Online communities, that are wont to officially celebrate national events that are only relevant to people of a single country and either are none of a foreigner's business or are issues with which foreigners find no reason to celebrate, should close their doors to foreign members and declare themselves a national community.
International online communities should be politically neutral and open to members with different political opinions. Their administrators should be wary of using "inclusive we" in their official discourse, lest they alienate some of the members of the community.
I'm NOT talking about any of the Wikimedia projects. Here, NPOV, i18n and m10n are the norm.
TEST
Bühler's aspirate derivations
| Phoenician | Aramaic | Value | Brahmi | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | aspirated | |||||
 |  | k [k] |  | ka | ||
 |  | q [q] |  | kha | ||
 |  | g [ɡ] |  | ga | ||
 |  | ḥ [ħ] |  | gha | ||
 | ṅa | |||||
 |  | h [h], M.L. |  | ha | ||
 |  | ṣ [sˤ] |  | ca |  | cha |
 |  | z [z] |  | ja |  | jha |
 |  | y [j], M.L. |  | ya | ||
 |  | š [ʃ] |  | śa | ||
 | ṭa |  | ṭha | |||
 | ḍa |  | ḍha | |||
 | ṇa | |||||
 |  | r [r] |  | ra | ||
 |  | s [s] |  | ṣa | ||
 |  | t [t] |  | ta | ||
 |  | ṭ [tˤ] |  | tha | ||
 |  | d [d] |  | da |  | dha |
 |  | n [n] |  | na | ||
 |  | l [l] |  | la | ||
 | sa | |||||
| 𑀴 | ḷa | |||||
 |  | p [p] |  | pa |  | pha |
 |  | b [b] |  | ba |  | bha |
 |  | m [m] |  | ma | ||
 |  | w [w], M.L. |  | va | ||
 |  | * |  | a | ||
 |  | ʿ [ʕ], M.L. |  | e | ||
Armenian vs Ge'ez
Or how stupid a Quora troll can be.
| Translit. | h | l | ḥ | m | ś (SA s2) | r | s (SA s1) | ḳ | b | t | ḫ | n |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phoenician | 𐤄 | 𐤋 | 𐤇 | 𐤌 | 𐤔 | 𐤓 | 𐤒 | 𐤁 | 𐤕 | 𐤍 | ||
| Geʻez | ሀ | ለ | ሐ | መ | ሠ | ረ | ሰ | ቀ | በ | ተ | ኀ | ነ |
| South Arabian | 𐩠 | 𐩡 | 𐩢 | 𐩣 | 𐩦 | 𐩧 | 𐩪 | 𐩤 | 𐩨 | 𐩩 | 𐩭 | 𐩬 |
| Latin | E | L | H | M | S | R | Q | B | T | N | ||
| Armenian | հ | լ | մ |
| Translit. | ʾ | k | w | ʿ | z (SA ḏ) | y | d | g | ṭ | ṣ | ḍ | f |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phoenician | 𐤀 | 𐤊 | 𐤅 | 𐤏 | 𐤉 | 𐤃 | 𐤂 | 𐤈 | 𐤑 | 𐤐 | ||
| Geʻez | አ | ከ | ወ | ዐ | ዘ | የ | ደ | ገ | ጠ | ጸ | ፀ | ፈ |
| Latin | A | K | V,Y | O | I | D | C,G | P | ||||
| Armenian |
Hangul for Lojban
| Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | /m/ ㅁ | /n/ ㄴ | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | /p/ ㅍ | /t/ ㅌ | /k/ ㅋ | /ʔ/ ㆆ | |
| voiced | /b/ ㅂ | /d/ ㄷ | /ɡ/ ㄱ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | /f/ ([ɸ]) ㆄ | /s/ ᄼ | /ʃ/ ([ʂ]) ᄾ | /x/ ㆅ | /h/ ([θ]) ㅎ |
| voiced | /v/ ([β]) ㅸ | /z/ ᅎ | /ʒ/ ([ʐ]) ᅐ | |||
| Approximant | /l/ ㄹ | |||||
| Rhotic | /r/ ᄛ | |||||
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | /i/ ㅣ | /u/ ㅜ | |
| Mid | /ɛ/ ([e]) ㅓ | /ə/ ㅡ | /o/ ([ɔ]) ㅗ |
| Open | /a/ ([ɑ]) ㅏ | ||
| Hangul | IPA | Description |
|---|---|---|
| ㅐ | [aj] | an open vowel with palatal off-glide |
| ㅔ | [ɛj] | a front mid vowel with palatal off-glide |
| ㅚ | [oj] | a back mid vowel with palatal off-glide |
| ㅏㅜ | [aw] | an open vowel with labial off-glide |
| ㅑ | [ja] | an open vowel with palatal on-glide |
| ㅕ | [jɛ] | a front mid vowel with palatal on-glide |
| ㅣㅣ | [ji] | a front close vowel with palatal on-glide |
| ㅛ | [jo] | a back mid vowel with palatal on-glide |
| ㅠ | [ju] | a back close vowel with palatal on-glide |
| ㅘ | [wa] | an open vowel with labial on-glide |
| ㅝ | [wɛ] | a front mid vowel with labial on-glide |
| ㅟ | [wi] | a front close vowel with labial on-glide |
| ㅜㅗ | [wo] | a back mid vowel with labial on-glide |
| ㅜㅜ | [wu] | a back close vowel with labial on-glide |
| ㅣㅡ | [jə] | a central mid vowel with palatal on-glide |
| ㅜㅡ | [wə] | a central mid vowel with labial on-glide |
English consonants
Consonant examples
The following table shows typical examples of the occurrence of the above consonant phonemes in words, using minimal pairs where possible.
| Fortis | Lenis | Other consonants | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /p/ | pit | /b/ | bit | /m/ | Tim |
| /t/ | tin | /d/ | din | /n/ | tin |
| /k/ | cut | /ɡ/ | gut | /ŋ/ | ting |
| /tʃ/ | cheap | /dʒ/ | jeep | /j/ | your |
| /f/ | fat | /v/ | vat | /w/ | wore |
| /θ/ | thigh | /ð/ | thy | /r/ | rump |
| /s/ | sap | /z/ | zap | /l/ | lump |
| /ʃ/ | Aleutian | /ʒ/ | allusion | /x/ | loch |
| /h/ | ham | ||||
Old Italic
| Phoenician [←] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Value | ʾ | b | g | d | h | w | z | ḥ | ṭ | y | k | l | m | n | s | ʿ | p | ṣ | q | r | š | t | ||||||||
| Western Greek [→] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |||||
| Value | a | b | g | d | e | w | zd | h | tʰ | i | k | l | m | n | o | p | s | k | r | s | t | u | ks | pʰ | kʰ | |||||
| Transcription | Α | Β | Γ | Δ | Ε | Ϝ | Ζ | Η | Θ | Ι | Κ | Λ | Μ | Ν | Ξ | Ο | Π | Ϻ | Ϙ | Ρ | Σ | Τ | Υ | X | Φ | Ψ | ||||
| Marsiliana [←] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ||||
| Archaic (to 5th c.) [←] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |  |  | | | | | |  | |||||||
| Neo (4th to 1st c.)[←] | | | | | |  |  | | |  |  | | |  | |  |  |  |  | | ||||||||||
| Value | a | k | e | v | ts | h | th | i | k | l | m | n | p | ʃ | k | r | s | t | u | s | ph | kh | f | |||||||
| Transcription | a | c | e | v | z | h | θ | i | k | l | m | n | p | ś | q | r | s | t | u | ṡ | φ | χ | f | |||||||
| Oscan [←] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |||||||||
| Value | a | b | g | d | ɛ | v | ts | x? | i | k | l | m | n | p | r | s | t | o: | f | o | e | |||||||||
| Transcription | A | B | G | D | E | V | Z | H | I | K | L | M | N | P | R | S | T | U | F | Ú | Í | |||||||||
| Lepontic [?][→] | 𐌀 | 𐌄 | 𐌅 | 𐌆 | 𐌈 | 𐌉 | 𐌊 | 𐌋 | 𐌌 | 𐌍 | 𐌏 | 𐌐 | 𐌑 | 𐌓 | 𐌔 | 𐌕 | 𐌖 | 𐌗 | ||||||||||||
| Transcription | A | E | V | Z | Θ | I | K | L | M | N | O | P | Ś | R | S | T | U | X | ||||||||||||
| South Picene [?][→] | 𐌀 | 𐌁 | 𐌂 | 𐌃 | 𐌄 | 𐌅 | 𐌇 | 𐌉 | 𐌊 | 𐌋 | 𐌌 | 𐌍 | 𐌏 | 𐌐 | 𐌒 | 𐌓 | 𐌔 | 𐌕 | 𐌖 | 𐌚 | 𐌞 | 𐌝 | 𐌟 | |||||||
| Transcription | A | B | G | D | E | V | H | I | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | F | Ú | Í | * |
Proposed orthography for Pashto
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close |
|
| ||||||||||
| Mid |
|
|
| |||||||||
| Open |
|
|
Consonants
| Labial | Denti- alveolar | Post- alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal |
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Plosive | voiceless |
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||
| voiced |
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Affricate | voiceless |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| voiced |
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fricative | voiceless |
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||
| voiced |
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Approximant |
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trill/Flap |
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pinyin
| Nucleus | ∅ | /ə/ | /a/ | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coda | ∅ | /i/ | /u/ | /n/ | /ŋ/ | ∅ | /i/ | /u/ | /n/ | /ŋ/ | |||||||||||||
| Medial | ∅ | zhi ㄓ [ʈʂɻ̩] | jy jyr jyy jyh | zhe ㄓㄜ [ʈʂɤ] | je jer jee jeh | zhei ㄓㄟ [ʈʂei̯] | jei jeir jeei jey | zhou ㄓㄡ [ʈʂou̯] | jou jour joou jow | zhen ㄓㄣ [ʈʂən] | jen jern jeen jenn | zheng ㄓㄥ [ʈʂəŋ] | jeng jerng jeeng jenq | zha ㄓㄚ [ʈʂa] | ja jar jaa jah | zhai ㄓㄞ [ʈʂai̯] | jai jair jae jay | zhao ㄓㄠ [ʈʂau̯] | jau jaur jao jaw | zhan ㄓㄢ [ʈʂan] | jan jarn jaan jann | zhang ㄓㄤ [ʈʂaŋ] | jang jarng jaang janq |
| j | ji ㄐㄧ [tɕi] | ji jyi jii jih | jie ㄐㄧㄝ [tɕje] | jie jye jiee jieh | jiu ㄐㄧㄡ [tɕjou̯] | jiou jyou jeou jiow | jin ㄐㄧㄣ [tɕin] | jin jyn jiin jinn | jing ㄐㄧㄥ [tɕiŋ] | jing jyng jiing jinq | jia ㄐㄧㄚ [tɕja] | jia jya jea jiah | jiao ㄐㄧㄠ [tɕjau̯] | jiau jyau jeau jiaw | jian ㄐㄧㄢ [tɕjɛn] | jian jyan jean jiann | jiang ㄐㄧㄤ [tɕjaŋ] | jiang jyang jeang jianq | |||||
| w | zhu ㄓㄨ [ʈʂu] | ju jwu juu juh | zhuo ㄓㄨㄛ [ʈʂwo] | juo jwo juoo juoh | zhui ㄓㄨㄟ [ʈʂwei̯] | juei jwei joei juey | zhun ㄓㄨㄣ [ʈʂwən] | juen jwen joen juenn | zhong ㄓㄨㄥ [ʈʂʊŋ] | jong jorng joong jonq | zhua ㄓㄨㄚ [ʈʂwa] | jua jwa joa juah | zhuai ㄓㄨㄞ [ʈʂwai̯] | juai jwai joai juay | zhuan ㄓㄨㄢ [ʈʂwan] | juan jwan joan juann | zhuang ㄓㄨㄤ [ʈʂwaŋ] | juang jwang joang juanq | |||||
| ɥ | ju ㄐㄩ [tɕy] | jiu jyu jeu jiuh | jue ㄐㄩㄝ [tɕɥe] | jiue jyue jeue jiueh | jun ㄐㄩㄣ [tɕyn] | jiun jyun jeun jiunn | jiong ㄐㄩㄥ [tɕjʊŋ] | jiong jyong jeong jionq | juan ㄐㄩㄢ [tɕɥɛn] | jiuan jyuan jeuan jiuann | |||||||||||||
| Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Alveolo-palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | unaspirated | b ㄅ [p] | d ㄉ [t] | g ㄍ [k] | ||
| aspirated | p ㄆ [pʰ] | t ㄊ [tʰ] | k ㄎ [kʰ] | |||
| Nasal | m ㄇ [m] | n ㄋ [n] | ||||
| Affricate | unaspirated | z ㄗ [ts] | zh ㄓ [ʈʂ] | j ㄐ [tɕ] | ||
| aspirated | c ㄘ [tsʰ] | ch ㄔ [ʈʂʰ] | q ㄑ [tɕʰ] | |||
| Fricative | f ㄈ [f] | s ㄙ [s] | sh ㄕ [ʂ] | x ㄒ [ɕ] | h ㄏ [x] | |
| Liquid | l ㄌ [l] | r ㄖ [ɻ]~[ʐ] | ||||
| Nucleus | ∅ | /ə/ | /a/ | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coda | ∅ | /i/ | /u/ | /n/ | /ŋ/ | ∅ | /i/ | /u/ | /n/ | /ŋ/ | ||
| Medial | ∅ | shi ㄕ [ʂɻ̩] | she ㄕㄜ [ʂɤ] | shei ㄕㄟ [ʂei̯] | shou ㄕㄡ [ʂou̯] | shen ㄕㄣ [ʂən] | sheng ㄕㄥ [ʂəŋ] | sha ㄕㄚ [ʂa] | shai ㄕㄞ [ʂai̯] | shao ㄕㄠ [ʂau̯] | shan ㄕㄢ [ʂan] | shang ㄕㄤ [ʂaŋ] |
| j | xi ㄒㄧ [ɕi] | xie ㄒㄧㄝ [ɕje] | xiu ㄒㄧㄡ [ɕjou̯] | xin ㄒㄧㄣ [ɕin] | xing ㄒㄧㄥ [ɕiŋ] | xia ㄒㄧㄚ [ɕja] | xiao ㄒㄧㄠ [ɕjau̯] | xian ㄒㄧㄢ [ɕjɛn] | xiang ㄒㄧㄤ [ɕjaŋ] | |||
| w | shu ㄕㄨ [ʂu] | shuo ㄕㄨㄛ [ʂwo] | shui ㄕㄨㄟ [ʂwei̯] | shun ㄕㄨㄣ [ʂwən] | shong ㄕㄨㄥ [ʂʊŋ] | shua ㄕㄨㄚ [ʂwa] | shuai ㄕㄨㄞ [ʂwai̯] | shuan ㄕㄨㄢ [ʂwan] | shuang ㄕㄨㄤ [ʂwaŋ] | |||
| ɥ | xu ㄒㄩ [ɕy] | xue ㄒㄩㄝ [ɕɥe] | xun ㄒㄩㄣ [ɕyn] | xiong ㄒㄩㄥ [ɕjʊŋ] | xuan ㄒㄩㄢ [ɕɥɛn] | |||||||
| Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Alveolo-palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | unaspirated | b [p] | d [t] | g [k] | ||
| aspirated | p [pʰ] | t [tʰ] | k [kʰ] | |||
| Nasal | m [m] | n [n] | ||||
| Affricate | unaspirated | z [ts] | zh [ʈʂ] | j [tɕ] | ||
| aspirated | c [tsʰ] | ch [ʈʂʰ] | q [tɕʰ] | |||
| Fricative | f [f] | s [s] | sh [ʂ] | x [ɕ] | h [x] | |
| Liquid | l [l] | r [ɻ]~[ʐ] | ||||
| Nucleus | ∅ | /ə/ | /a/ | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coda | ∅ | /i/ | /u/ | /n/ | /ŋ/ | ∅ | /i/ | /u/ | /n/ | /ŋ/ | ||
| Medial | ∅ | shi [ʂɻ̩] | she [ʂɤ] | shei [ʂei̯] | shou [ʂou̯] | shen [ʂən] | sheng [ʂəŋ] | sha [ʂa] | shai [ʂai̯] | shao [ʂau̯] | shan [ʂan] | shang [ʂaŋ] |
| j | xi [ɕi] | xie [ɕje] | xiu [ɕjou̯] | xin [ɕin] | xing [ɕiŋ] | xia [ɕja] | xiao [ɕjau̯] | xian [ɕjɛn] | xiang [ɕjaŋ] | |||
| w | shu [ʂu] | shuo [ʂwo] | shui [ʂwei̯] | shun [ʂwən] | shong [ʂʊŋ] | shua [ʂwa] | shuai [ʂwai̯] | shuan [ʂwan] | shuang [ʂwaŋ] | |||
| ɥ | xu [ɕy] | xue [ɕɥe] | xun [ɕyn] | xiong [ɕjʊŋ] | xuan [ɕɥɛn] | |||||||
TEST
ꡜꡓ ꡝꡘ ꡗꡟ ꡏꡗ ꡊꡞ ꡝꡘ
Malay
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | /m/ ⟨m⟩ | /n/ ⟨n⟩ | /ɲ/ ⟨ny⟩ | /ŋ/ ⟨ng⟩ | ||
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | /p/ ⟨p⟩ | /t̪/ ⟨t⟩ | /t͡ʃ/ ⟨c⟩ | /k/ ⟨k⟩ | (/ʔ/ ⟨'⟩) |
| voiced | /b/ ⟨b⟩ | /d/ ⟨d⟩ | /d͡ʒ/ ⟨j⟩ | /ɡ/ ⟨g⟩ | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | (/f/ ⟨f⟩) | /s/ ⟨s⟩ | (/ʃ/ ⟨sy⟩) | (/x/ ⟨kh⟩) | /h/ ⟨h⟩ |
| voiced | (/v/ ⟨v⟩) | (/z/ ⟨z⟩) | ||||
| Approximant | /w/ ⟨w⟩ | /l/ ⟨l⟩ | /j/ ⟨y⟩ | |||
| Trill | /r/ ⟨r⟩ | |||||
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | /i/ ⟨i⟩ | /u/ ⟨u⟩ | |
| Mid | /e/ ⟨e⟩ | /ə/ ⟨e⟩ | /o/ ⟨o⟩ |
| Open | /a/ ⟨a⟩ |
Orkhon for Modern Turkish
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Post- alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | 𐰢 m /m/ | 𐰣 / 𐰤 n /n/ | |||||
| Stop | voiceless | 𐰯 p /p/ | 𐱃 / 𐱅 t /t/ | 𐰲 ç /t͡ʃ/ | 𐰚 k [c] | 𐰴 k /k/ | |
| voiced | 𐰉 / 𐰋 b /b/ | 𐰑 / 𐰓 d /d/ | 𐲤 c /d͡ʒ/ | 𐰏 g [ɟ] | 𐰍 g /ɡ/ | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | 𐳽 f /f/ | 𐰽 / 𐰾 s /s/ | 𐱁 ş /ʃ/ | 𐲏 h /h/ | ||
| voiced | 𐲮 v /v/ | 𐰔 z /z/ | 𐲰 j /ʒ/ | ||||
| Approximant | 𐰞 l [ɫ] | 𐰠 l /l/ | 𐰖 / 𐰘 y /j/ | 𐲍 ğ (/ɰ/) | |||
| Tap | 𐰺 / 𐰼 r /ɾ/ | ||||||
Red: with back vowels / blue: with front vowels / Additional runes
Vowels
| Rune | Back vowel | Front vowel |
|---|---|---|
| 𐰃 | ı /ɯ/ | i /i/ |
| 𐰅 | e /e/ | |
| 𐰀 | a /a/ | |
| 𐰆 | o /o/ | ö /ø/ |
| 𐰇 | u /u/ | ü /y/ |
How to use Baybayin to write Spanish and English words
End
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