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Demographics of Turkey

(Redirected from Ethnic groups in Turkey)

Demographic features of the population of Turkey include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Demographics of the Republic of Turkey
Turkey population pyramid in 2020
PopulationIncrease 85,372,377
(31 December 2023)
Growth rateIncrease 0.11% (2023)
Birth rateDecrease 10.9 births/1,000
population (2023)
Death rateNegative increase 5.9 deaths/1,000
population (2022)
Life expectancyIncrease 78.6 years (2020)
 • maleIncrease 75.9 years (2020)
 • femaleIncrease 81.3 years (2020)
Fertility rateDecrease 1.51 children born/woman (2023)[1]
Infant mortality ratePositive decrease 9.1 deaths/1000 infants (2022)
Age structure
0–14 yearsDecrease 21.4% (2023)
15–64 yearsIncrease 68.3% (2023)
65 and overNegative increase 10.2% (2023)
Sex ratio
Total0.99 male(s)/female (2021)[2]
At birth1.05 male(s)/female (2022)
Under 151.05 male(s)/female (2022)
65 and over0.82 male(s)/female (2022)
Nationality
Nationalitynoun: Turk(s) adjective: Turkish
Major ethnicTurks
Language
OfficialTurkish
SpokenSee Languages of Turkey

As of 31 December 2023, the population of Turkey was 85.3 million with a growth rate of 0.11% per annum.[3] Turks are the largest ethnic group.

By ethnicity Turks (70-75%), Kurds (19%), other (6-11% including Arabs, Albanians, Bosniaks, Circassians, Chechens, Georgians, Romani, Laz people and others) (2016 estimate)

The population has been aging in recent years, with just 21.4% falling in the 0–14 age bracket (down from 26.4% in 2007).[4] The population over the age of 65 is 10.2% (up from 7.1% in 2007). As of 2023, the median age of the Turkish population is 34 years (up from 28.3 in 2007).[5] According to OECD/World Bank population statistics, from 1990 to 2008 the population growth in Turkey was 16 million or 29%.[6]

Population

Historical population

Historical population of Turkey
Historical population[7][8]
YearPop.±% p.a.
18908,274,971—    
191012,329,210+2.01%
192713,648,270+0.60%
193516,158,018+2.13%
194017,820,950+1.98%
194518,790,174+1.06%
195020,947,188+2.20%
195524,064,763+2.81%
196027,754,820+2.89%
196531,391,421+2.49%
197035,605,176+2.55%
YearPop.±% p.a.
197540,347,719+2.53%
198044,736,957+2.09%
198550,664,458+2.52%
199056,473,035+2.19%
200067,803,927+1.85%
201073,722,988+0.84%
201578,741,053+1.33%
202083,614,362+1.21%
202184,680,273+1.27%
202285,279,553+0.71%

Life expectancy

Life expectancy at birth in Turkey since 1937
Life expectancy in Turkey by gender since 1960
Life expectancy in Turkish provinces in 2018-20
Life expectancy in Turkey according to the UN[9]
PeriodLife expectancy in
Years		PeriodLife expectancy in
Years
1950–195541.011985–199063.04
1955–196043.691990–199565.49
1960–196547.221995–200068.49
1965–197050.782000–200571.37
1970–197553.752005–201073.37
1975–198057.052010–201574.83
1980–198560.222015–202077.31

According to the CIA World Factbook, in 2019, life expectancy was 78.3 years for the total population, 75.6 years for men and 81.0 years for women.[10]

Urbanization

Istanbul experienced a rapid population growth (The gray areas are buildings)

According to the CIA World Factbook:[11]

  • Urban population: 75.1% of total population (2018)
  • Rate of urbanization: 2.04% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)

Median age

According to the CIA World Factbook:[11]

  • Total population: 32.4 years
  • Male: 31.7 years
  • Female: 33.1 years (2019 est.)[12]

Sex ratio

According to the CIA World Factbook:[11]

  • At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  • Under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
  • 15–24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
  • 25–54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
  • 55–64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
  • 65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
  • Total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

Literacy

According to the CIA World Factbook:[11]Defined as people age 15 and over who can read and write, 2016 est.

  • Total population: 96.2%
  • Male: 98.8%
  • Female: 93.6%

2022 official estimates:[13]

  • Total population: 97.6%
  • Male: 99.3%
  • Female: 95.9%

Vital statistics

UN estimates

The figures from the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs:[14]

PeriodLive births per yearDeaths per yearNatural change per yearCBR[a]CDR[a]NC[a]TFR[a]IMR[a]
1950–19551,127,000551,000677,00048.418.829.66.69167.4
1955–19601,216,000564,000752,00046.918.428.56.5163.9
1960–19651,277,000547,000799,00044.317.626.76.2160.5
1965–19701,343,000527,000792,00040.316.723.65.80156.9
1970–19751,451,000523,000887,00038.715.023.75.39141.3
1975–19801,497,000505,000977,00036.413.023.44.69119.4
1980–19851,527,000481,0001,074,00033.810.823.04.1196.7
1985–19901,431,000454,000976,00027.78.818.93.3978.0
1990–19951,375,000438,000987,00025.17.717.43.1163.0
1995–20001,389,000418,000983,00022.86.915.92.7645.5
2000–20051,345,000404,000923,00020.56.214.32.5031.4
2005–20101,309,000415,000932,00018.75.912.82.2724.0
2010–20151,302,000439,000914,00017.35.811.52.1513.0
2015–20201,281,000473,000808,00015.85.810.02.10
2020–20251,242,000509,000733,00014.66.08.62.04
2025–20301,191,000543,000648,00013.66.27.42.01

Registered births and deaths

Birth statistics of Turkey from 2001 onward are from the Central Population Administrative System (MERNIS) database which is available on-line.[15] Birth statistics are updated continually because MERNIS has dynamic structure.[16]

In 2010 Turkey had a crude birth rate of 17.2 per 1000, in 2011 16.7, down from 20.3 in 2001. The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2010 was 2.05 children per woman, in 2011 2.02. The crude birth rate in 2010 ranged from 11.5 per 1,000 in West Marmara (TFR 1.52) (11,5;1.55 in 2011), similar to neighbouring Bulgaria, to 27.9 per 1,000 in Southeast Anatolia (TFR 3.53) (27.1;3,42 in 2011), similar to neighbouring Syria. Similarly, in 2012, the TFR ranged from 1.43 in Kırklareli, to 4.39 in Şanlıurfa.[17] Death statistics from MERNIS are available as of 2009. Mortality data prior to 2009 are incomplete.

Population (31.12.)Live birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death (per 1000)Natural increase (per 1000)Crude migration (per 1000)Total fertility rate (TFR)
19901,392,000388,0001,004,0003.11
19911,390,000391,000999,0003.02
19921,388,000394,000994,0002.94
19931,385,000396,000989,0002.87
19941,372,000399,000973,0002.81
19951,368,000402,000966,0002.76
19961,386,000419,000967,0002.70
19971,317,000424,000893,0002.66
19981,318,000426,000892,0002.61
19991,313,000427,000886,0002.56
20001,307,000422,000885,0002.50
20011,323,341175,1371,148,20420.32.38
20021,229,555175,4341,054,12118.62.40
20031,198,927184,3301,014,59717.92.35
20041,222,484187,0861,035,39818.12.31
20051,244,041197,5201,046,52118.22.27
20061,255,432210,1461,045,28618.12.24
200770,586,2561,289,992212,7311,077,26118.33.015.32.21
200871,517,1001,295,511215,5621,079,94918.13.015.1-2.12.19
200972,561,3121,266,751369,703897,04817.65.112.52.02.10
201073,722,9881,261,169366,471894,69817.25.012.23.62.08
201174,724,2691,252,812376,162876,65016.95.111.81.72.05
201275,627,3841,294,605376,520918,08517.25.012.2-0.22.11
201376,667,8641,297,505373,041924,46417.04.912.11.52.11
201477,695,9041,351,088391,091959,99717.55.112.40.92.19
201578,741,0531,336,908405,528931,38017.15.211.91.42.16
201679,814,8711,316,204422,964893,24016.65.311.32.32.11
201780,810,5251,300,258426,662873,59616.25.310.91.52.08
201882,003,8821,256,282426,785829,49715.45.210.24.42.00
201983,154,9971,189,939436,624753,31514.45.39.14.81.89
202083,614,3621,117,942509,048608,89413.46.17.3-1.81.77
202184,680,2731,083,336566,485516,85112.96.76.26.51.71
202285,279,5531,035,795504,839530,95612.25.96.30.81.62
202385,372,377934,215 (e)10.9 (e)1.51 (e)

Birth and death rate by region and year

Birth and Death Rate by Region and Year
Birth Rate by Region and Year[a]
RegionPopulation (2022)Birth Rate (TFR)/2022Birth Rate (TFR)/2021Birth Rate (TFR)/2020Birth Rate (TFR)/2019Birth Rate (TFR)/2018Birth Rate (TFR)/2017Birth Rate (TFR)/2016Birth Rate (TFR)/2015Birth Rate (TFR)/2014Birth Rate (TFR)/2013Birth Rate (TFR)/2012Birth Rate (TFR)/2011Birth Rate (TFR)/2010Birth Rate (TFR)/2009
Turkey85 279 55312.2 (1.62)12.9 (1.71)13.4 (1.77)14.4 (1.89)15.4 (2.00)16.2 (2.08)16.6 (2.11)17.1 (2.16)17.5 (2.19)17.0 (2.11)17.2 (2.11)16.9 (2.05)17.2 (2.08)17.6 (2.10)
İstanbul15 907 95110.7 (1.29)11.5 (1.39)12.4 (1.48)13.6 (1.60)14.8 (1.73)15.6 (1.80)16.3 (1.86)16.7 (1.88)17.0 (1.89)16.4 (1.81)16.5 (1.80)15.9 (1.72)16.3 (1.77)16.4 (1.77)
West Marmara3 743 4859.4 (1.41)9.6 (1.43)10.1 (1.50)10.6 (1.57)11.5 (1.67)11.8 (1.70)11.9 (1.69)12.0 (1.69)12.1 (1.69)11.9 (1.64)11.9 (1.63)11.6 (1.57)11.5 (1.54)11.7 (1.54)
Aegean10 886 8039.8 (1.41)10.2 (1.45)10.7 (1.50)11.4 (1.58)12.2 (1.68)12.9 (1.75)13.2 (1.76)13.6 (1.80)13.8 (1.80)13.4 (1.73)13.7 (1.74)13.2 (1.66)13.3 (1.66)13.7 (1.69)
East Marmara8 511 45011.0 (1.48)11.7 (1.56)12.2 (1.61)13.2 (1.72)14.2 (1.83)14.6 (1.87)15.0 (1.89)15.2 (1.90)15.3 (1.88)14.8 (1.80)15.0 (1.80)14.5 (1.71)14.8 (1.74)15.2 (1.77)
West Anatolia8 339 47010.9 (1.42)11.4 (1.48)12.0 (1.55)13.0 (1.66)14.1 (1.78)14.7 (1.84)15.1 (1.87)15.5 (1.90)15.8 (1.91)15.4 (1.85)15.4 (1.83)15.2 (1.79)15.4 (1.80)15.8 (1.83)
Mediterranean11 020 55012.2 (1.71)12.8 (1.77)13.3 (1.83)14.3 (1.96)15.4 (2.08)16.3 (2.18)17.0 (2.24)17.5 (2.29)18.0 (2.32)17.6 (2.24)17.8 (2.23)17.3 (2.14)17.8 (2.18)18.3 (2.20)
Central Anatolia4 124 93911.3 (1.56)11.8 (1.62)12.3 (1.68)13.2 (1.79)14.1 (1.89)14.9 (1.99)15.4 (2.05)15.8 (2.09)16.4 (2.14)16.0 (2.06)16.3 (2.07)16.4 (2.06)16.7 (2.08)17.6 (2.16)
West Black Sea4 665 9389.0 (1.35)9.4 (1.41)9.8 (1.47)10.6 (1.57)11.2 (1.63)11.6 (1.67)11.9 (1.69)12.2 (1.73)12.7 (1.77)12.8 (1.76)13.0 (1.77)13.0 (1.74)13.6 (1.79)14.2 (1.84)
East Black Sea2 690 0389.3 (1.39)9.8 (1.45)10.3 (1.52)11.0 (1.61)11.6 (1.69)12.0 (1.73)12.3 (1.77)12.5 (1.78)12.8 (1.81)12.8 (1.77)13.0 (1.78)13.1 (1.77)13.6 (1.81)14.1 (1.86)
Northeast Anatolia2 154 74815.0 (1.92)16.5 (2.11)17.1 (2.18)18.4 (2.36)19.1 (2.45)20.6 (2.64)21.2 (2.72)21.7 (2.79)22.7 (2.90)22.4 (2.85)22.8 (2.90)22.9 (2.90)23.4 (2.97)23.1 (2.91)
Central East Anatolia3 928 27116.0 (2.01)16.8 (2.12)17.8 (2.23)19.3 (2.43)20.0 (2.52)21.1 (2.65)21.2 (2.67)21.9 (2.75)23.0 (2.87)22.6 (2.83)22.5 (2.82)22.9 (2.85)23.6 (2.95)23.9 (3.00)
Southeast Anatolia9 305 91021.3 (2.71)22.7 (2.86)22.5 (2.84)23.8 (3.03)25.5 (3.23)26.6 (3.36)26.7 (3.38)27.8 (3.52)28.7 (3.63)27.6 (3.48)28.0 (3.53)27.7 (3.48)28.2 (3.57)28.3 (3.59)
Death Rate by Region and Year[a]
RegionPopulation (2022)Death Rate (2022)Death Rate (2021)Death Rate (2020)Death Rate (2019)Death Rate (2018)Death Rate (2017)Death Rate (2016)Death Rate (2015)Death Rate (2014)Death Rate (2013)Death Rate (2012)Death Rate (2011)Death Rate (2010)Death Rate (2009)
Turkey85 279 5535.96.76.15.35.25.35.35.25.14.95.05.15.05.1
İstanbul15 907 9514.65.44.94.24.24.24.24.14.13.94.04.04.04.2
West Marmara3 743 4859.09.88.17.77.87.87.77.87.57.17.37.37.37.3
Aegean10 886 8037.78.27.56.76.66.66.66.46.15.96.26.25.96.0
East Marmara8 511 4506.37.36.35.65.75.75.75.75.55.45.55.55.55.6
West Anatolia8 339 4705.56.26.15.05.05.04.94.74.74.54.64.74.64.8
Mediterranean11 020 5505.76.55.85.04.94.95.04.84.64.54.54.54.54.5
Central Anatolia4 124 9396.77.87.15.95.96.16.15.95.85.55.55.75.55.7
West Black Sea4 665 9388.89.98.57.67.67.67.67.47.36.97.07.06.87.0
East Black Sea2 690 0388.79.68.07.27.07.37.06.96.86.36.56.56.26.4
Northeast Anatolia2 154 7485.26.15.74.95.05.05.05.04.94.85.05.45.05.1
Central East Anatolia3 928 2714.35.25.14.14.04.24.24.14.14.14.14.54.44.5
Southeast Anatolia9 305 9103.54.34.23.53.33.43.73.43.53.43.53.63.73.8

Total births and deaths by region and year

Absolute Births and Deaths by Region and Year
Absolute Births by Region and Year[a]
RegionPopulation (2022)Births (2022)Births (2021)Births (2020)Births (2019)Births (2018)Births (2017)Births (2016)Births (2015)Births (2014)Births (2013)Births (2012)Births (2011)Births (2010)Births (2009)
Turkey85 279 5531,035,7951,083,3361,117,9421,189,9391,256,2821,300,2581,316,2041,336,9081,351,0881,297,5051,294,6051,252,8121,261,1691,266,751
İstanbul15 907 951170,084180,718192,424208,264223,013233,220240,027242,888242,397229,390226,594213,441213,821210,441
West Marmara3 743 48534,81235,06036,52238,15940,59040,93340,49540,39140,13838,80638,51737,05836,28436,400
Aegean10 886 803106,284109,564113,538120,023127,579132,868134,176137,187137,438132,299133,419127,833128,112129,927
East Marmara8 511 45093,23897,59099,942106,064112,164113,462113,585112,635111,115105,761105,20399,704100,386100,928
West Anatolia8 339 47090,73893,79698,139104,588111,376115,079116,456117,694117,405112,593111,279108,026106,921107,734
Mediterranean11 020 550134,115138,127142,483150,950159,689166,815171,561174,874177,272170,686169,985163,817166,123167,506
Central Anatolia4 124 93946,62848,25750,33253,82556,52758,93360,38161,56963,44661,66962,63462,98964,21667,174
West Black Sea4 665 93841,80743,90345,77349,59551,70552,77953,72254,99557,09957,36958,37758,51161,39363,972
East Black Sea2 690 03825,07326,20227,68229,62731,00231,55632,09232,14432,81732,55832,77432,83634,27235,565
Northeast Anatolia2 154 74832,64036,00437,55740,61341,91545,26246,60947,72049,99649,60550,78150,77951,57850,778
Central East Anatolia3 928 27162,76166,38970,00775,71777,86081,13381,29883,68287,02784,96384,01884,34486,05586,812
Southeast Anatolia9 305 910197,615207,726203,543212,514222,862228,218225,802231,129234,938221,806221,024213,474212,008209,514
Absolute Deaths by Region and Year[a]
RegionPopulation (2022)Deaths (2022)Deaths (2021)Deaths (2020)Deaths (2019)Deaths (2018)Deaths (2017)Deaths (2016)Deaths (2015)Deaths (2014)Deaths (2013)Deaths (2012)Deaths (2011)Deaths (2010)Deaths (2009)
Turkey85 279 553504,839566,485509,048436,624426,785426,662422,964405,528391,091373,041376,520376,162366,471369,703
İstanbul15 907 95173,75184,24376,40763,48662,59463,37262,57260,09358,00954,77054,69653,16552,81253,761
West Marmara3 743 48533,31535,75229,38527,58927,45627,21926,41626,14524,86423,22923,49623,16723,00722,687
Aegean10 886 80383,12487,90479,80571,04768,64468,47567,69964,84461,12657,65160,23459,62356,65857,068
East Marmara8 511 45053,61560,28851,53645,26444,85844,25043,62841,99140,00738,29138,22038,09437,52637,379
West Anatolia8 339 47045,78351,27350,00539,81439,38238,91037,76535,81434,58933,21933,36933,09732,27032,976
Mediterranean11 020 55062,67869,85161,59252,80150,77650,53350,22947,41145,43943,94943,40442,90041,83441,264
Central Anatolia4 124 93927,46231,86228,80224,19823,89024,00523,91423,08622,37921,23821,04921,87321,29921,582
West Black Sea4 665 93840,92646,10039,59535,36634,98434,74834,35933,35532,77231,01131,47631,65130,54131,279
East Black Sea2 690 03823,36525,90621,34219,34518,60619,18318,33917,67217,29215,99616,50416,26615,57416,158
Northeast Anatolia2 154 74811,34413,37012,56410,77910,90010,91511,02011,01310,78710,66711,05211,87010,95511,154
Central East Anatolia3 928 27116,95320,46019,97915,96915,53016,08616,13215,68515,44115,43015,41916,55116,11416,491
Southeast Anatolia9 305 91032,52339,47638,03630,96629,16528,96630,89128,41928,38627,59027,60127,90527,88127,904

Natural increase by region and year

Natural Increase by Region and Year
Natural Increase by Region and Year[a]
RegionPopulation (2022)Natural Increase (2022)Natural Increase (2021)Natural Increase (2020)Natural Increase (2019)Natural Increase (2018)Natural Increase (2017)Natural Increase (2016)Natural Increase (2015)Natural Increase (2014)Natural Increase (2013)Natural Increase (2012)Natural Increase (2011)Natural Increase (2010)Natural Increase (2009)
Turkey85 279 553530 956/6.3516 851/6.2608 894/7.3753 315/9.1829 497/10.2873 596/10.9893 240/11.3931 380/11.9959 997/12.4924 464/12.1918 085/12.2876 650/11.8894 698/12.2897 048/12.5
İstanbul15 907 95196 333/6.196 475/6.1116 017/7.5144 778/9.4160 419/10.6169 848/11.4177 455/12.0182 795/12.6184 388/12.9174 620/12.5171 898/12.5160 276/11.9161 009/12.3156 680/12.2
West Marmara3 743 4851 497/0.4-692/-0.27 137/2.010 570/2.913 134/3.713 714/3.914 079/4.114 246/4.215 274/4.615 577/4.815 021/4.713 891/4.413 277/4.213 713/4.4
Aegean10 886 80323 160/2.121 660/2.033 733/3.248 976/4.758 935/5.664 393/6.266 477/6.572 343/7.276 312/7.774 648/7.673 185/7.568 210/7.071 454/7.472 859/7.7
East Marmara8 511 45039 623/4.737 302/4.448 406/5.960 800/7.667 306/8.569 212/8.969 957/9.270 644/9.571 108/9.867 470/9.566 983/9.661 610/8.962 860/9.363 549/9.6
West Anatolia8 339 47044 955/5.442 523/5.248 134/5.964 774/8.071 994/9.176 169/9.778 691/10.281 880/10.882 816/11.179 374/10.977 910/10.874 929/10.674 651/10.774 758/11.0
Mediterranean11 020 55071 437/6.568 276/6.380 891/7.598 149/9.3108 913/10.5116 282/11.4121 332/12.0127 463/12.8131 833/13.4126 737/13.1126 581/13.2120 917/12.8124 289/13.3126 242/13.8
Central Anatolia4 124 93919 166/4.616 395/4.021 530/5.229 627/7.332 637/8.234 928/8.836 467/9.338 483/9.941 067/10.640 431/10.541 585/10.841 116/10.742 917/11.245 592/12.0
West Black Sea4 665 938881/0.2-2 197/-0.56 178/1.314 229/3.016 721/3.618 031/4.019 363/4.321 640/4.824 327/5.426 358/5.926 901/6.026 860/6.030 852/6.832 693/7.3
East Black Sea2 690 0381 708/0.6296/0.26 340/2.310 282/3.812 396/4.612 373/4.713 753/5.314 472/5.615 525/6.116 562/6.516 270/6.416 570/6.618 698/7.419 407/7.7
Northeast Anatolia2 154 74821 296/9.822 634/10.424 993/11.429 834/13.531 015/14.134 347/15.635 589/16.236 707/16.739 209/17.838 938/17.639 729/17.838 909/17.640 623/18.539 624/18.0
Central East Anatolia3 928 27145 808/11.745 929/11.650 028/12.759 748/15.262 330/16.065 047/16.965 166/17.067 997/17.871 586/18.969 533/18.568 599/18.467 793/18.469 941/19.270 321/19.4
Southeast Anatolia9 305 910165 092/17.8168 250/18.4165 507/18.3181 548/20.3193 697/22.2199 252/23.2194 911/23.1202 710/24.4206 552/25.3194 216/24.2193 423/24.5185 569/24.1184 127/24.5181 610/24.5

Historical fertility rate

Total Fertility Rate

Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and CBR (Crude Birth Rate):[18]

YearCBR (Total)TFR (Total)CBR (Urban)TFR (Urban)CBR (Rural)TFR (Rural)
199322,92,7 (1,8)21,72,4 (1,7)24,03,1 (2,0)
199823,42,61 (1,9)22,82,39 (1,9)24,73,08 (2,1)

Total fertility rate by region in Turkey by Turkish General Census (GNS) and Turkish population and health research (TNSA).[19]

South-EastEastMediterraneanBlack SeaCentralAegeanMarmaraTurkey
TNSA 19786,313,774,994,262,894,33
GNS 19804,614,643,503,653,762,812,733,41
TNSA 19934,402,373,152,442,032,65
TNSA 19984,192,552,682,562,032,61
GNS 20004,313,722,432,282,291,961,882,53
TNSA 20033,652,301,941,861,882,23
GNS rural 20004,804,522,522,562,912,232,032,87
GNS urban 20004,053,082,382,012,051,801,852,20
GNS metropolitan 20003,812,342,411,871,891,601,832,03

Total fertility rate (TFR) by province and year

Total fertility rate (TFR) by province and year

Figures from Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat):[20]

Turkey total fertility rate by province (2022)[20]
  3–4
  2–3
  1.5 – 2
  1 – 1.5
Total fertility rate by province 1980[20]
  5–6
  4–5
  3–4
  2–3
  1.5 – 2
  1 – 1.5
Total fertility rate by province (2013)[20]
Total fertility rate by province (2014)[20]
Total fertility rate by province (2015)[20]
Total fertility rate by province (2019)[20]
Total fertility rate by province (2020)[20]
Total fertility rate by province (2021)[20]
Total fertility rate by province (2022)[20]
Total fertility rate development by province 2009–2015[20]
  > 12%
  8 to 12%
  4 to 8%
  0 to 4%
  -4 to 0%
  -8 to −4%
  -12 to −8%
  < -12%
ProvincePopulation (2022)[21]TFR (1980)[19]TFR (2000)TFR (2009)TFR (2010)TFR (2011)TFR (2012)TFR (2013)TFR (2014)TFR (2015)TFR (2016)TFR (2017)TFR (2018)TFR (2019)TFR (2020)TFR (2021)TFR (2022)
Turkey85 279 5532.122.082.052.112.102.182.152.112.071.991.881.761.711.62
İstanbul15 907 9511.771.771.721.801.811.891.881.861.801.731.601.481.391.29
West Marmara3 743 4851.541.541.571.631.641.691.691.681.691.661.561.491.431.41
Tekirdağ1 142 4511.831.691.671.721.791.821.881.941.931.931.921.771.651.591.53
Edirne414 7142.411.661.431.391.451.511.491.461.541.481.461.431.341.341.311.31
Kırklareli369 3471.701.381.391.351.451.451.561.551.481.531.481.431.401.301.31
Balıkesir1 257 5901.951.531.561.581.621.651.711.651.671.661.631.541.481.411.42
Çanakkale559 3831.681.501.441.531.581.521.571.551.561.571.561.471.391.321.28
Aegean10 886 8031.691.661.661.741.731.801.801.761.741.671.571.491.451.41
İzmir4 462 0561.751.571.541.561.661.641.721.721.681.651.591.481.391.361.31
Aydın1 148 2412.121.741.711.691.821.791.841.851.821.871.781.671.571.541.49
Denizli1 056 3322.191.731.661.701.741.761.871.861.801.791.711.611.551.501.47
Muğla1 048 1851.941.711.701.671.761.731.761.771.731.691.641.551.501.431.35
Manisa1 468 2792.141.781.771.791.861.891.941.931.911.861.831.751.681.641.61
Afyonkarahisar747 5553.742.822.062.012.012.031.982.092.082.011.971.891.841.741.671.61
Kütahya580 7012.191.551.601.531.551.521.581.591.521.501.431.341.311.211.18
Uşak375 4542.181.641.671.641.741.761.791.741.681.691.591.501.441.371.38
East Marmara8 511 4501.771.741.711.801.801.881.891.891.861.831.711.611.561.48
Bursa3 194 7201.981.781.771.731.851.851.901.921.911.881.861.741.651.571.47
Eskişehir906 6171.741.401.381.381.461.481.571.561.541.541.491.401.351.351.29
Bilecik228 6731.981.711.671.631.751.771.781.721.741.701.691.621.501.451.40
Kocaeli2 079 0723.232.131.901.871.821.911.912.042.072.042.011.961.851.701.661.58
Sakarya1 080 0802,231.871.821.781.851.831.911.931.951.941.941.801.681.681.55
Düzce405 1312.181.871.831.821.811.871.901.861.901.831.771.711.601.491.48
Bolu320 8241.931.601.571.641.591.641.661.601.621.561.521.461.361.371.31
Yalova296 3331.931.781.641.621.721.691.811.781.881.821.751.651.491.481.39
West Anatolia8 339 4701.831.801.791.831.851.911.901.861.831.771.651.541.481.42
Ankara5 782 2851.901.681.661.651.681.711.771.771.731.711.651.531.421.341.28
Konya2 296 3473.002.142.122.132.182.182.252.202.182.112.061.931.841.801.75
Karaman260 8382.772.151.951.982.022.092.042.122.092.061.951.851.771.661.60
Mediterranean11 020 5502.202.182.142.232.242.322.282.242.162.071.941.831.771.71
Antalya2 688 0041.931.911.871.841.931.911.961.981.941.841.761.631.541.481.37
Isparta445 3252.041.761.661.661.721.701.751.721.721.761.621.541.451.431.39
Burdur273 7992.121.741.731.681.661.681.791.791.741.661.581.501.411.371.36
Adana2 274 1062.682.182.142.122.212.252.342.322.262.222.122.011.871.831.82
Mersin1 916 4322.382.032.042.002.122.112.202.172.142.072.021.861.771.721.68
Hatay1 686 0432.972.572.542.512.632.622.822.742.692.582.492.372.202.152.04
Kahramanmaraş1 177 4363.542.702.682.662.682.742.742.642.602.532.382.222.102.001.94
Osmaniye559 4052.952.552.572.402.512.512.592.502.432.392.262.212.031.921.98
Central Anatolia4 124 9392.162.082.062.072.062.132.082.031.961.871.781.671.621.56
Kırıkkale277 0462.391.771.701.601.591.651.691.721.691.681.591.531.431.391.33
Aksaray433 0552.852.422.352.342.302.292.352.302.242.192.131.991.921.861.83
Niğde365 4192.982.402.282.232.322.252.332.192.202.081.991.921.761.721.69
Nevşehir310 0112.552.101.981.971.981.942.101.981.931.851.781.661.621.581.51
Kırşehir244 5192.401.721.691.691.751.781.861.821.791.761.731.651.491.401.38
Kayseri1 441 5232.622.212.142.162.182.172.252.192.132.021.961.851.711.661.60
Sivas634 9242.762.072.021.991.991.941.991.981.961.941.781.731.631.551.46
Yozgat418 4422.842.252.072.042.031.972.062.062.011.991.831.711.631.531.47
West Black Sea4 665 9381.841.791.741.771.761.771.731.691.661.631.561.461.411.35
Zonguldak588 5101.931.711.651.581.621.591.601.561.501.481.431.381.311.261.18
Karabük252 0581.991.671.601.621.541.591.561.571.461.501.491.411.291.321.21
Bartın203 3512.111.681.671.611.501.571.691.581.551.451.481.421.381.251.26
Kastamonu378 1153.442.181.701.691.641.691.681.591.631.591.501.541.471.411.391.39
Çankırı195 7662.271.971.931.911.841.781.861.781.841.751.691.691.671.691.51
Sinop220 7994.352.481.911.811.771.841.751.791.721.701.701.611.601.561.471.41
Samsun1 368 4882.551.871.811.771.831.831.851.821.801.781.751.651.511.431.38
Tokat596 4543.061.951.921.831.791.821.821.741.701.671.631.611.471.421.39
Çorum524 1302.661.931.901.861.961.891.971.851.861.791.731.681.571.521.45
Amasya338 2672.341.801.751.711.751.781.751.801.701.721.661.601.481.461.38
East Black Sea2 690 0381.861.811.771.781.771.801.781.761.711.681.601.511.451.39
Trabzon818 0232.101.871.821.781.801.791.841.861.851.821.791.681.561.531.43
Ordu763 1902.811.941.891.841.861.851.891.831.841.811.721.671.561.441.44
Giresun450 8622.311.741.741.651.661.641.651.641.571.561.551.491.401.331.32
Rize344 0162.011.801.761.751.731.801.791.791.791.751.761.651.571.531.41
Artvin169 4032.241.731.721.671.781.731.781.741.771.721.641.601.571.401.39
Gümüşhane144 5442.922.091.881.891.841.841.841.721.621.371.331.351.381.351.30
Northeast Anatolia2 154 7482.912.972.902.902.852.902.792.722.642.442.362.182.111.92
Erzurum749 7543.512.512.492.502.502.492.602.512.452.402.242.152.021.951.80
Erzincan239 2232.541.821.821.911.881.891.821.821.891.731.631.651.531.581.39
Bayburt84 2413.292.382.312.162.302.132.182.091.961.831.841.711.611.601.42
Ağrı510 6265.494.224.384.134.114.014.043.843.733.633.283.182.892.732.51
Kars274 8293.762.903.052.882.922.742.752.642.592.542.352.252.101.981.86
Iğdır203 5944.173.063.163.123.103.213.193.052.982.812.702.562.272.221.99
Ardahan92 4812.952.352.252.252.212.112.242.172.012.051.911.881.741.821.63
Central East Anatolia3 928 2713.002.952.852.822.832.872.752.672.652.522.432.232.122.01
Malatya812 5803.662.562.082.061.991.991.962.052.011.991.991.901.801.661.641.59
Elazığ591 4972.522.021.981.981.971.932.041.991.961.951.861.791.711.601.51
Bingöl282 5563.562.562.552.522.492.492.632.422.442.392.372.262.101.991.80
Tunceli84 3664.871.901.561.471.501.531.551.621.691.581.561.641.691.571.491.40
Van1 128 7496.003.933.843.663.583.643.543.373.203.152.962.852.562.352.28
Muş399 2024.183.933.943.663.653.593.713.493.373.423.253.162.852.772.53
Bitlis353 9886.015.033.803.713.523.493.443.473.403.303.233.072.902.702.652.48
Hakkâri275 3336.693.353.183.142.993.013.032.762.602.562.422.352.162.051.99
Southeast Anatolia9 305 9103.593.573.483.533.483.633.523.383.363.233.022.842.862.71
Gaziantep2 154 0513.833.153.073.043.153.173.283.193.062.932.852.622.472.482.39
Adıyaman635 1693.662.762.792.772.792.752.902.872.782.792.692.562.362.362.24
Kilis147 9193.542.933.012.832.992.963.133.032.872.832.752.552.482.472.34
Şanlıurfa2 170 1104.834.574.584.464.474.414.574.424.354.334.153.903.713.823.59
Diyarbakır1 804 8804.513.233.243.193.233.163.303.223.133.132.972.792.542.542.42
Mardin870 3744.983.463.533.353.463.333.553.463.263.283.153.002.762.792.62
Batman634 4915.273.703.643.433.423.343.413.253.113.082.902.722.552.572.39
Şırnak557 6057.064.694.514.264.214.194.274.093.513.763.633.393.233.192.94
Siirt331 3116.054.234.123.963.853.703.893.563.473.333.182.932.882.712.47

Structure of the population

Structure of the population

Structure of the population (31.XII.2015) (Data based on Address Based Population Registration System.):[22][23][24]

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total39,511,19139,229,86278,741,053100
0–43,275,5203,105,9966,381,5168.10
5–93,252,8113,084,9086,337,7198.05
10–143,166,8603,000,1256,166,9857.83
15–193,382,3633,203,1376,585,5008.36
20–243,224,1683,089,9996,314,1678.02
25–293,178,3503,084,8996,263,2497.95
30–343,252,1713,175,8796,428,1508.16
35–393,134,0413,069,2826,203,3237.88
40–442,788,4252,764,1555,552,5807.05
45–492,337,0872,252,9924,590,0795.83
50–542,317,5342,315,3754,632,9095.88
55–591,843,3541,837,8163,681,1704.68
60–641,515,0651,593,4023,108,4673.95
65–691,100,7341,255,6512,356,3852.99
70–74737,892888,2921,626,1842.07
75–79501,411682,3351,183,7461.50
80–84339,904470,584810,4881.03
85–89128,879261,571390,4500.50
90+34,62293,364127,9860.16
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149,695,1919,191,02918,886,22023.99
15–6426,972,55826,387,03653,359,59467.77
65+2,843,4423,651,7976,495,2398.25

Structure of the population (31.XII.2016):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total40,043,65039,771,22179,814,871100
0–43,314,5423,144,7536,459,2958.09
5–93,253,3453,084,0996,337,4447.94
10–143,147,1332,981,9106,129,0437.68
15–193,400,4433,222,8766,623,3198.30
20–243,247,7643,117,9596,365,7237.98
25–293,169,3603,076,6816,246,0417.83
30–343,196,6453,113,7666,310,4117.91
35–393,275,1753,219,1586,494,3338.14
40–442,833,6552,800,6625,634,3177.06
45–492,412,8752,335,6394,748,5145.95
50–542,381,6402,374,6044,756,2445.96
55–591,855,1711,860,5653,715,7364.66
60–641,636,5101,706,4383,342,9484.19
65–691,132,4641,280,0732,412,5373.02
70–74763,121917,3711,680,4922.11
75–79512,607689,4431,202,0501.51
80–84336,206473,119809,3251.01
85–89136,238265,520401,7580.50
90+38,756106,585145,3410.18
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149,715,0209,210,76218,925,78223.71
15–6427,409,23826,828,34854,237,58667.95
65+2,919,3923,732,1116,651,5038.33

Structure of the population (31.XII.2017):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total40 535 13540 275 39080 810 525100
0–43 326 5913 155 2586 481 8498.02
5–93 254 1773 086 5926 340 7697.85
10–143 188 3333 022 5376 210 8707.69
15–193 351 0433 175 5446 526 5878.08
20–243 294 3363 162 1746 456 5107.99
25–293 163 8893 067 6536 231 5427.71
30–343 189 0753 107 8496 296 9247.79
35–393 308 4133 252 2836 560 6968.12
40–442 891 7992 849 0205 740 8197.10
45–492 556 3642 498 7905 055 1546.26
50–542 349 1392 326 3164 675 4555.79
55–591 977 3281 989 3993 966 7274.91
60–641 651 2151 720 0233 371 2384.17
65–691 188 9861 322 9182 511 9043.11
70–74784 614952 6531 737 2672.15
75–79533 757715 4281 249 1851.55
80–84330 240471 436801 6760.99
85–89152 317282 516434 8330.54
90+43 519117 001160 5200.20
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149 769 1019 264 38719 033 48823.55
15–6427 732 60127 149 05154 881 65267.91
65+3 033 4333 861 9526 895 3858.53

Structure of the population (31.XII.2018):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total41 139 98040 863 90282 003 882100
0–43 327 7803 157 2066 484 9867.91%
5–93 264 6083 094 4126 358 9207.75%
10–143 254 2773 086 1466 340 4237.73%
15–193 299 4493 124 8186 424 2677.83%
20–243 347 2973 199 8326 547 1297.98%
25–293 190 0233 086 4466 276 4697.65%
30–343 205 2053 127 9486 333 1537.72%
35–393 316 6033 259 4696 576 0728.02%
40–442 953 3292 892 6975 846 0267.13%
45–492 670 1832 640 5245 310 7076.48%
50–542 372 1822 329 1424 701 3245.73%
55–592 076 8822 095 4594 172 3415.09%
60–641 692 1301 753 7313 445 8614.20%
65–691 245 9791 366 2282 612 2073.19%
70–74835 3531 021 5691 856 9222.26%
75–79539 825722 7251 262 5501.54%
80–84318 882474 854793 7360.97%
85–89182 957302 957485 9140.59%
90+47 136127 739174 8750.21%
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149 846 5659 337 76419 184 32923.39%
15–6428 123 28327 510 06655 633 34967.84%
65+3 170 1324 016 0727 186 2048.76%

Structure of the population (31.XII.2019):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total41 721 13641 433 86183 154 997100
0–43 254 7193 090 4176 345 1367.63%
5–93 316 6213 144 4186 461 0397.77%
10–143 288 2073 117 9636 406 1707.70%
15–193 254 8913 076 7036 331 5947.61%
20–243 392 3743 231 7046 624 0787.97%
25–293 240 6573 126 6546 367 3117.66%
30–343 221 3813 141 6366 363 0177.65%
35–393 324 7593 260 0846 584 8437.92%
40–443 016 8982 950 4865 967 3847.18%
45–492 772 8382 760 7215 533 5596.65%
50–542 367 5772 307 7964 675 3735.62%
55–592 178 4542 211 5434 389 9975.28%
60–641 754 5001 800 2693 554 7694.27%
65–691 301 3711 421 3012 722 6723.27%
70–74907 8501 109 0632 016 9132.43%
75–79560 695747 6041 308 2991.57%
80–84323 732493 998817 7300.98%
85–89192 938304 472497 4100.60%
90+50 674137 029187 7030.23%
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149 859 5479 352 79819 212 34523.10%
15–6428 524 32927 867 59656 391 92567.82%
65+3 337 2604 213 4677 550 7279.08%

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (31.XII.2020):[25]

Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total41 915 98541 698 37783 614 362100
0–43 140 1722 981 5356 121 7077.32
5–93 349 2533 177 3406 526 5937.81
10–143 294 9853 124 9526 419 9377.68
15–193 201 5883 028 5266 230 1147.45
20–243 408 4343 255 2026 663 6367.97
25–293 240 5433 130 4116 370 9547.62
30–343 199 7103 119 1846 318 8947.56
35–393 270 5123 203 0716 473 5837.74
40–443 145 6453 089 4656 235 1107.46
45–492 788 0352 775 6315 563 6666.65
50–542 325 1902 259 4424 584 6325.48
55–592 273 0882 304 4994 577 5875.47
60–641 764 9381 809 4563 574 3944.27
65–691 399 0521 539 6632 938 7153.51
70–74960 7421 170 9632 131 7052.55
75–79583 671771 6751 355 3461.62
80–84339 767521 432861 1991.03
85–89177 532289 216466 7480.56
90+53 128146 714199 8420.24
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149 784 4109 283 82719 068 23722.80
15–6428 617 68327 974 88756 592 57067.68
65+3 513 8924 439 6637 953 5559.51

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (31.XII.2021):[25]

Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total42 428 10142 252 17284 680 273100
0–43 033 0292 880 5805 913 6096.98
5–93 398 8123 225 3906 624 2027.82
10–143 304 8513 133 3016 438 1527.60
15–193 203 5193 026 1906 229 7097.36
20–243 445 4103 296 1706 741 5807.96
25–293 296 9193 179 9806 476 8997.65
30–343 212 6683 129 1196 341 7877.49
35–393 228 0633 158 1456 386 2087.54
40–443 294 0713 253 0916 547 1627.73
45–492 838 7662 823 4955 662 2616.69
50–542 403 7262 350 7584 754 4845.61
55–592 337 3042 369 8764 707 1805.56
60–641 776 2541 835 6623 611 9164.27
65–691 508 9901 647 4583 156 4483.73
70–74982 5731 192 4512 175 0242.57
75–79598 307794 4111 392 7181.64
80–84340 568520 841861 4091.02
85–89169 807286 741456 5480.54
90+54 464148 513202 9770.24
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149 736 6929 239 27118 975 96322.41
15–6429 036 70028 422 48657 459 18667.85
65+3 654 7094 590 4158 245 1249.74

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (31.XII.2022):[25]

Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total42 704 11242 575 44185 279 553100
0–42 904 3792 759 2415 663 6206.64
5–93 404 9723 230 1056 635 0777.78
10–143 303 3713 133 0436 436 4147.55
15–193 244 5003 070 6096 315 1097.41
20–243 388 7243 245 9846 634 7087.78
25–293 334 4393 218 7306 553 1697.68
30–343 199 0283 116 0196 315 0477.41
35–393 215 4513 151 2906 366 7417.47
40–443 321 8733 284 1566 606 0297.75
45–492 893 8312 869 7035 763 5346.76
50–542 543 5882 511 0365 054 6245.93
55–592 305 8462 321 2954 627 1415.53
60–641 893 8621 962 8093 856 6714.52
65-691 523 4121 661 8773 185 2893.74
70-741 031 8971 232 2222 264 1192.65
75-79617 021827 7771 444 7981.69
80-84353 290540 167893 4571.05
85-89165 676284 407450 0830.53
90+58 952154 971213 9230.25
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149 612 7229 122 38918 735 11121.97
15–6429 341 14228 751 63158 092 77368.12
65+3 750 2484 701 4218 451 6699.91

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (31.XII.2023):[25]

Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total42 734 07142 638 30685 372 377100
0–42 741 8732 606 1815 348 0546.26
5–93 368 8253 197 6616 566 4867.69
10–143 283 7643 113 3296 397 0937.49
15–193 283 5113 113 0086 396 5197.49
20–243 317 0073 158 5136 475 5207.59
25–293 330 8513 212 2106 543 0617.66
30–343 172 4823 094 6836 267 1657.34
35–393 190 7623 138 4846 329 2467.41
40–443 298 6823 265 9566 564 6387.69
45–492 932 7672 894 0245 826 7916.83
50–542 637 6802 634 9865 272 6666.18
55–592 315 3132 311 2094 626 5225.42
60–641 980 1982 055 6124 035 8104.73
65-691 554 0591 686 3543 240 4133.80
70-741 077 7881 267 5532 345 3412.75
75-79656 329886 5991 542 9281.81
80-84357 820546 603904 4231.06
85-89163 397288 413451 8100.53
90+70 963166 928237 8910.28
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149 394 4628 917 17118 311 63321.45
15–6429 459 25328 878 68558 337 93868.33
65+3 880 3564 842 4508 722 80610.22

Immigration

Immigration to Turkey is the process by which people migrate to Turkey to reside in the country. After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and following Turkish War of Independence, an exodus by the large portion of Turkish (Turkic) and Muslim peoples from the Balkans (Balkan Turks, Albanians, Bosniaks, Pomaks), Caucasus (Abkhazians, Ajarians, Circassians, Chechens), Crimea (Crimean Tatar diaspora), and Crete (Cretan Turks) took refuge in present-day Turkey and moulded the country's fundamental features. Trends of immigration towards Turkey continue to this day, although the motives are more varied and are usually in line with the patterns of global immigration movements — Turkey, for example, receives many economic migrants from nearby countries such as Armenia, the Moldova, Georgia, Iran, and Azerbaijan, but also from Central Asia, Ukraine and Russia. Turkey's migrant crisis during the 2010s saw high numbers of people arriving in Turkey, particularly those fleeing the Syrian civil war.

As of August 2023, the number of refugees of the Syrian civil war in Turkey was estimated to be 3,307,882 people. The number of Syrians had decreased by 205,894 people since the beginning of the year.[26] In 2022, nearly 100 000 Russian citizens migrated to Turkey, becoming the first in the list of foreigners who moved to Turkey, meaning an increase of more than 218% from 2021.[27]

In order to obtain Turkish citizenship there is a range of legal grounds, which can include: reunification with their family, marriage to a Turkish citizen, for the purchase of real estate worth $400,000 from a Turkish citizen or company.[28] The minimum investment amount was increased in May 2022, previously it was enough to invest $250,000. Also the basis is to work in Turkey, training, business, medical treatment, refugee status.

In 2023 the foreign population of Türkiye decreased by 253,293 down to 1,570,543.[29]

Population in Turkey by country of citizenship by the end of each years:[25]

Country202220212020
Total people living in Turkey85 279 55384 680 27383 614 362
 Turkey83 455 717 (97.86%)82 888 237 (97.88%)82 280 952 (98.41%)
Total foreign population1 823 836 (2.14%)1 792 036(2.12%)1 333 410 (1.59%)
 Iraq275 305 (0.32%)322 015 (0.38%)281 074 (0.34%)
 Afghanistan186 160 (0.22%)183 567 (0.22%)158 252 (0.19%)
 Russian Federation151 049 (0.18%)66 786 (0.08%)43 679 (0.05%)
 Iran117 026 (0.14%)128 883 (0.15%)68 561 (0.08%)
 Turkmenistan116 447 (0.14%)123 965 (0.15%)91 218 (0.11%)
 Germany110 453 (0.13%)102 592 (0.12%)92 284 (0.11%)
 Syria99 360 (0.12%)104 554 (0.12%)88 907 (0.11%)
 Azerbaijan68 884 (0.08%)68 562(0.08%)48 495 (0.06%)
 Uzbekistan61 754 (0.07%)71 145 (0.08%)36 510 (0.04%)
 Ukraine50 357 (0.06%)23 377 (0.03%)17 505 (0.02%)
 Kazakhstan45 530 (0.05%)39 454 (0.05%)23 645 (0.03%)
 Egypt33 040 (0.04%)34 162 (0.04%)25 475 (0.03%)
 Palestine26 278 (0.03%)28 027 (0.03%)17 915 (0.02%)
 Kyrgyzstan24 485 (0.03%)26 541 (0.03%)18 019 (0.02%)
 Jordan22 733 (0.03%)23 656 (0.03%)14 260 (0.02%)
 Libya21 677 (0.03%)24 188 (0.03%)18 607 (0.02%)
 Austria21 311 (0.02%)19 900 (0.02%)18 047 (0.02%)
 Somalia20 906 (0.02%)28 081 (0.03%)17 245 (0.02%)
 Yemen19 099 (0.02%)18 094 (0.02%)14 927 (0.02%)
 Morocco18 482 (0.02%)20 520 (0.02%)12 122 (0.01%)
 United Kingdom17 193 (0.02%)16 440 (0.02%)13 985 (0.02%)
 China16 880 (0.02%)20 486 (0.02%)18 740 (0.02%)
 Bulgaria16 612 (0.02%)15 426 (0.02%)14 195 (0.02%)
 Pakistan16 505 (0.02%)17 290 (0.02%)7 248 (0.01%)
 Georgia14 680 (0.02%)19 276 (0.02%)15 661 (0.02%)
 Greece13 583 (0.02%)12 569 (0.01%)12 137 (0.01%)
 Nigeria12 928 (0.02%)12 920 (0.02%)7 120 (0.01%)
 United States12 793 (0.02%)12 773 (0.02%)9 032 (0.01%)
 Lebanon12 430 (0.01%)13 242 (0.02%)5 943 (0.01%)
 Algeria12 248 (0.01%)10 698 (0.01%)5 914 (0.01%)
 Sudan11 613 (0.01%)9 538 (0.01%)3 193 (<0.01%)
 Indonesia11 280 (0.01%)10 219 (0.01%)5 226 (0.01%)
 Netherlands8 104 (0.01%)7 686 (0.01%)6 550 (0.01%)
 Tajikistan7 153 (0.01%)7 965 (0.01%)3 626 (<0.01%)
 Moldova6 790 (0.01%)7 546 (0.01%)6 295 (0.01%)
 Kuwait6 190 (0.01%)5 498 (0.01%)3 559 (<0.01%)
 Ethiopia6 165 (0.01%)6 633 (0.01%)2 936 (<0.01%)
 Tunisia6 075 (0.01%)6 033 (0.01%)2 961 (<0.01%)
 Belarus5 169 (0.01%)3 873 (<0.01%)
 India4 669 (0.01%)3 092 (<0.01%)
 France4 526 (0.01%)4 294 (0.01%)3 181 (<0.01%)

Internal migration

Place of origin (rows) versus place of residence (columns) for Turkish citizens in 2014[30]
RegionsİstanbulWest MarmaraAegeanEast MarmaraWest AnatoliaMediterraneanCentral AnatoliaWest Black SeaEast Black SeaNortheast AnatoliaCentral East AnatoliaSoutheast AnatoliaTotal Population
İstanbul2,162,58879,00972,12384,68938,80238,6734,85811,9769,1473,5333,6674,7542,513,819
West Marmara523,7252,378,938187,256135,36444,40927,3765,14010,2384,5135,2737,1108,8613,338,203
Aegean297,14376,5187,047,801210,522134,073166,78516,60622,25210,35414,93620,38828,2248,045,602
East Marmara520,69867,299131,5864,317,877187,04361,78210,71533.37110,7018,0749,77512,2865,371,207
West Anatolia272,83535,919259,387127,7943,721,634192,93449,94229,5458,46810,36013,72720,8504,743,395
Mediterranean470,67353,295250,529111,393228,3987,329,964100,72932,46116,96321,66746,013181,8748,843,959
Central Anatolia1,346,00792,421297,114235,4071,223,857305,3433,466,97170,72916,60420,20432,15336,8187,143,628
West Black Sea2,637,016186,103252,628458,730956,151133,05354,5783,982,18542,93518,87821,75727,7358,771,749
East Black Sea1,918,80596,494152,843529,110241,80170,82319,104198,8692,382,70433,85411,85213,1405,669,399
Northeast Anatolia1,580,876120,086504,588593,882344,929101,60063,02934,65632,7612,009,25339,92120,5765,446,157
Central East Anatolia1,293,15786,315359,161299,390167,451393,10231,61222,06411,07031,7093,438,577133,8626,267,470
Southeast Anatolia1,197,95965,538445,279174,765156,4891,002,77133,87623,66611,68922,036150,0287,738,94111,023,037
Total population14,221,4823,337,9359,960,2957,278,9237,445,0379,824,2063,857,1604,472,0122,557,9092,199,7773,794,9688,227,92177,177,625

Ethnicity

Modern Turkey was founded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk as secular (Laiklik, Turkish adaptation of French Laïcité), i.e. without a state religion, or separate ethnic divisions/ identities. The concept of "minorities" has only been accepted by the Republic of Turkey as defined by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) and thence strictly limited to Greeks, Jews and Armenians, only based on religious affiliation, excluding from the scope of the concept the ethnic identities of these minorities as of others such as the Kurds who make up 15% of the country; others include Assyrians/Syriacs of various Christian denominations, Alevis and all the others.[31][32][33][34] Provisions of the Lausanne Treaty were extended to Bulgarians in Turkey by the Turkey-Bulgaria Friendship Treaty (Türkiye ve Bulgaristan Arasındaki Dostluk Antlaşması) of 18 October 1925.[33][35][36][37] According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey), as of 2008, there were 89,000 Turkish citizens belonging to one of the three recognized minorities, two thirds of Armenian descent.[38] On 18 June 2013, the Ankara 13th Circuit Administrative Court unanimously ruled that the Assyrians were included as beneficiaries of the Lausanne Treaty,[39] so that Assyrians were allowed to open the first school teaching in their mother tongue.[40][41]

There are many reports from sources such as (Human Rights Watch, European Parliament, European Commission, national parliaments in EU member states, Amnesty International etc.) on persistent yet declining discrimination.[citation needed]

Certain current trends are:

  • Turkish imams get salaries from the state, whereas Turkish Alevi as well as non-Orthodox and non-Armenian clerics are not paid.[citation needed]
  • Imams can be trained freely at the numerous religious schools and theology departments of universities throughout the country; minority religions cannot re-open schools for training of their local clerics due to legislation and international treaties dating back to the end of Turkish War of Independence. The closing of the Theological School of Halki is a sore bone of contention between Turkey and the Eastern Orthodox world;[citation needed]
  • Turkey has recently engaged in promulgating a series of legal enactments aiming at removal of the procedural hurdles before the use of several local languages spoken by Turkish citizens such as Kurdish (Kurmanji), Arabic and Zaza as medium of public communication, together with several other smaller ethnic group languages. A few private Kurdish teaching centers have recently been allowed to open. Kurdish-language TV broadcasts on 24/7 basis at the public frequency denominated in the government-owned TRT 6, while the private national channels show no interest yet. However, there are already several satellite Kurdish TV stations operating from Kurdish Autonomous Region at Northern Iraq and Western Europe, broadcasting in Kurdish, Turkish and Neo-Aramaic languages, Kurdistan TV, KurdSAT, etc.;[citation needed]
  • Non-Muslim minority numbers are said to be falling rapidly, mainly as a result of aging, migration (to Israel, Greece, the United States and Western Europe).[citation needed]
  • There is concern over the future of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate, which suffers from a lack of trained clergy due to the closure of the Halki school. The state does not recognise the Ecumenical status of the Patriarch of Constantinople.[42]

Languages

No exact data is available concerning the different ethnic groups in Turkey. The last census data according to language date from 1965 and major changes may have occurred since then. However, it is clear that the Turkish are in the majority, while the largest minority groups are Kurds and Arabs. Smaller minorities are the Armenians, Greeks and others.

Population of Turkey according to language
LanguageCensus 1935[43]Census 1945[44]Census 1965[44]
Number%Number%Number%
Turkish13,828,00086.0216,598,03788.328,175,57990.2
Kurdish1,480,2469.161,476,5627.92,108,7216.9
Zazaki147,7070.5
Arabic153,6870.95247,2941.3368,9711.2
Greek108,7250.6788,6800.549,1430.2
Circassian91,9720.5766,6910.457,3370.2
Ladino79,0000.4951,0190.39,1240.0
Armenian57,5990.3647,7280.332,4840.1
Laz63,2530.3939,3230.327,7150.1
Georgian57,3250.3540,0760.232,3340.1
Abaza10,0990.068,6020.010,6430.0
Total16,157,45018,790,17431,391,207

The word Turk or Turkish also has a wider meaning in a historical context because, at times, especially in the past, it has been used to refer to all Muslim inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire irrespective of their ethnicity.[45]

A possible list of ethnic groups living in Turkey could be as follows:[46]

  1. Turkic-speaking peoples: Turks, Azerbaijanis, Tatars, Karachays, Uzbeks, Crimean Tatars and Uyghurs
  2. Indo-European-speaking peoples: Kurds, Zazas,[47] Megleno-Romanians,[48] Bosniaks, Albanians, Pomaks, Ossetians, Armenians, Hamshenis, Goranis and Greeks
  3. Semitic-speaking peoples: Arabs, Jews and Assyrians/Syriacs
  4. Caucasian-speaking peoples: Circassians, Georgians, Lazs and Chechens

According to the 2016 edition of the CIA World Factbook, 70–75% of Turkey's population consists of ethnic Turks, with Kurds accounting for 19% and other minorities between 6 and 11%.[49]According to Milliyet, a 2008 report prepared for the National Security Council of Turkey by academics of three Turkish universities in eastern Anatolia suggested that there are approximately 55 million ethnic Turks, 9.6 million Kurds, 3 million Zazas, 2.5 million Circassians, 2 million Bosniaks, 500,000–1.3 million Albanians, 1,000,000 Georgians, 870,000 Arabs, 600,000 Pomaks, 80,000 Laz, 60,000 Armenians, 30,000 British, 25,000 Assyrians/Syriacs, 20,000 Jews, and 15,000 Greeks, 500 Yazidis living in Turkey.[50]

According to a survey published in 2022 by Konda Research, Turks make up 77% of the population, while 19% self-identify as Kurd. Arabs (Syrian refugees excluded) make up 2%, and other ethnic groups are 2% of the population.[51]

Since the immigration to the big cities in the west of Turkey, interethnic marriage has become more common. A recent study estimates that there are 2,708,000 marriages between Turks and Kurds.[52]

According to a survey done in March 2020 by Area Araştırma, 20.4% of the total population of Turkey claim to be Kurdish (either Kurmanji speaking or Zazaki speaking).

Ethnolinguistic estimates in 2014 by Ethnologue and Jacques Leclerc:[53][54][48]

PeoplePopulationPercentageLanguageStatus
Anatolian Turks53,402,00070.6%Turkish1 (National)
Kurmanji Kurds8,127,00010.7%Kurmanji3 (Wider communication)
Turcophones, Kurds5,881,0007.7%Turkish1 (National)
Zaza1,155,0001.5%Zaza5 (Developing)
Arabs1,133,0001.4%Levantine Arabic
Kabardians, Circassians1,062,0001.4 %Kabardian5 (Developing)
Iraqi Arabs722,0000.9%Mesopotamian Arabic6a (Vigorous)
Azerbaijani540,0000.7%Azerbaijani5 (Developing)
Romani500,000 (1985)0.7%Romani, Domari
Gagauzes418,0000.5%Balkan Gagauz Turkish7 (Shifting)
Pomaks351,0000.4%Bulgarian5 (Dispersed)
Pontic Greeks321,0000.4%Pontic Greek6a (Vigorous)
Adyghe, Circassians316,0000.4%Adyghe5 (Developing)
Alevi Kurds184,0000.2%Zazaki
Georgians151,0000,1 %Georgian6b (Threatened)
Bosniaks101,0000.1%Bosnian
Chechens101,0000.1%Chechen
Crimean Tatars100,0000.1%Crimean Tatar5 (Developing)
Lazi93,0000.1%Laz language6b (Threatened)
Karakalpaks74,000Karakalpak
Albanians66,000Tosk Albanian6b (Threatened)
Armenians61,000Armenian6b (Threatened)
Abkhazians44,000Abkhazian6b (Threatened)
Han Chinese38,000Chinese
Ossetians37,000Ossetian
British35,000English
Bulgarians32,000Bulgarian
Jews30,000Turkish, Ladino7 (Shifting)
Tatars26,000Tatar
Assyrians25,000Aramaic
22,000Urdu
Assyrians15,000Turoyo6b (Threatened)
Turks other (Hemshin, Meskhetian Turks, Gajal)57,000Turkish
Kurds other (Herki and Shikaki)62,000Kurdish
Other180,000
Total75,566,800

Religion

Religious affiliation

Muslim and non-Muslim population in Turkey, 1914–2005 (in thousands)[55]
Year191419271945196519902005
Muslims12,94113,29018,51131,13956,86071,997
Greeks1,5491101047683
Armenians1,2047760646750
Jews1288277382927
Others1767138745045
Total15,99713,63018,79031,39157,00572,120
Percentage non-Muslim19.12.51.50.80.30.2

The percentage of non-Muslims in Turkey fell from 19.1% in 1914 to 2.5% percent in 1927.[55] The drop was the result of the late Ottoman genocides, the population exchange between Greece and Turkey[56] and the emigration of Christians.[57] The 1942 Wealth Tax on non-Muslims, the emigration of many of Turkish Jews to Israel after 1948, and the 1955 Istanbul pogrom further contributed to the decline of Turkey's non-Muslim population.

There are no official statistics of people's religious beliefs nor is it asked in the census. According to the government, 99.8% of the Turkish population is Muslim, mostly Sunni, some 8 million are Alevis.[58] The remaining 0.2% is other - mostly Christians and Jews.[11] However, these are based on the existing religion information written on every citizen's national id card, that is automatically passed on from the parents to every newborn, and do not necessarily represent individual choice. Religious records can be changed or even blanked on the request of citizen, by filing an e-government application since May 2020, using a valid electronic signature to sign the electronic application. Any change in religion records additionally results in a new ID card being issued. Any change in religion record also leaves a permanent trail in the census record, however, record of change of religion is not accessible except for the citizen in question, next-of-kins of the citizen in question, the citizenship administration and courts.[59]

In a poll conducted by Sabancı University in 2006, 98.3% of Turks revealed they were Muslim.[60] A Eurobarometer Poll in 2005 reported that in a poll 98% of Turkish citizens answered that "they believe there is a God", while 1% responded that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force".[61] In a Pew Research Center survey, 53% of Turkey's Muslims said that "religion is very important in their lives".[62] Based on the Gallup Poll 2006–08, Turkey was defined as More religious, in which over 63 percent of people believe religion is important.[63][64] According to the Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation, 62% of women wear the headscarf or hijab in Turkey.[65][66][67]

A poll conducted by Eurobarometer and KONDA and some other research institutes in 2013 showed that around 0.5% of the population had no religion. Another poll conducted by the same institutions in 2018 showed that 3% of those interviewed had no religion.[68][69]

According to Ipsos survey,[70] in 2016 Islam was the major religion in Turkey comprising 82% of the total population, followed by religiously unaffiliated people, comprising 13% of the population, and Christians, forming 0.2%.

Religiosity

The vast majority of the present-day Turkish people are Muslim and the most popular sect is the Hanafite school of Sunni Islam, which was officially espoused by the Ottoman Empire; according to the KONDA Research and Consultancy survey carried out throughout Turkey on 2007:[71][58][72]

  • 52.8% defined themselves as "a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations" (Religious)
  • 34.3 % defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (Not religious).
  • 9.7% defined themselves as "a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations" (Fully devout).
  • 2.3% defined themselves as "someone who does not believe in religious obligations" (Non-believer).
  • 0.9% defined themselves as "someone with no religious conviction" (Atheist).

In 2018 KONDA released a new study:[73][74]

  • 51% defined themselves as "a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations" (Religious)
  • 34% defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (Not religious).
  • 10% defined themselves as "a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations" (Fully devout).
  • 2% defined themselves as "someone who does not believe in religious obligations" (Non-believer).
  • 3% defined themselves as "someone with no religious conviction" (Atheist).

Among those aged between 15 and 29 years old:[75]

  • 43% defined themselves as "a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations" (Religious)
  • 45% defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (Not religious).
  • 5% defined themselves as "a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations" (Fully devout).
  • 4% defined themselves as "someone who does not believe in religious obligations" (Non-believer).
  • 4% defined themselves as "someone with no religious conviction" (Atheist).

See also

References

Notes

External links

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