypes and cliches.
• The Index only measures public sector corruption, ignoring the private sector. This, for instance, means the well-publicized Libor scandal, Odebrecht case and the VW emissions scandal are not counted as corrupt actions.

Media outlets frequently use the raw numbers as a yardstick for government performance, without clarifying what the numbers mean. The local Transparency International chapter in Bangladesh disowned the index results after a change in methodology caused the country's scores to increase; media reported it as an "improvement".^[17]

In a 2013 article in Foreign Policy, Alex Cobham suggested that CPI should be dropped for the good of Transparency International. It argues that the CPI embeds a powerful and misleading elite bias in popular perceptions of corruption, potentially contributing to a vicious cycle and at the same time incentivizing inappropriate policy responses. Cobham writes, "the index corrupts perceptions to the extent that it's hard to see a justification for its continuing publication."^[18]

Recent econometric analyses that have exploited the existence of natural experiments on the level of corruption and compared the CPI with other subjective indicators have found that, while not perfect, the CPI is argued to be broadly consistent with one-dimensional measures of corruption.^[19]

In the United States, many lawyers advise international businesses to consult the CPI when attempting to measure the risk of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act violations in different nations. This practice has been criticized by the Minnesota Journal of International Law, which wrote that since the CPI may be subject to perceptual biases it therefore should not be considered by lawyers to be a measure of actual national corruption risk.^[20]

Transparency International also publishes the Global Corruption Barometer, which ranks countries by corruption levels using direct surveys instead of perceived expert opinions, which has been under criticism for substantial bias from the powerful elite.^[18]

Transparency International has warned that a country with a clean CPI score may still be linked to corruption internationally. For example, while Sweden had the 3rd best CPI score in 2015, one of its state-owned companies, TeliaSonera, was facing allegations of bribery in Uzbekistan.^[21]

Rankings

Legend:

2020–2023

Corruption Perceptions Index table:^[22]

#	Nation or Territory	2023[5]		2022[23]		2021[24]		2020[25]
		Score	Δ[i]	Score	Δ[i]	Score	Δ[i]	Score	Δ[i]
1	Denmark	90		90		88		88
2	Finland	87		87	1	88	2	85
3	New Zealand	85	1	87	1	88		88
4	Norway	84		84		85	3	84
5	Singapore	83		83	1	85	1	85	1
6	Sweden	82	1	83	1	85	1	85	1
6	Switzerland	82	1	82		84	4	85	1
8	Netherlands	79		80		82		82
9	Germany	78		79	1	80	1	80
9	Luxembourg	78	1	77	1	81		80
11	Ireland	77	1	77	3	74	7	72	2
12	Canada	76	2	74	1	75	2	77	1
12	Estonia	76	2	74	1	74	4	75	1
14	Australia	75	1	75	5	73	7	77	1
14	Hong Kong	75	2	76		76	1	77	5
16	Belgium	73	2	73		73	3	76	2
16	Japan	73	2	73		73	1	74	1
16	Uruguay	73	2	74	4	73	3	71
19	Iceland	72	5	74	1	74	4	75	6
20	Austria	71	2	71	9	74	2	76	3
20	France	71	1	72	1	71	1	69
20	Seychelles	71	3	70		70	4	66
20	United Kingdom	71	2	73	7	78		77	1
24	Barbados	69	5	65		65		64	1
24	United States	69		69	3	67	2	67	2
26	Bhutan	68	1	68		68	1	68	1
26	United Arab Emirates	68	1	67	3	69	3	71
28	Taiwan	67	3	68		68	3	65
29	Chile	66	2	67		67	2	67	1
30	Bahamas	64		64		64		63	1
30	Cape Verde	64	5	60	4	58	2	58
32	South Korea	63	1	63	1	62	1	61	6
33	Israel	62	2	63	5	59	1	60
34	Lithuania	61	1	62	1	61	1	60
34	Portugal	61	1	62	1	62	1	61	3
36	Latvia	60	3	59	3	59	6	57	2
36	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	60	1	60	1	59	4	59	1
36	Spain	60	1	60	1	61	2	62	2
—	Brunei Darussalam	—		—		—		60
39	Botswana	59	4	60	10	55	10	60	1
40	Qatar	58		58	9	63	1	63
41	Czechia	57		56	8	54		54	5
42	Dominica	56		55		55	3	55
42	Italy	56	1	56	1	56	10	53	1
42	Slovenia	56	1	56		57	6	60
45	Costa Rica	55	3	54	9	58	3	57	2
45	Saint Lucia	55		55	3	56	3	56	3
47	Poland	54	2	55	3	56	3	56	4
47	Slovakia	54	2	53	7	52	4	49	1
49	Cyprus	53	2	52	1	53	10	57	1
49	Georgia	53	8	56	4	55		56	1
49	Grenada	53	2	52	1	53		53	1
49	Rwanda	53	5	51	2	53	3	54	2
53	Fiji	52	4	53	4	55	10	—
53	Saudi Arabia	52	1	51	2	53		53	1
55	Malta	51	1	51	5	54	3	53	2
55	Mauritius	51	2	50	8	54	3	53	4
57	Croatia	50		50	6	47		47
57	Malaysia	50	4	47	1	48	5	51	6
59	Greece	49	8	52	7	49	1	50	1
59	Namibia	49		49	1	49	1	51	1
61	Vanuatu	48	1	48	6	45	9	43	11
62	Armenia	47	1	46	5	49	2	49	17
63	Kuwait	46	14	42	4	43	5	42	7
63	Jordan	46	2	47	3	49	2	49
63	Montenegro	46	2	45	1	46	3	45	1
63	Romania	46		46	3	45	3	44	1
67	Bulgaria	45	5	43	6	42	9	44	5
67	São Tomé and Príncipe	45	2	45	1	45	3	47	1
69	Jamaica	44		44	1	44	1	44	5
70	Ghana	43	2	43	1	43	2	43	5
70	Benin	43	2	43	6	42	5	41	3
70	Oman	43	1	44	13	52	7	54	7
70	Senegal	43	2	43	1	43	6	45	1
70	Solomon Islands	43	7	42	4	43	5	42	1
70	Timor-Leste	43	7	42	5	41	4	40	7
76	Bahrain	42	7	44	9	42		42	1
76	China	42	11	45	1	45	12	42	2
76	Cuba	42	11	45	1	46	1	47	3
76	Hungary	42	1	42	4	43	4	44	1
76	Moldova	42	15	39	14	36	10	34	5
76	North Macedonia	42	9	40	2	39	24	35	5
76	Trinidad and Tobago	42	1	42	5	41	4	40	1
83	Burkina Faso	41	6	42	1	42	8	40	1
83	Kosovo	41	1	41	3	39	17	36	3
83	South Africa	41	11	43	2	44	1	44	1
83	Vietnam	41	6	42	10	39	17	36	8
87	Colombia	40	4	39	4	39	5	39	4
87	Guyana	40	2	40	2	39	4	41	2
87	Ivory Coast	40	12	37	6	36	1	36	2
87	Suriname	40	2	40	2	39	7	38	24
87	Tanzania	40	7	38	7	39	7	38	2
87	Tunisia	40	2	40	15	44	1	44	5
93	Kazakhstan	39	8	36	1	37	8	38	19
93	India	39	8	40		40	1	40	6
93	Lesotho	39	6	37	3	38	13	41	2
93	Maldives	39	8	40		40	10	43	55
97	Morocco	38	3	38	7	39	1	40	6
98	Argentina	37	4	38	2	38	18	42	12
98	Albania	37	3	36	9	35	6	36	2
98	Belarus	37	7	39	9	41	19	47	3
98	Ethiopia	37	4	38	7	39	7	38	2
98	Gambia	37	12	34	8	37		37	6
98	Zambia	37	18	33	1	33		33	4
104	Algeria	36	12	33	1	33	13	36	2
104	Brazil	36	10	38	2	38	2	38	12
104	Serbia	36	3	36	5	38	2	38	3
104	Ukraine	36	12	33	6	32	5	33	9
108	Bosnia and Herzegovina	35	2	34		35	1	35	10
108	Dominican Republic	35	15	32	5	30	9	28
108	Egypt	35	22	30	13	33		33	11
108	Nepal	35	2	34	7	33		33	4
108	Panama	35	7	36	4	36	6	35	10
108	Sierra Leone	35	2	34	5	34	2	33	2
108	Thailand	35	7	36	9	35	6	36	3
115	Ecuador	34	14	36	4	36	13	39	1
115	Indonesia	34	5	34	14	38	6	37	17
115	Malawi	34	5	34		35	19	30	6
115	Philippines	34	1	33	1	33	2	34	2
115	Sri Lanka	34	14	36	1	37	8	38	1
115	Turkey	34	14	36	5	38	10	40	5
121	Angola	33	5	33	20	29	6	27	4
121	Mongolia	33	5	33	6	35	1	35	5
121	Peru	33	20	36	4	36	11	38	7
121	Uzbekistan	33	5	31	14	28	6	26	7
125	Niger	32	2	32	1	31	1	32	3
126	El Salvador	31	10	33	1	34	11	36	9
126	Kenya	31	3	32	5	30	4	31	13
126	Mexico	31		31	2	31		31	6
126	Togo	31	4	30	2	30	6	29	4
130	Djibouti	30		30	2	30	14	27	16
130	Eswatini	30		30	8	32	5	33	4
130	Mauritania	30		30	10	28	6	29	3
133	Bolivia	29	7	31	2	30	4	31	1
133	Pakistan	29	7	27		28	16	31	4
133	Papua New Guinea	29	3	30	6	31	18	27	5
136	Gabon	28		29	12	31	5	30	6
136	Laos	28	10	31	2	30	6	29	4
136	Mali	28	1	28	1	29	7	30	1
136	Paraguay	28	1	28	9	30	9	28
140	Cameroon	27	2	26	2	27	5	25	4
141	Guinea	26	6	25	3	25	13	28	7
141	Kyrgyzstan	26	1	27	4	27	20	31	2
141	Russia	26	4	28	1	29	7	30	8
141	Uganda	26	1	26	2	27	2	27	5
145	Liberia	25	3	26	6	29	1	28
145	Madagascar	25	3	26	5	26	2	25	9
145	Mozambique	25	3	26	5	26	2	25	3
145	Nigeria	25	5	24	4	24	5	25	3
149	Bangladesh	24	2	25		26	1	26
149	Central African Republic	24	1	24	4	24	8	26	7
149	Iran	24	2	25	3	25	1	25	3
149	Lebanon	24	1	24	4	24	5	25	12
149	Zimbabwe	24	8	23		23		24	1
154	Azerbaijan	23	3	23	29	30	1	30	3
154	Guatemala	23	4	24		25	1	25	3
154	Honduras	23	3	23		23		24	11
154	Iraq	23	3	23		23	3	21	2
158	Cambodia	22	8	24	7	23	3	21	2
158	Congo	22	6	21	2	21	3	19
158	Guinea-Bissau	22	6	21	2	21	3	19	3
161	Eritrea	21	1	22	1	22	1	21
162	Afghanistan	20	12	24	24	16	9	19	8
162	Burundi	20	9	17	2	19	4	19
162	Chad	20	5	19	3	20	4	21	2
162	Comoros	20	5	19	3	20	4	21	7
162	Democratic Republic of the Congo	20	4	20	3	19	1	18	2
162	Myanmar	20	5	23	17	28	3	28	7
162	Sudan	20		22	2	20	10	16	1
162	Tajikistan	20	12	24		25	1	25	4
170	Libya	18	1	17	1	17	1	17	5
170	Turkmenistan	18	3	19	2	19	4	19
172	Equatorial Guinea	17	1	17	1	17	2	16	1
172	Haiti	17	1	17	7	20	6	18	2
172	Nicaragua	17	5	19	3	20	5	22	2
172	North Korea	17	1	17	3	16	4	18	2
176	Yemen	16		16	2	16	2	15	1
177	Venezuela	13		14		14	1	15	3
177	South Sudan	13	1	13	2	11	1	12
177	Syria	13	1	13		13		14
180	Somalia	11		12	2	13	1	12	1

2010–2019

Corruption Perceptions Index table:^[22]

#	Nation or Territory	2019[26]		2018[27]		2017[28]		2016[29]		2015[30]		2014[31]		2013[32]		2012[33]		2011[34]		2010[35]
		Score	Δ[i]	Score	Δ[i]	Score	Δ[i]	Score	Δ[i]	Score	Δ[i]	Score	Δ[i]	Score	Δ[i]	Score	Δ[i]	Score	Δ[i]	Score	Δ[i]
1	New Zealand	87		87	2	89	1	90	1	91		91		91	1	90
1	Denmark	87	1	88		88	2	90	1	91	1	92	1	91	1	90
3	Finland	86	1	85		85	4	89	1	90	1	89		89	1	90
4	Sweden	85		85	1	84	4	88	1	89	2	87	2	89	1	88
4	Singapore	85		85	1	84		84	1	85	1	84	2	86	1	87
4	Switzerland	85		85		85	1	86		86		86	1	85	1	86
7	Norway	84		84	1	85		85	2	87	1	86		86	1	85
8	Netherlands	82		82		82	1	83	4	87	4	83		83	1	84
9	Germany	80		80	1	81		81		81	2	79	1	78	1	79
9	Luxembourg	80	1	81	1	82	1	81		81	1	82	2	80		80
11	Iceland	78	2	76	1	77	1	78	1	79		79	1	78	4	82
12	United Kingdom	77	3	80	2	82	1	81		81	3	78	2	76	2	74
12	Canada	77	4	81	1	82		82	1	83	2	81		81	3	84
12	Austria	77	1	76	1	75		75	1	76	4	72	3	69		69
12	Australia	77		77		77	2	79		79	1	80	1	81	4	85
16	Hong Kong	76		76	1	77		77	2	75	1	74	1	75	2	77
17	Belgium	75		75		75	2	77		77	1	76	1	75		75
18	Estonia	74	1	73	2	71	1	70		70	1	69	1	68	4	64
18	Ireland	74	1	73	1	74	1	73	2	75	1	74	2	72	3	69
20	Japan	73		73		73	1	72	3	75	1	76	2	74		74
21	United Arab Emirates	71	1	70	1	71	5	66	4	70		70	1	69	1	68
21	Uruguay	71	1	70		70	1	71	3	74	1	73		73	1	72
23	United States	69	2	71	4	75	1	74	2	76	2	74	1	73		73
23	France	69	3	72	2	70	1	69	1	70	1	69	2	71		71
25	Bhutan	68		68	1	67	2	65		65		65	2	63		63
26	Chile	67		67		67	1	66	4	70	3	73	2	71	1	72
27	Seychelles	66		66	6	60	5			55		55	1	54	2	52
28	Taiwan	65	2	63		63	2	61	1	62	1	61		61		61
29	Bahamas	64	1	65		65	1	66				71		71		71
30	Barbados	62	6	68		68	7	61				74	1	75	1	76
30	Portugal	62	2	64	1	63	1	62	1	63		63	1	62	1	63
30	Spain	62	4	58	1	57	1	58		58	2	60	1	59	6	65
30	Qatar	62		62	1	63	2	61	10	71	2	69	1	68		68
34	Botswana	61		61		61	1	60	3	63		63	1	64	1	65
35	Brunei Darussalam	60	3	63	1	62	4	58						60	5	55
35	Lithuania	60	1	59		59		59	2	61	3	58	1	57	3	54
35	Israel	60	1	61	1	62	2	64	3	61	1	60	1	61	1	60
35	Slovenia	60		60	1	61		61	1	60	2	58	1	57	4	61
39	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	59	1	58		58	2	60				67	5	62		62
39	South Korea	59	2	57	3	54	1	53	3	56	1	55		55	1	56
41	Cape Verde	58	1	57	2	55	4	59	4	55	2	57	1	58	2	60
41	Poland	58	2	60		60	2	62		62	1	61	1	60	2	58
41	Cyprus	58	1	59	2	57	2	55	6	61	2	63		63	3	66
44	Costa Rica	56		56	3	59	1	58	3	55	1	54	1	53	1	54
44	Georgia	56	2	58	2	56	1	57	5	52		52	3	49	3	52
44	Latvia	56	2	58		58	1	57	2	55		55	2	53	4	49
44	Czech Republic	56	3	59	2	57	2	55	1	56	5	51	3	48	1	49
48	Saint Lucia	55		55		55	5	60						71		71
48	Dominica	55	2	57		57	2	59				58		58		58
50	Malta	54		54	2	56	1	55	1	56	1	55	1	56	1	57
51	Malaysia	53	6	47		47	2	49	1	50	2	52	2	50	1	49
51	Grenada	53	1	52		52	4	56
51	Rwanda	53	3	56	1	55	1	54		54	5	49	4	53		53
51	Saudi Arabia	53	4	49		49	3	46	6	52	3	49	3	46	2	44
51	Italy	53	1	52	2	50	3	47	3	44	1	43		43	1	42
56	Oman	52		52	8	44	1	45		45		45	2	47		47
56	Namibia	52	1	53	2	51	1	52	1	53	4	49	1	48		48
56	Mauritius	52	1	51	1	50	4	54	1	53	1	54	2	52	5	57
59	Slovakia	50		50		50	1	51		51	1	50	3	47	1	46
60	Jordan	48	1	49	1	48		48	5	53	4	49	4	45	3	48
60	Greece	48	3	45	3	48	4	44	2	46	3	43	3	40	4	36
60	Cuba	48	1	47		47		47		47	1	46		46	2	48
63	Croatia	47	1	48	1	49		49	2	51	3	48		48	2	46
64	São Tomé and Príncipe	46		46		46		46	4	42		42		42		42
64	Vanuatu	46		46	3	43
66	Argentina	45	5	40	1	39	3	36	4	32	2	34		34	1	35
66	Montenegro	45		45	1	46	1	45	1	44	2	42	2	44	3	41
66	Senegal	45		45		45		45	1	44	1	43	2	41	5	36
66	Belarus	45	1	44		44	4	40	8	32	1	31	2	29	2	31
70	Hungary	44	2	46	1	45	3	48	3	51	3	54		54	1	55
70	South Africa	44	1	43		43	2	45	1	44		44	2	42	1	43
70	Romania	44	3	47	1	48		48	2	46	3	43		43	1	44	8
70	Suriname	44	1	43	2	41	4	45	9	36		36		36	1	37
74	Jamaica	43	1	44		44	5	39	2	41	3	38		38		38
74	Tunisia	43		43	1	42	1	41	3	38	2	40	1	41		41
74	Bulgaria	43	1	42	1	43	2	41		41	2	43	2	41		41
77	Bahrain	42	6	36		36	7	43	8	51	2	49	1	48	3	51
77	Solomon Islands	42	2	44	5	39	3	42
77	Armenia	42	7	35		35	2	33	2	35	2	37	1	36	2	34
80	Ghana	41		41	1	40	3	43	4	47	1	48	2	46	1	45
80	Morocco	41	2	43	3	40	3	37	1	36	3	39	2	37		37
80	India	41		41	1	40		40	2	38		38	2	36		36
80	China	41	2	39	2	41	1	40	3	37	1	36	4	40	1	39
80	Benin	41	1	40	1	39	3	36	1	37	2	39	3	36		36
85	Guyana	40	3	37	1	38	4	34	5	29	1	30	3	27	1	28
85	Trinidad and Tobago	40	1	41		41	6	35	4	39	1	38		38	1	39
85	Indonesia	40	2	38	1	37		37	1	36	2	34	2	32		32
85	Burkina Faso	40	1	41	1	42		42	4	38		38		38		38
85	Lesotho	40	1	41	1	42	3	39	5	44	5	49		49	4	45
85	Kuwait	40	1	41	2	39	2	41	8	49	5	44	1	43	1	44
91	Serbia	39		39	2	41	1	42	2	40	1	41	1	42	3	39
91	Turkey	39	2	41	1	40	1	41	1	42	3	45	5	50	1	49
93	Sri Lanka	38		38		38	2	36	1	37	1	38	1	37	3	40
93	Ecuador	38	4	34	2	32	1	31	1	32	1	33	2	35	3	32
93	Timor-Leste	38	3	35	3	38	3	35	7	28		28	2	30	3	33
96	Ethiopia	37	3	34	1	35	1	34	1	33		33		33		33
96	Vietnam	37	4	33	2	35	2	33	2	31		31		31		31
96	Gambia	37		37	7	30	4	26	2	28	1	29	1	28	6	34
96	Colombia	37	1	36	1	37		37		37		37	1	36		36
96	Tanzania	37		36		36	4	32	2	30	1	31	2	33	2	35
101	Kosovo	36	1	37	2	39	3	36	3	33		33		33	1	34
101	Thailand	36		36	1	37	2	35	3	38		38	3	35	2	37
101	Peru	36	1	35	2	37	2	35	1	36	2	38		38		38
101	Panama	36	1	37		37	1	38	1	39	2	37	2	35	3	38
101	Bosnia and Herzegovina	36	2	38		38	1	39	1	38	1	39	3	42		42
106	Brazil	35		35	2	37	3	40	2	38	5	43	1	42	1	43
106	Mongolia	35	2	37	1	36	2	38	1	39		39	1	38	2	36
106	Albania	35	1	36	2	38	1	39	3	36	3	33	2	31	2	33
106	Egypt	35		35	3	32	2	34	2	36	1	37	5	32		32
106	Algeria	35		35	2	33	1	34	2	36		36		36	2	34
106	Ivory Coast	35		35	1	36	2	34	2	32		32	5	27	2	29
106	North Macedonia	35	2	37	2	35	2	37	5	42	3	45	1	44	1	43
113	Kazakhstan	34	3	31		31	2	29	1	28	1	29	3	26	2	28
113	Nepal	34	3	31		31	2	29	2	27	2	29	2	31	4	27
113	Philippines	34	2	36	2	34	1	35		35	3	38	2	36	2	34
113	Zambia	34	1	35	2	37	1	38		38		38		38	1	37
113	Eswatini	34	4	38	1	39	4					43	4	39	2	37
113	El Salvador	34	1	35	2	33	3	36	3	39		39	1	38		38
119	Sierra Leone	33	3	30		30		30	1	29	2	31	1	30	1	31
120	Moldova	32	1	33	2	31	1	30	3	33	2	35		35	1	36
120	Niger	32	2	34	1	33	2	35	1	34	1	35	1	34	1	33
120	Pakistan	32	1	33	1	32		32	2	30	1	29	1	28	1	27
123	Malawi	31	1	32	1	31		31		31	2	33	4	37		37
123	Bolivia	31	2	29	4	33		33	1	34	1	35	1	34		34
123	Gabon	31		31	1	32	3	35	1	34	3	37	3	34	1	35
126	Djibouti	30	1	31		31	1	30	4	34		34	2	36		36
126	Kyrgyzstan	30	1	29		29	1	28		28	1	27	3	24		24
126	Azerbaijan	30	5	25	6	31	1	30	1	29		29	1	28	1	27
126	Ukraine	30	2	32	2	30	1	29	2	27	1	26	1	25	1	26
130	Laos	29		29		29	1	30	5	25		25	1	26	5	21
130	Guinea	29	1	28	1	27		27	2	25		25	1	24		24
130	Myanmar	29		29	1	30	2	28	6	22	1	21		21	6	15
130	Mexico	29	1	28	1	29	1	30	5	35		35	1	34		34
130	Maldives	29	2	31	2	33	3	36
130	Mali	29	3	32	1	31	1	32	3	35	3	32	4	28	6	34
130	Togo	29	1	30	2	32		32		32	3	29		29	1	30
137	Russia	28		28	1	29		29		29	2	27	1	28		28
137	Papua New Guinea	28		28	1	29	1	28	3	25		25		25		25
137	Mauritania	28	1	27	1	28	1	27	4	31	1	30		30	1	31
137	Liberia	28	4	32	1	31	6	37		37		37	1	38	3	41
137	Lebanon	28		28		28		28		28	1	27	1	28	2	30
137	Kenya	28	1	27	1	28	2	26	1	25		25	2	27		27
137	Uganda	28	2	26		26	1	25		25	1	26		26	3	29
137	Paraguay	28	1	29		29	1	30	3	27	3	24		24	1	25
137	Dominican Republic	28	2	30	1	29	2	31	2	33	1	32	3	29	3	32
146	Nigeria	26	1	27		27	1	28	2	26	1	27	2	25	2	27
146	Mozambique	26	3	23	2	25	2	27	4	31		31	1	30	1	31
146	Guatemala	26	1	27	1	28		28		28	4	32	3	29	4	33
146	Iran	26	2	28	2	30	1	29	2	27		27	2	25	3	28
146	Angola	26	7	19		19	1	18	3	15	4	19	4	23	1	22
146	Bangladesh	26		26	2	28	2	26	1	25		25	2	27	1	26
146	Honduras	26	3	29		29	1	30	1	31	2	29	3	26	2	28
153	Cameroon	25		25		25	1	26	1	27		27	2	25	1	26
153	Central African Republic	25	1	26	3	23	3	20	4	24		24	1	25	1	26
153	Uzbekistan	25	2	23	1	22	1	21	2	19	1	18	1	17		17
153	Tajikistan	25		25	4	21	4	25	1	26	3	23	1	22		22
153	Comoros	25	2	27		27	3	24	2	26		26	2	28		28
158	Zimbabwe	24	2	22		22		22	1	21		21		21	1	20
158	Madagascar	24	1	25	1	24	2	26	2	28		28		28	4	32
160	Eritrea	23	1	24	4	20	2	18		18		18	2	20	5	25
161	Nicaragua	22	3	25	1	26		26	1	27	1	28		28	1	29
162	Chad	20	1	19	1	20		20	2	22		22	3	19		19
162	Cambodia	20		20	1	21		21		21		21	1	20	2	22
162	Iraq	20	2	18		18	1	17	1	16		16		16	2	18
165	Turkmenistan	19	1	20	1	19	3	22	4	18	1	17		17		17
165	Republic of the Congo	19		19	2	21	1	20	3	23		23	1	22	4	26
165	Burundi	19	2	17	5	22	2	20	1	21	1	20	1	21	2	19
168	Haiti	18	2	20	2	22	2	20	3	17	2	19		19		19
168	Democratic Republic of the Congo	18	2	20	1	21		21	1	22		22		22	1	21
168	Libya	18	1	17		17	3	14	2	16	2	18	3	15	6	21
168	Guinea-Bissau	18	2	16	1	17	1	16	1	17	2	19		19	6	25
172	North Korea	17	3	14	3	17	5	12	4	8		8		8		8
173	Sudan	16		16		16	2	14	2	12	1	11		11	2	13
173	Afghanistan	16		16	1	15		15	4	11	1	12	4	8		8
173	Equatorial Guinea	16		16	1	17	2							19	1	20
173	Venezuela	16	2	18		18	1	17		17	2	19	1	20	1	19
177	Yemen	15	1	14	2	16	2	14	4	18	1	19	1	18	5	23
178	Syria	13		13	1	14	1	13	5	18	2	20	3	17	9	26
179	South Sudan	12	1	13	1	12	1	11	4	15		15	1	14
180	Somalia	9	1	10	1	9	1	10	2	8		8		8		8