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User:States of the World/Draft

Polities

A

B

C

  •  Callaway - Kingdom of Callaway
  • Cambodia - Kingdom of Cambodia
  • Cambodia - Kingdom of Cambodia
  • Cambodia - Kingdom of Cambodia
  • Cambodia - Khmer Republic
  • Cambodia - State of Cambodia
  • Cambodia
  • Cambodia - Kingdom of Cambodia
  • Cambodia - Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia
  •  Cammasa - Emirate of Cammasa
  • Canada
  • Canada, Lower - Province of Lower Canada
  • Canada, Upper - Province of Upper Canada
  • Canada - Republic of Canada
  • Canada, Lower - Republic of Lower Canada
  • Canada - Province of Canada
  • Canada, East
  • Canada, West
  • Canada
    • Dominion of Canada (1867-1950s)
    • Canada (1950s-present)
  • Caucasus - Caucasian Imamate
  • Caucasus, Northern
    • Union of the Peoples of the Northern Caucasus (1917-1918)
    • Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (1918-1922)
  • Caucasus, North - North Caucasian Soviet Republic
  • Caucasus, North - North Caucasian Emirate
  • Caucasus, Northern - Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus
  • Caucasus, North
    • North Caucasian National Commission (1942-1944)
    • National Committee of the North Caucasus (1944-1945)
  • Caucasus
    • Assembly of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus (1989-1991)
    • Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus (1991-2000)
  • Caucasus - Caucasus Emirate
  •  Çemişgezek - Emirate of Çemişgezek
  • Central Highlands and Champa - Republic of Central Highlands and Champa
  •  Chahar, East - East Chahar Special Autonomous Region
  • Chahar, South - South Chahar Autonomous Government
  • Chechenia - Emirate of Chechenia
  • Chechnya
    • Chechen Republic (1991-1994)
    • Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (1994-2000)
  • Chechnya - Provisional Council of the Chechen Republic
  • Chechnya - Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
  • Chechnya - Chechen Republic
  • Chechnya - Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
  • Chechnya-Ingushetia - Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
  • Chechnya-Ingushetia - Provisional Popular Revolutionary Government of Chechnya-Ingushetia
  • Chechnya-Ingushetia
    • Checheno-Ingush Republic (1990-1991)
    • Checheno-Ingush Soviet Socialist Republic (1991-1992)
    • Checheno-Ingush Republic (1992-1993)
  • China - Provisional Government of the Republic of China
  • China - Republic of China
  • China - Empire of China
  • China - Republic of China
  • China - Republic of China
  • China - Republic of China
  • China - Republic of China
  • China - Republic of China
  • China - Republic of China
  • China - Republic of China
  • China - Provisional Government of the Republic of China
  • China - Republic of China
  • China - Republic of China
  • China - Republic of China
  • China
    • Soviet Zone (1927-1937)
    • Anti-Japanese Base Areas (1937-1946)
    • Liberated Zone (1946-1949)
  • China - Republic of China
  • China - Republic of China
  • China
    • Chinese Soviet Republic (1931-1935)
    • Chinese Soviet People's Republic (1935-1937)
  • China - Republic of China
  • China, Northwest - Northwestern Federation of the Chinese Soviet Republic
  • China, Northeast - Northeast Supreme Administrative Council
  • China - Provisional Government of the Republic of China
  • China - Reformed Government of the Republic of China
  • China - Republic of China
  • China, North - North China Political Council
  • China - Republic of China
  • China - People's Republic of China
  • China - Republic of China
  • China - New Federal State of China
  •  Chita - Chita Republic
  •  Chobanid dynasty
  • Chōsen
  • Civil Administration
  • Cochinchina, French - Colony of Cochinchina
  • Cochinchina
    • Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina (1946-1947)
    • Provisional Government of Southern Vietnam (1947-1949)
  • Comrat - Comrat Republic
  •  Córdoba - Emirate of Córdoba
  •  Córdoba - Caliphate of Córdoba
  •  Córdoba - Taifa of Córdoba
  •  Cossackia - Cossack Central Office
  •  Croatia
    • Land of the Croats (600s-852)
    • Duchy of the Croats (852-925)
  •  Croatia
    • Kingdom of the Croats (925-900s)
    • Kingdom of Croatia (900s-1060; 1091-1102)
    • Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia (1060-1091)
  • Croatia
    • Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia (1102-1359)
    • Kingdoms of Croatia and Dalmatia (1359-1526)
  • Croatia - Kingdom of Croatia
  • Croatia - Banovina of Croatia
  • Croatia - Independent State of Croatia
  • Croatia
    • Federal State of Croatia (1943-1945)
    • People's Republic of Croatia (1945-1963)
    • Socialist Republic of Croatia (1963-1990)
    • Republic of Croatia (1990-1991)
  • Croatia - Republic of Croatia
  • Cyrenaica - Emirate of Cyrenaica
  • Cyrenaica - Cyrenaica Transitional Council

D

E

F

G

H

  • Habsburg - Habsburg monarchy
  •  Hakkâri - Emirate of Hakkâri
  • Hama - Ayyubid Principality of Hama
  •  Hamdanid - Hamdanid dynasty
  • Haud - Haud and Reserved Areas
  •  Hasankeyf - Emirate of Hasankeyf
  • Hatay - Hatay State
  •  Heavenly Kingdom - Heavenly Kingdom of Everlasting Satisfaction
  • Hebei, East - East Hebei Autonomous Government
  • Hebei–Chahar - Hebei–Chahar Political Council
  •  Heinzenland - Republic of Heinzenland
  • Hejaz - Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz
  • Hejaz - Kingdom of Hejaz
  • Hejaz and Nejd
    • Kingdom of Hejaz and Sultanate of Nejd (1926-1927)
    • Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd (1927-1932)
  • Herzeg-Bosnia
    • Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia (1991-1993)
    • Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (1993-1996)
  • Herzegovina
    • Assembly of the Communities of East Herzegovina (1991)
    • Serbian Autonomous Oblast of East and Old Herzegovina (1991)
    • Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Herzegovina (1991-1992)
  •  Himyar - Himyarite Kingdom
  • Hubei - Hubei Military Government
  • Hunan - Hunan Military Government
  • Hunan - Hunan clique

I

J

K

  • Kambuja
  • Kampuchea - Kingdom of Kampuchea
  • Kampuchea - Royal Government of the National Union of Kampuchea
  • Kampuchea, Democratic
    • Kampuchea (1975-1976)
    • Democratic Kampuchea (1976-1982)
  • Kampuchea - People's Republic of Kampuchea
  • Kampuchea, Democratic
    • Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (1982-1990)
    • National Government of Cambodia (1990-1992)
  •  Karachayia - Karachay National Committee
  • Karak - Mutasarrifate of Karak
  • Kimza - Government of Kimza
  • Kingdom
    • Republic of Canada (2021)
    • Kingdom of Canada (2021-2022)
    • Kingdom (2022-present)
  •  Kingdom of Heaven
  •  Kingdom of Islam
  • Khiva - Khanate of Khiva
  • Kholodny Yar - Kholodny Yar Republic
  • Khorasan - Autonomous Government of Khorasan
  • Khorezm
    • Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (1920-1923)
    • Khorezm Socialist Soviet Republic (1923-1924)
  •  Khoy - Khoy Khanate
  •  Khwarazmian - Khwarazmian Empire
  •  Kilis - Emirate of Kilis
  • Knin - Autonomous District of Knin
  • Korçë - Autonomous Province of Korçë
  • Korea, Great - Empire of Great Korea
  • Korea - Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
  • Korea
    • Unification Military Government (1922)
    • Korean Unification Government (1922-1924)
  • Korea - Korean Anarchist Federation in Manchuria
  • Korea - Korean People's Association in Manchuria
  • Korea - Korean Revolutionary Army Government
  • Korea - Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence
  • Korea - People's Republic of Korea
  • Korea, Soviet-occupied - Soviet Civil Administration in Korea
  • Korea, American-occupied - United States Army Military Government in Korea
  • Korea, North - Provisional People's Committee of North Korea
  • Korea, North - People's Committee of North Korea
  • Korea - Republic of Korea
  • Korea - Democratic People's Republic of Korea
  • Korea, Northern - Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces
  • Korea - Republic of Korea
  • Korea, Southern - Committee for the Peaceful Reunification of the Fatherland
  • Korea
    • Military Revolutionary Committee (1961)
    • Supreme Council for National Reconstruction (1961-1963)
  • Korea - Republic of Korea
  • Korea - Republic of Korea
  • Korea - Republic of Korea
  • Korea - Republic of Korea
  • Kouang-Tchéou-Wan - Leased Territory of Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
  •  Kowloon - Kowloon Walled City
  •  Kozhikode - Kingdom of Kozhikode
  • Krajina, Bosanska
    • Association of Bosanska Krajina Municipalities (1991)
    • Autonomous Region of Krajina (1991)
    • Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Bosanska Krajina (1991-1992)
  • Krajina
    • Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Kninska Krajina (1990)
    • Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Krajina (1990-1991)
  • Krajina, Serbian - Republic of Serbian Krajina
  • Krajina, Serbian - National Council of Republic of Serbian Krajina of Syrmia-Baranja Oblast
  •  Krasnoyarsk - Krasnoyarsk Republic
  • Kruševo - Republic of Kruševo
  • Kumul - Kumul Khanate
  • Kumul - Kumul Khanate
  • Kumul
  • Kunar - Islamic Emirate of Kunar
  • Kurdistan - Kurdish state
  • Kurdistan - Kingdom of Kurdistan
  • Kurdistan
    • Kurdish People's Government (1945-1946)
    • Republic of Kurdistan (1946)
  • Kurdistan - Kurdistan Region
  • Kurdistan - Kurdish Parliament in Exile
  • Kurdistan - Kurdish Supreme Committee
  • Kurdistan, Western - Western Kurdistan Government in Exile
  •  Kuyaba

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

  • Việt Nam
    • Đại Việt (1802-1804)
    • Việt Nam (1804-1839)
    • Đại Việt Nam (1839-1883)
  • Việt Nam
  • Vietnam - Democratic Republic of Vietnam
  • Vietnam - Provisional Central Government of Vietnam
  • Vietnam - State of Vietnam
  • Vietnam - Republic of Vietnam
  • Vietnam - Republic of Vietnam
  • Vietnam, South
    • Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (1969-1975)
    • Republic of South Vietnam (1975-1976)
  • Vietnam - Socialist Republic of Vietnam
  • Vietnam
    • Provisional National Government of Vietnam (1990/1991-2018)
    • Republic of Vietnam (2018-present)
  • Vietnam, Free - Government of Free Vietnam
  • Vilnius - Polish National-Territorial Region
  • Vorarlberg - Republic of Vorarlberg

W

X

Y

Z

Mythical or Uncertain

Modern polities

Europe

19th century and prior

NameHead of StateHead of GovernmentPeriodLocationNotes
Holy SeeFrancisPietro Parolin1st century-presentItself
Denmark[a]Frederik XMette Frederiksenc. 936-presentItself (within the Kingdom of Denmark)Constituent country of:

Protectorate of the German Reich/Greater German Reich (1940-1945)

Kingdom of SwedenCarl XVI GustafUlf Kristerssonc. 970-presentItselfConstituent country of:

Member state of the European Union

Bailiwick of JerseyCharles IIILyndon Farnham1204-1649; 1660-1940; 1945-presentCrown Dependency of:

Constituent country of our kingdom and everything subject to our rule whatever it may be (1204-1214)

Bailiwick of GuernseyRichard McMahon1204-1651; 1660-1940; 1945-presentCrown Dependency of:

Constituent country of our kingdom and everything subject to our rule whatever it may be (1204-1214)

GuernseyLyndon TrottItself (within the Bailiwick of Guernsey)Jurisdiction of the Bailiwick of Guernsey
Free Borough of LlanrwstAlun Jones1276-presentUnited KingdomFree borough (self-proclaimed) of:

In 1947, Llanrwst town council made an unsuccessful submission to the United Nations for a seat on the security council, stating that Llanrwst was an independent state within Wales.

Duchy of CornwallWilliam, Prince of WalesToby Ashworth1337-1649; 1660-presentItself (within England)Duchy of:
Duchy of LancasterCharles IIIOliver Dowden1351-1649; 1660-presentDuchy of:
SarkChristopher Beaumont1563-1651; 1660-1940; 1945-presentItself (within the Bailiwick of Guernsey)Jurisdiction of the Bailiwick of Guernsey
AlderneyWilliam Tate1660-1940; 1945-present
EnglandRishi Sunak1707-presentItself (within the United Kingdom)Constituent country of:
ScotlandHumza Yousaf
Isle of ManAlfred Cannan1765-presentItselfCrown Dependency of:
Kingdom of TavolaraToninoGiuseppe Bertoleoni1836-presentItaly

20th and 21st centuries

NameHead of StateHead of GovernmentPeriodLocationNotes
Kingdom of NorwayHarald VJonas Gahr Støre1905-presentItself
SvalbardLars Fause1920-presentItself (within Norway)Unincorporated area of the Kingdom of Norway
Jan MayenTom Cato Karlsen1921-present
Northern IrelandCharles IIIMichelle O'Neill and Emma Little-PengellyItself (within the United Kingdom)Province/region/constituent country of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[b]Charles IIIRishi Sunak1922-presentItselfMember state of:
Monastic community of Mount AthosNikos Dendias and Bartholomew IAnastasios Mitsialis1926-presentItself (within Greece)Autonomous administrative division of:

Protectorate of the German Reich/Greater German Reich (1941-1945[c])

Vatican City StateFrancisFernando Vérgez Alzaga1929-presentItself
Free Republic of SaugeaisSimon MarguetSimon Marguet1947-presentFrance
Association of Nationals of Danzig Free StateUnknownUnknown1947-presentPolandFounded by W. Richter
Kingdom of DenmarkFrederik XMette Frederiksen1948-presentItselfMember state of the European Union
Faroe IslandsAksel V. JohannesenItself (within the Kingdom of Denmark)Constituent of the Kingdom of Denmark
IrelandMichael D. HigginsLeo Varadkar1949-presentItself
French RepublicEmmanuel MacronGabriel Attal1958-presentMember state of:

"French Fifth Republic"

WalesCharles IIIMark Drakeford1967-presentItself (within the United Kingdom)Constituent country of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Principality of SealandMichael IMichael IUnited KingdomOn 2 September 1967, HM Fort Roughs was occupied and claimed by Major Paddy Roy Bates, a British citizen and pirate radio broadcaster, who ejected the competing group of pirate broadcasters. In 1968, British workmen entered what Bates claimed to be his territorial waters to service a navigational buoy near the platform. However, a court ruled that the platform (which Bates was now calling the "Principality of Sealand") was outside British territorial limits. Following the 1978 attack, Sealand claims that the visit of a German diplomat constituted de facto recognition of Sealand by Germany. Since 1987, Sealand has been located within British territorial waters.
Exile Government of the Republic of the Free City of DanzigHerbet AdlerHerbet Adlerc. 1967-presentPoland
Representation of the Free City of DanzigWilli HomeierWilli Homeier
Portuguese RepublicMarcelo Rebelo de SousaAntónio Costa1975-presentItselfMember state of:

"Third Portuguese Republic"

Principality of SealandJohannes SeigerJohannes Seiger1978-presentUnited KingdomA government in exile founded by Alexander Achenbach and Gernot Pütz claiming to be the legitimate government of Sealand following Achenbach's failed attempt to seize the platform in August 1978.
Kingdom of SpainFelipe VIPedro Sánchez1982-presentItselfMember state of:
Free State of DanzigErnst F. KriesnerErnst F. Kriesner1990s-presentPoland
Sámi homelandTuomas Aslak JuusoTuomas Aslak Juuso1992-presentItself (within Finland)Autonomous administrative division of the Republic of Finland
Italian RepublicSergio MattarellaGiorgia Meloni1994-presentItselfMember state of:

"Second Italian Republic"

Sorbian settlement area[d][e]Municipal governmentsMunicipal governmentsItself (within Germany)Autonomous administrative division of the Federal Republic of Germany
Grand Duchy of the Lagoan IslesLouis StephensLouis Stephens2005-presentUnited Kingdom
Sovereign State of Forvik[f]Stuart HillStuart Hill2008-presentCrown Dependency (self-proclaimed) of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (2008-2011)
Empire of AustenasiaJonathan IWilliam Wilson
Senate of the Free State of DanzigBeowulf von PrinceBeowulf von Princec. 2010-presentPoland

Historical polities

Asia

Sovereign State

20th and 21st centuries
NamePeriodTodayNotes
Republic of China1924-1926Part of China"Second Provisional Government of the Republic of China"
Mongolian People's Republic1924-1992Part of MongoliaSatellite state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Imperial State of Iran[g]1925-1979Part of IranUnder the occupation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from 1941 to 1946.
Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd[h]1926-1932Part of Saudi ArabiaFourth iteration of the Third Saudi State
Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen1926-1970Part of YemenIn 1926, Imam Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din proclaimed the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, becoming both a temporal king as well as a (Zaydi) spiritual leader. On 26 September 1962, the North Yemen Civil War began. It ended on 1 December 1970 with the abolition of the monarchy.

Constituent of the United Arab States (1958-1961)

Kingdom of Afghanistan1926-1973Part of Afghanistan
Republic of China1926-1948Part of China and Taiwan"Second Republic of China". Unrecognized until 1928.
Republic of China1927-1928Part of China
Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq1932-1958Part of IraqPuppet state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1941-1947)

Constituent of the Hashemite Arab Federation (1958)

Democratic Republic of Vietnam1945-1976Part of Vietnam
Syrian Republic1945/1946-1950Part of Syria and Israel (disputed)De jure independent since 24 October 1945, de facto since 17 April 1946.
Republic of the Philippines1946-1965Part of Philippines"Third Philippine Republic"
Pakistan[i]1947-1956Part of Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India[j]Dominion of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
India[i]1947-1950Part of India and Bangladesh[j]
Union of Burma1948-1962Part of Myanmar
Federation of Malaya1948-1963Part of MalaysiaProtectorate of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland until 31 August 1957
Ceylon1948-1972Part of Sri LankaDominion of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Republic of China1948-1991Part of China and Taiwan"Third Republic of China". Formed on 20 May 1948 with the establishment of the Government of the Republic of China. Forced to flee to Taiwan on 7 December 1949. Lost its last major holding outside Taiwan on 1 May 1950, however fighting went on into the 50s and early 60s in Western China and the China–Burma border. Unrecognized after 25 October 1971. Was formally succeeded by the "Fourth Republic" with the termination of the Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of National Mobilization for Suppression of the Communist Rebellion and enforcement of the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China.
Republic of Korea1948-1960Part of South Korea and North Korea"First Republic of Korea"
United States of Indonesia1949-1950Part of Indonesia
Syrian Republic[k]1950-1963Part of Syria and Israel (disputed)Constituent of the United Arab Republic (1958-1961)
Kingdom of Laos1953-1975Part of Laos
Kingdom of Cambodia1953-1970Part of Cambodia
Republic of Vietnam1955-1963Part of Vietnam"First Republic of Vietnam"
Hashemite Arab Federation1958Part of Iraq, Jordan, Palestine, and Israel (disputed)
Iraqi Republic1958-1963Part of Iraq"Qasimist Iraq"
Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma[l]1962-1988Part of Myanmar
Yemen Arab Republic1962-1990Part of Yemen
Republic of Vietnam1963-1975Part of Vietnam"Second Republic of Vietnam"

Unrecognized State

20th and 21st centuries
NamePeriodTodayNotes
Revolutionary Provisional Government of Mongolia1921Part of MongoliaSatellite state of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
Autonomous Government of KhorasanPart of Iran
Great Mongolian State1921-1924Part of MongoliaSatellite state of:
Provisional Priamurye Government[m][n]1921-1922/1923Part of RussiaDe jure and largely de facto dissolved following the withdrawal of Japanese forces from Vladivostok on 25 October 1922. Fully de facto dissolved after the capture of the Ayano-Maysky District, which had been taken by Anatoly Pepelyayev during Yakut revolt.
Tuvan People's Republic[o]1921-1944Satellite state of:
Kingdom of Kurdistan1921-1924 (or 1925)Part of Iraq
Sultanate of Nejd1921-1926Part of Saudi ArabiaThird iteration of the Third Saudi State
Provisional Yakut Regional People's Government1922Part of RussiaDeclared in March 1922 in Churapcha by Cornet Mikhail Korobeinikov's Yakut People's Army. In summer 1922, the Yakuts were ousted from Yakutsk and withdrew to the Pacific coast, where they sent the Provisional Priamurye Government the request for support. On 30 August, the Pacific Ocean Fleet, crewed by about 750 volunteers under Lieutenant General Anatoly Pepelyayev left Vladivostok. Three days later, this force disembarked in Ayan.
United Forces Office1923-1924Part of China
General Staff Headquarters in Manchuria of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea1924-1929
Provisional Tungus Central National Government1924-1925Part of Russia
Righteous Government1924-1929Part of China
New People's Government
Republic of Ararat1927-1931Part of Türkiye
Emirate of Afghanistan1928-1929Part of AfghanistanDeclared on 14 December 1928 and captured Kabul on 17 January 1929. Dissolved on 13 October 1929 after the fall of Kalakāni.
National People's Prefecture1929-1934Part of China
Korean Anarchist Federation in Manchuria1929The anti-Japanese sentiment of the new administration in Manchuria opened up space for the Korean anarchist movement to restart its activities, now safe from political repression. This process culminated, on July 21 1929, with the establishment of the Korean Anarchist Federation in Manchuria (KAFM).
Korean People's Association in Manchuria1929-1931In August 1929, the New People's Government and the KAFM were integrated into the Korean People's Association in Manchuria with Kim Chwa-chin being elected as its chairperson.
Kumul Khanate1931-1934Attempted restoration of the Kumul Khanate by Uyghurs led by Yulbars Khan during the Kumul Rebellion
Chinese Soviet Republic[p][q][r]1931-1937After moving to the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Revolutionary Base Area, the term "Chinese Soviet People's Republic" gradually became the main name for the country.
Northeastern Supreme Administrative Council1932Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan
State of Manchuria1932-1934Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan; between 1 March 1932 and 1 March 1934, Manchuria existed as a republic under Puyi (in a strictly civilian role) as Chief Executive.
Khotan Islamic Government[s]1933-1934
East Chahar Special Autonomous Region1933-1936Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan
Turkic Islamic Republic of East Turkestan1933-1934
Islamic Kingdom of Khotan1934
Empire of Great Manchuria1934-1945Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan; on 1 March 1934, the House of Aisin-Gioro was restored to power and the Manchukuo republic was dissolved. The monarchy would survive until 18 August 1945, which would mark the final dissolution of the Qing dynasty.
Korean Revolutionary Army Government1934-1937
Northwestern Federation of the Chinese Soviet Republic1935; 1935-1936Originally formed in Mao County on 30 May 1935, the 4th Frontal Division under Zhang Guotao would travel to Barkam by 5 October. On 18 November, they would reestablish the "Northwest Federal Government" in Jinchuan County, before travelling to their final capital in Garzê County on 5 May 1936. After the Central Red Army established and consolidated its position in Yan'an, Zhang would be ordered to terminate his "Second Central Committee" On 1 July, the "Northwest Federal Government" and its subordinates were dissolved, after Zhang's forces successfully marched northward.
East Hebei Autonomous Government[t]1935-1938Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan
Mongol Military Government1936-1937
South Chahar Autonomous Government1937-1939Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan (1937; 1939)

Constituent of the Mongolian-Jiangsu Joint Committee (1937-1939)

North Shanxi Autonomous Government
Mongol United Autonomous Government
Mongolian-Jiangsu Joint Committee1937-1939Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan
Great Way Municipal Government of Shanghai1937-1938
Provisional Government of the Republic of China1937-1940
Reformed Government of the Republic of China1938-1940
Hatay State1938-1939Part of TürkiyePuppet state of the Republic of Turkey
Mengjiang United Autonomous Government[u]1939-1945Part of ChinaPuppet state of the Empire of Great Japan (1939-1940)

Autonomous administrative division of the Republic of China (1940-1945)

Fuzhou Vigilante Committee1941Puppet government of the Empire of Great Japan
Philippine Executive Commission1942-1943Part of the Philippines
Free Republic of Nias1942Part of IndonesiaUpon hearing news about the recent Japanese attacks on Sumatra, the German prisoners on the island of Nias planned a coup against the Dutch colonial authority in the city. The prisoners tried to persuade native police, known as Veldpolities, to revolt. At the time, the city was home to around 60 German prisoners. On 29 March 1942, the native police revolted by shooting Dutch residents and imprisoning Dutch officials, and the city was quickly occupied. Once occupied, the German prisoners established the unrecognized state of the Free Republic of Nias. On 17 April 1942, the Japanese military landed in the city and was welcomed by the German prisoners, who took over the city. By 24 April 1942, all German prisoners had left the island and the administration was handed over to the Japanese until the end of World War II.
Burmese Executive Administration1942-1943Part of MyanmarThe Burmese Executive Administration was established in Rangoon on 1 August 1942 with the aim of creating a civil administration to manage day-to-day administrative activities subordinate to the Japanese military administration. The head of the provisional administration was Dr. Ba Maw, a noted lawyer and political prisoner under the British.
State of Burma1943-1945Japanese puppet state ran by the Burma National Army. After 27 March 1945, multiple key elements of the government, including Aung San and the BNA (renamed to the Patriotic Burmese Forces on 23 June 1945), switched sides and joined the Allies.
Republic of the PhilippinesPart of the Philippines"Second Philippine Republic" or "Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic"
Provisional Government of Free IndiaPart of IndiaClaimed the territories of the British Raj, but only had control over a very minor amount of territory during its existence. The majority of its territory was in the Andaman Islands. Its capital-in-exile was Japanese-occupied Singapore, with a provisional capital in Port Blair.
East Turkestan Republic1944-1946Part of ChinaSatellite state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Fuzhou Municipal Committee1944-1945Puppet government of the Empire of Great Japan
Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence1945Part of Indonesia
Việt Nam[v]Part of VietnamDeclared on 9 March 1945, following the Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina, as Japanese puppet states. Very briefly existed as de jure French protectorates until independence was formally declared (11 March, 8 April, and 13 March). Became fully independent for a brief period of time following the surrender of Japan.
Kingdom of Luang PrabangPart of Laos
Kingdom of Kampuchea[w]Part of Cambodia
Okinawa Advisory Council1945-1950Part of JapanAfter the establishment of the United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands, the Okinawa Advisory Council was created to administer the Okinawa Islands, as the prefecture office had been eliminated as a result of Battle of Okinawa.
Miyako SubprefectureWith the establishment of the Okinawa Advisory Council, the surviving prefecture offices managed to establish their own independent administrations from the government in Naha.
Yaeyama Subprefecture
People's Committee of Korea[x]1945-1946Part of South Korea and North KoreaCollection of local Korean governments that were formed immediately following the conclusion of the Second World War. These committees existed in their original form from August 1945 to early 1946. From 6 September 1945 to 8 February 1946, they were centralized under the authority of the People's Republic of Korea.
Republic of Indonesia1945-1948Part of Indonesia
Hòn Gai-Cẩm Phả Commune1945Part of Vietnam
Saigon Commune
People's Republic of Korea1945-1946Part of South Korea and North Korea
Inner Mongolian People's Republic1945Part of ChinaDuring the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese established a puppet state in Inner Mongolia called Mengjiang. Mengjiang was disbanded by the invasion of Soviet and Mongolian troops in August 1945. On 9 September 1945, a congress of "People's Representatives" was held in what is now the Sonid Right Banner. The congress was attended by representatives, 80 of them, from the Chahar, Xilingol, and Siziwang areas. The congress proclaimed the Inner Mongolian People's Republic, and a provisional government of 27 members were elected, of whom 11 were in the Standing Committee.

The Chinese Communist Party took notice of the government, fearing separatism. The CCP sent Ulanhu to take control of the situation, and he ordered the Inner Mongolian government to be dissolved. The region was reorganized on 6 November 1945 as the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Movement Federation.

Kingdom of Laos1945-1946Part of LaosOn 12 October 1945, the newly formed Lao Issara (or Free Laos) overthrew the previously Japanese backed government of Laos. Prime Minister Phetsarath Ratanavongsa, who had been dismissed by King Sisavang Vong two days prior to the Lao Issara coup, was selected as Head of State, while Phaya Khammao was appointed the new Prime Minister. On 24 April 1946, the Lao Issara government was forced into exile in Bangkok following the restoration of the French protectorate over the nation.
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Movement Federation1945-1947Part of China
Azerbaijan People's Government1945-1946Part of IranSoviet puppet states established during the Iran crisis of 1946.
Republic of Kurdistan[y]
Eastern Mongolian People's Autonomous Government1946Part of China
Provisional People's Committee of North Korea1946-1947Part of North Korea and South KoreaProvisional government under the authority of the Soviet Civil Administration in Korea
People's Committee of North Korea1947-1948
State of Pasundan1947Part of IndonesiaSuriakartalegawa established the State of Pasundan as an "Pasundan republic" in the small areas of West Java still controlled by the Dutch. Independence was proclaimed on 4 May 1947 but was dissolved later that year.
Three Districts Economic Commission1947-1949Part of ChinaSatellite state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Government of the National Front of the Region of Madiun1948Part of Indonesia
All-Palestine Protectorate1948-1959Part of PalestinePuppet state of:
Negara Islam Indonesia1949-1962Part of Indonesia
Republic of South Maluku1950-1963
Government of the Okinawa Islands1950-1952Part of JapanNative governments established on 4 August 1950 supervised by the:
Government of the Miyako Islands
Government of the Yaeyama Islands
Government of the Amami Islands
Government of the Ryukyu Islands1952-1972Native government supervised by the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands.
Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli1954-1961Part of India
United Suvadive Republic1958 (or 1959)-1963Part of the Maldives

Proto-State

20th and 21st centuries
NamePeriodTodayNotes
Guominjun1924-1930Part of ChinaWarlord clique of the Republic of China. Dissolved after the Central Plains War.
League of Five Provinces1924-1928
Shandong clique1925-1928; 1929Warlord clique dominated by Zhang Zongchang. Briefly revived during the Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong.
Henan clique1925-1926Warlord clique dominated by Hu Jingyi and later Yue Weijun.
Henan clique1925Warlord clique dominated by Liu Zhenhua
Soviet Zone[z]1927-1949
Northeastern Border Defense Headquarters1928-1935The Northeastern Army and other remains of the Fengtian clique following the Northeast Flag Replacement. In the second half of 1933, the majority of the Northeastern Army was transferred to Shaanxi and took up headquarters at Xi'an. The 30,000 troops of the Fifty-First Army remained in Hebei until the Japanese demanded their withdrawal in the He–Umezu Agreement. Even after moving to Shaanxi, Chang Hsueh-liang continued to be referred to as the Warlord of Manchuria until 26 December 1936.
Red Spear Society1929Proto-state created by the Red Spear Society during the Red Spears' uprising in Shandong. By summer 1929, the Red Spear Society largely controlled Dengzhou county and had a presence in several other counties on the Shandong Peninsula.
Shandong clique1930-1938Warlord clique of the Republic of China
Shandong clique1930-1932Having eastern Shandong as his defense area, Liu became known as the "King of East Shandong" and was unpopular for levying heavy taxes. In autumn 1932, he was forced out of Shandong in the Han–Liu War because he had refused to obey Governor Han Fuju's orders.
Suiyuan clique1931A short-lived dependency (August to December 1931) of the Shanxi clique during Fu Zuoyi's colonization efforts of the Suiyuan region in Yan Xishan's name.
Guangdong clique1932-1936Chen Jitang's clique in Guangdong after his rival government merged back with the Nanjing government.
Suiyuan clique1933-1934Sun Dianying's clique formed in July 1933 during the Inner Mongolia campaign. It lasted until April 1934, when it was destroyed and absorbed into the Shanxi clique after the Ningxia War.
Kumul1934-1937Warlord clique of the Republic of China
New 36th Division[aa]Warlord clique of the Republic of China. Founded in 1932 as a cavalry (later light infantry) division of the New Army of the National Revolutionary Army. In 1934, the division seized much of Southern Xinjiang during the Soviet invasion of Xinjiang. The territory was commonly referred to as Tunganistan (or Dunganistan), which was first coined by Walther Heissig, but notably used in M. C. Jillet's 1937 interview with Ma Hushan, who had been commander of the division since the disappearance of Ma Zhongying in 1934.
Xikang clique1934-1949Warlord clique of the Republic of China
Northwest Bandit Suppression Headquarters1935-1937In October 1935, the Northeastern Border Defense Forces merged with Yang Hucheng's forces, creating the Northwest Bandit Suppression Force. Their main operations were hunting down members of the CCP in Shaanxi following the Long March.
Arab Higher Committee1936-1937Part of Israel and PalestineThe "First Arab Higher Committee" was formed on 25 April 1936, following the outbreak of the Great Arab revolt, and national committees were formed in all of the towns and some of the larger villages, during that month.
Central Committee of National Jihad in Palestine1937-1939Palestinian rebel organ during the second half of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine.
Arab Higher Committee1945-1946In November 1945, on the urging of Egypt, its leading member, the then seven members of the Arab League (Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Yemen) reconstituted the Arab Higher Committee comprising twelve members as the supreme executive body of Palestinian Arabs in the territory of the British Mandate of Palestine. The committee was dominated by the Palestine Arab Party, controlled by the Husayni family, and was immediately recognised by Arab League countries. The Mandate government recognised the new committee two months later. In February 1946, Jamal al-Husayni returned from exile to Palestine and immediately set about reorganising and enlarging the committee, becoming its acting president.
Arab Higher Front1946Formed by the Independence Party and other nationalist groups in objection to the newly reconstructed Arab Higher Committee. In May 1946, the Arab League forced the AHC and AHF to unite into the Arab Higher Executive.
Arab Higher Committee[ab]1946-1948In May 1946, the Arab League ordered the dissolution of the "Second Arab Higher Committee" and Arab Higher Front and formed a five-member Arab Higher Executive, under Amin al-Husayni's chairmanship, and based in Cairo. In January 1947, the AHE was renamed the "Arab Higher Committee", with Amin al-Husayni as its chairman and Jamal al-Husayni as vice-chairman, and expanded to include the four remaining core members plus Hasan Abu Sa'ud, Izhak Darwish al-Husayni, Izzat Darwaza, Rafiq al-Tamimi and Mu'in al-Madi. This restructuring of the AHC to include additional supporters of Amin al-Husayni was seen as a bid to increase his political power. On 22 September 1948, it was replaced by the All-Palestine Government.

Rival Government

20th and 21st centuries
NamePeriodTodayNotes
Republic of China1921-1922Part of China2nd Government of Guangdong
Republic of China1922Rival government founded by Xu Shuzheng on 2 October 1922 in Yanping. On 17 October, Xu Shuzheng seized Fuzhou. The government was dissolved on 2 November.
Republic of China1923-19253rd Government of Guangdong
Republic of China1924Wu Peifu's Constitution-Protecting Military Government, which existed only on 17 November 1924.
Republic of China1925-19264th Government of Guangdong
Republic of China1926-1927Rival nationalist government dominated by the left-wing of the Kuomintang that was based in Wuhan from 5 December 1926 to 21 September 1927, led first by Eugene Chen, and later by Wang Jingwei.
Kingdom of Afghanistan1929; 1929Part of AfghanistanAnti-Saqqawist regimes formed during the Afghan Civil War (1928–1929).
Kingdom of Afghanistan1929
Republic of China1930Part of ChinaRival nationalist government declared in the 2nd phase of the Central Plains War.
Republic of China1931-19325th Government of Guangdong; Rival nationalist government established in Guangdong in 1931 by Chen Jitang. The capital was in Guangzhou. Anti-Chiang Kai-shek factions of the KMT joined this group, but they lost their independence and power due to reconciliation caused by the Mukden incident. On 1 January 1932, the majority of the government had merged back with the Nanjing government, but Chen Jitang continued to rule Guangdong until 1936.
Republic of China1933-1934"People's Revolutionary Government of the Republic of China"
Tibet1933-1943While more akin to a self-proclaimed monarch of a micronation, Abbot Chao Kung (born Ignaz Trebitsch-Lincoln) proclaimed himself as the 14th Dalai Lama after the death of the 13th Dalai Lama. Despite receiving support from the Japanese government and chief of the Gestapo in the Far East, Standartenführer Josef Albert Meisinger, Chao failed to gain support from the Tibetans. He died in 1943 in Shanghai.
Republic of China1940-1945Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan
Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq1941Part of IraqAbd al-Ilah loyalists in British-controlled territory during the Anglo-Iraqi War.

Puppet state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen1948Part of YemenRival government established by the Alwazirs during the Alwaziri coup. They were led by Abdullah bin Ahmad al-Wazir, who was their King and Imam. It lasted only a few weeks in February and March 1948 before being put down by the forces of Ahmad bin Yahya.

Government in Exile

20th and 21st centuries
NamePeriodTodayNotes
Imperial Clan Court1924-1932Part of ChinaPuyi's exiled court following the Beijing Coup.
Arab Higher Committee1938-1945Part of Israel and Palestine"Arab Higher Committee in Exile" established in Beirut by Jamal al-Husayni and five former members of the Arab Higher Committee, who had previously been exiled to the Seychelles during the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. It worked in collaboration with the Nazi government in Germany during the war, mostly under the direction of Amin al-Husseini, who never returned to Palestine.
Commonwealth of the Philippines1942-1945Part of the Philippines
Dutch East Indies1942/1943-1945Part of IndonesiaWith the fall of Java, and formal surrender by the Dutch on behalf of the Allied forces on 8 March 1942, many government and military officials from the Dutch East Indies managed to flee to Australia in March 1942, creating a de facto government-in-exile based near Brisbane. On 23 December 1943, the Dutch government-in-exile decreed the formation of an official government-in-exile, with Hubertus van Mook as Acting Governor General, on Australian soil until Dutch rule could be restored to the Indies.
Republic of the Philippines1945Part of the PhilippinesAfter the Allied forces liberated the Philippines from Japanese occupiers and the reestablishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in the archipelago after a few years in exile in the United States, the Second Philippine Republic became a nominal government-in-exile from 11 June 1945, based out of Nara and Tokyo. The government was later dissolved on 17 August 1945.[1]
Kingdom of Laos1946-1949Part of LaosGovernment in exile of the Lao Issara government, originally established on 12 October 1945 but forced into exile on 24 April 1946 following the restoration of French rule. The Lao Issara fled from Laos to Bangkok, Thailand, where, under the leadership of Phetsarath Ratanavongsa, continued to claim their authority over Laos. Due to poor financial management by the Phetsarath government, Prince Souphanouvong, who had been the commander of the Lao Issara defense force, had begun to become increasingly powerful in government. Souphanouvong had made clear his refusal to accept the new political set-up in Vientiane, and was ready to form a formal anti-colonial united front with the Viet Minh against the French. This repelled most of his colleagues, who began to oppose Souphanouvong's leadership in the Lao Issara. On 14 October 1949, due to the lack of cooperation within the movement, the Lao Issara announced its formal dissolution.
Republic of Indonesia1948-1949Part of Indonesia"Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia"
Xinjiang Province1950-1992Part of China"Xinjiang Provincial Government Office"

Constituent Country

20th and 21st centuries
NamePeriodTodayNotes
Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic[ac]1924-1991Part of Uzbekistan and TajikistanUnion Republic of:

Sovereignty declared on 20 June 1990. Independence declared on 31 August 1991.

State of Syria1925-1930Part of Syria and Israel (disputed)Constituent of the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic[ad]1925-1991Part of TurkmenistanUnion Republic of:

Sovereignty declared on 22 August 1990. Independence declared on 27 October 1991.

Kingdom of Hejaz1926-1932Part of Saudi ArabiaConstituent country of the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd
Kingdom of Nejd and its Dependencies[ae]
Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic[af]1929-1991Part of TajikistanUnion Republic of:

Sovereignty declared on 24 August 1990. Independence declared on 9 September 1991.

Syrian Republic1930-1945/1946Part of Syria, Türkiye, and Israel (disputed)Constituent of the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon

De jure independence was declared on 24 October 1945, but French forces remained until 17 April 1946, granting Syria its de facto independence.

Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic[ag]1936-1991Part of KazakhstanUnion Republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Sovereignty declared on 25 October 1990. Independence declared on 16 December 1991.

Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic[ah]Part of KyrgyzstanUnion Republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Sovereignty declared on 30 December 1990. Independence declared on 31 August 1991.

Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina[ai]1946-1949Part of VietnamConstituent of the Indochinese Federation
State of East Indonesia[aj]1946-1950Part of IndonesiaPuppet state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Constituent country of the United States of Indonesia from 27 December 1949, with an interruption between 5 to 21 April 1950.

State of Madura1948-1950Puppet state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Constituent country of the United States of Indonesia after 27 December 1949

State of Pasundan[ak]
Provisional Central Government of Vietnam1948-1949Part of VietnamConstituent of the Indochinese Federation
State of South Sumatra1948-1950Part of IndonesiaPuppet state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Constituent country of the United States of Indonesia after 27 December 1949

State of East Java
State of Vietnam1949-1955Part of VietnamConstituent country of the Indochinese Federation until 21 July 1954
State of the Republic of Indonesia1949-1950Part of IndonesiaConstituent country of the United States of Indonesia

Dependent Territory

20th and 21st centuries
NamePeriodTodayNotes
Commonwealth of the Philippines1935-1942; 1945-1946Part of the PhilippinesCommonwealth of the United States of America
Aden Colony1937-1963Part of YemenColony of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Chinese Changchun Railway Zone1945-1952Part of ChinaFrom August 1945, the Chinese Eastern Railway came under the joint control of the Soviet Union and Republic of China. After World War II the Soviet government insisted on occupying the Liaodong Peninsula but allowed joint control over the Southern branch with China; all this together received the name of the "Chinese Changchun Railway" (Russian: Кита́йская Чанчу́ньская желе́зная доро́га).

In 1952, the Soviet Union transferred (free of charge) all of its rights to the Chinese Changchun Railway to the People's Republic of China.

Malayan Union1946-1948Part of MalaysiaUnion of protectorates of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Crown Colony of Malacca1946-1957Colony of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Crown Colony of Penang
Crown Colony of Singapore[al]1946-1963Part of Singapore, Christmas Island, and the Cocos (Keeling) IslandsColony of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Self-governing after 1959. The Cocos (Keeling) Islands were transferred to Australia on 23 November 1955, while Christmas Island was transferred to Australia on 1 October 1958.
Crown Colony of SarawakPart of MalaysiaColony of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Self-governing after 22 July 1963.
Crown Colony of North BorneoPart of Malaysia and the PhilippinesColony of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Seven Turtle Islands (including Cagayan de Sulu and the Mangsee Islands) ceded to the Philippines on 16 October 1947. Self-governing after 31 August 1963.
Palestine1948Part of PalestineOn 8 July 1948, the Arab League decided to set up a temporary civil administration in Palestine, to be directly responsible to the Arab League. This plan was strongly opposed by King Abdullah I of Transjordan and received only half-hearted support from the Arab Higher Committee, which had itself been set up in 1945 by the Arab League. The new administration was never properly established. Another order issued on 8 August 1948 vested an Egyptian Administrator-General with the powers of the High Commissioner. On 22 September 1948, it was replaced by the All-Palestine Government.[2]

Federal Territory

20th and 21st centuries
NamePeriodTodayNotes
Djakarta Federal District1948-1950Part of IndonesiaFederal district of the United States of Indonesia after 27 December 1949
Qamdo Region1950-1956Part of ChinaArea of the People's Republic of China
Tibet Area1951-1955

Military Administration

20th and 21st centuries
NamePeriodTodayNotes
Urtatagai1925-1926Part of AfghanistanMilitary administration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Balkh1929
Manchuria1931-1932Part of ChinaMilitary administration of the Empire of Great Japan
Indochina1940-1945Part of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia
Iran1941-1946Part of IranMilitary administration of the Imperial State of Iran following the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran, which began on 25 August 1941. When the deadline for withdrawal arrived on 2 March 1946, six months after the end of the war, the British began to withdraw, but Moscow refused, citing "threats to Soviet security". Soviet troops did not withdraw from Iran proper until May 1946.
Iran
Thailand1941-1942Part of ThailandMilitary administration of the Empire of Great Japan
Philippines1941-1943Part of the Philippines
Malaya1941-1945Part of Malaysia
North BorneoPart of Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines
Dutch East IndiesPart of Indonesia and East Timor
Hong KongPart of Hong Kong
Burma1941-1943Part of Myanmar
Syonan-to[am]1942-1945Part of Singapore
Andaman and Nicobar Islands1942-1943Part of India
Christmas Island1942-1945Part of Christmas Island
Netherlands Indies Civil Administration[an]1944-1947Part of Indonesia
Nanpō Islands1945-1968Part of JapanMilitary administration of the United States of America
Marcus Island
United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands1945-1950
Manchuria1945-1946Part of ChinaMilitary administration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Naval Base Area1945-1955Military administration and de facto foreign concession of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in Dalian (Lüda after 1 December 1950). The Soviet Union occupied the territory and the Soviet Navy made use of the former Ryojun Guard District. In 1950, the Soviet government returned the majority of the territory to the People's Republic of China, only keeping Lüshun Port. The Soviet Union would retain control over Lüshunkou until turning it over to China on May 27 1955.
Soviet Civil Administration in Korea1945-1948Part of North Korea and South KoreaMilitary administration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Indochina1945-1946Part of Vietnam and LaosMilitary administration of the Republic of China
State of Japan[ao][ap][aq]1945-1952Part of JapanJapan was occupied by the Allied Powers from its surrender at the end of the Second World War on September 2 1945 until the Treaty of San Francisco took effect on April 28 1952. The occupation, led by the American military with support from the British Commonwealth and under the supervision of the Far Eastern Commission, involved a total of nearly one million Allied soldiers. The occupation was overseen by General Douglas MacArthur, who was appointed Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers by President Harry S. Truman; MacArthur was succeeded as supreme commander by General Matthew Ridgway in 1951. Unlike in the Allied occupations of Germany and Austria, the Soviet Union had little to no influence over the occupation of Japan, declining to participate because it did not want to place Soviet troops under MacArthur's direct command.
United States Army Military Government in Korea1945-1948Part of South Korea and North KoreaMilitary administration of the United States of America
British Military Administration of Malaya1945-1946Part of Malaysia and SingaporeMilitary administration of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
British Military Administration of BorneoPart of Malaysia and Brunei
British Commonwealth Occupation Zone1946-1952Part of JapanThe post-war occupation area in Japan primarily under the control of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF). The BCOF occupied the western prefectures of Shimane, Yamaguchi, Tottori, Okayama, Hiroshima, and Shikoku Island, in addition to supervising demilitarization and the disposal of Japan's war industries.
West Bank1948-1950Part of Palestine and Israel (disputed)Military administration of the Hashemite Kingdom of Trans-Jordan. It included East Jerusalem within its boundaries and was directly annexed on 24 April 1950 as the West Bank Governorate.
United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands1950-1972Part of JapanMilitary administration of the United States of America

Autonomous Administrative Division

20th and 21st centuries
NamePeriodTodayNotes
Tajik Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic1924-1929Part of TajikistanAutonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Uzbek Socialist Soviet Republic
Kara-Kalpak Autonomous Oblast1925-1932Part of UzbekistanAutonomous oblast of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic1926-1936Part of KyrgyzstanAutonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
Ahsa1926-1932Part of Saudi ArabiaDependency of the Kingdom of Nejd; its viceroy was Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
ArarDependency of the Kingdom of Nejd; its viceroy was Muhammad bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
Xinjiang Province1933-1944Part of ChinaDe facto autonomous administrative division of the Republic of China

Puppet state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1934-1942)

Baroda and Gujarat States Agency1933-1944Part of IndiaAgency of India
Mongol Local Autonomy Political Affairs Committee1934-1936Part of China
Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Geledesha1935-1936Minority government of the Northwestern Federation of the Chinese Soviet Republic
Hebei–Chahar Political Council1935-1937In 1935, under Japanese pressure, China signed the He-Umezu Agreement, which forbade the Kuomintang (KMT) from conducting party operations in Hebei and effectively ended Chinese control of that province. In the same year, the Chin-Doihara Agreement was signed and vacated the KMT from Chahar. By the end of 1935, the Chinese central government had virtually vacated from North China. In its place, the Japanese-backed East Hebei Autonomous Council was established on November 24, and Prince Teh, a leader of the Mongols in the provinces of what is now Inner Mongolia, was striving to set up an autonomous Mongolian Government there.

Kenji Doihara then tried to persuade General Song to set up an autonomous government in the Hebei - Chahar region. Resulting protests by Chinese citizens gave Japan the excuse to increase their garrison in the Tianjin area. To prevent the forcible establishment of a Japanese puppet state, Song Zheyuan established the Hebei–Chahar Political Council on 18th December 1935, controlling the remainder of Hebei and Chahar provinces. Although the Hebei–Chahar Political Council rendered lip service to the Japanese effort to secure the secession of the five provinces of North China (Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Chahar, and Suiyuan) it made no vital concessions, the Chinese government still remained in control through the council.

It was officially dissolved on 20th August 1937, two weeks after the fall of Beiping.

Suiyuan Mongol Council1936Based out of Guisui (Hohhot), it was under the control of Fu Zuoyi, and was also advised by Yan Xishan. Refusing to submit to its authority, Demchugdongrub and Yondonwangchug of the Mongol Local Autonomy Political Affairs Committee withdrew to Dehua and established the Mongol Military Government, leaving the Committee defunct.
Chinese Soviet Central Bodpa Autonomous GovernmentMinority government of the Northwestern Federation of the Chinese Soviet Republic
Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Anti-Japanese Base Area1937-1950Revolutionary base area of:

Border region of the Republic of China (1937-1945)

Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Anti-Japanese Base Area
North China Political Council1940-1945The Provisional Government of the Republic of China was, along with the Reformed Government of the Republic of China, merged into Wang Jingwei's Nanjing-based reorganized national government on 30 March 1940, but in practical terms actually remained virtually independent under the name of the "North China Political Council" (華北政務委員會) until the end of the war. Many of the same members of the Provisional Government continued to serve the Japanese in north China throughout the 1940s in their original capacities.
Special Region of Surakarta1945-1946Part of Indonesia
Montagnard country of South Indochina[ar]1946-1955Part of VietnamAutonomous territory of:

Crown domain of the Vietnamese Emperor (1950-1955)

Xinjiang Province1946-1947Part of ChinaCoalition Government of Xinjiang Province
Ili District CouncilSubordinate to the Xinjiang Province

Satellite state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Great Dayak1946-1950Part of IndonesiaPuppet state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Autonomous entity of the United States of Indonesia after 27 December 1949

Southeast Borneo Federation1947-1950
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government1947-1949Part of China
East Borneo Region1947-1950Part of IndonesiaPuppet state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Autonomous entity of the United States of Indonesia after 27 December 1949

West Borneo Special Region
Bangka Region
Billiton Region
Riouw Region
Federally Administered Tribal Areas1947-2018Part of PakistanSemi-autonomous tribal region of:
Eastern States Union1947-1948Part of IndiaUnion of princely states of the India
Mèo Autonomous Territory1947-1954Part of VietnamAutonomous territory of:

Crown domain of the Vietnamese Emperor (1950-1954)

Mường Autonomous Territory
Nùng Autonomous Territory
Thổ Autonomous Territory
Banjar Region1948-1950Part of IndonesiaPuppet state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Autonomous entity of the United States of Indonesia after 27 December 1949

Tai Federation1948-1954Part of VietnamAutonomous territory of:

Crown domain of the Vietnamese Emperor (1950-1954)

Padang1948 (or 1949)-1950Part of IndonesiaPuppet state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Autonomous community of the United States of Indonesia

Sabang
Central Java Region1949-1950Puppet state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Recognized by the Dutch authorities of the temporary representative body.

Autonomous entity of the United States of Indonesia after 27 December 1949

Domain of the Crown1950-1955Part of VietnamCollection of autonomous territories of the State of Vietnam

In the areas of the Domain of the Crown, the Chief of State Bảo Đại was still officially (and legally) titled as the "Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty". Its capital was Da Lat.

Baluchistan States Union1952-1955Part of PakistanUnion of princely states of Pakistan

First-Level Administrative Division

20th and 21st centuries
NamePeriodTodayNotes
Siberian Krai1925-1930Part of RussiaKrai of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
Far Eastern Krai1926-1938Krai of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic/Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
West Siberian Krai1930-1937
East Siberian Krai1930-1936Krai of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
Kamchatka Oblast1932-2007Oblast of:
Panth-Piploda Province1935-1947Part of IndiaProvince of India
Bihar Province1936-1947
Orissa Province
Sind Province[as]1936-1955Part of PakistanProvince of:
Central Provinces and Berar1936-1950Part of IndiaProvince of:
East Siberian Oblast1936-1937Part of RussiaOblast of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
United Provinces1937-1950Part of IndiaProvince of:
Chita Oblast1937-2008Part of RussiaOblast of:
Xikang Province1939-1950Part of ChinaProvince of:
Nakhon Champassak1941-1946Part of Cambodia and LaosProvince of the Kingdom of Thailand/Kingdom of Siam
PhibunsongkhramPart of Cambodia
Phra Tabong
Lan ChangPart of Laos
City of Greater Manila1942-1945Part of the PhilippinesCity of:
Syburi1943-1945Part of MalaysiaProvince of the Kingdom of Thailand
Palit
Kalantan
Trangkanu

Micronation

NamePeriodTodayNotes
Geum1453Part of North KoreaFounded by General Yi Jing-ok as an attempted restoration of the Jurchen Jin.
Empire of the Philippines1823Part of the PhilippinesDeclared by Andrés Novales during a Creole revolt.
Kingdom of Sedang1888-1890Part of Vietnam
Heavenly Kingdom of the Great Mingshun1903Part of ChinaFormed by members of the Revive China Society in hopes of establishing a Westernized constitutional monarchy with references to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
Great Ming1919-1923Founded by "Chu the Ninth" in Anyang County with support from the Yellow Sand Society.
Great Ming1924Founded by "Wang the Sixth"
Great Ming1925Founded by Chu Hung-teng with support from the Heavenly Gate Society.
Li dynasty[at]1954Founded by a man named Li Zhu.
Tu dynasty[at]1957Founded by ex-soldier Tu Nanting after reading fifteen volumes of moral exhortation, stelae inscriptions, and metaphorical books, including Tui bei tu.
Free Territory of Freedomland1959-1974Part of the Philippines (disputed)Established by Filipino lawyer and businessman Tomás Cloma on 31 May 1956. In August 1974, Tomás Cloma Sr. and the Supreme Council of Freedomland drafted a new Constitution, declaring the country to be a Principality and encouraging its colonization. New citizens were naturalised, and some of them elected to the Supreme Council, John de Mariveles among them. In August, Cloma changed the name of the country from Freedomland to Colonia and retired as titular head of state in favor of John de Mariveles with the title of Prince.

Link to file of flag

Nine Palaces Way1961Part of ChinaFounded by Song Yiufang and his followers after they broke into the Forbidden City.
Principality of Freedomland1974Part of the Philippines (disputed)Existed briefly in August 1974 between the elevation of the Free Territory of Freedomland into a principality and and its own elevation into the Kingdom of Colonia St. John.

Link to file of flag

Principality of Freedomland and Republic of KoneuwePart of the Philippines and Taiwan (disputed)In August 1974 French police arrested swindler Othmar di Schmieder Rocca-Forozata, who went by the title Count and styled himself as the Grand Duke of the Principality of Freedomland. It would seem as though this Freedomland was not the same territory as Tomás Cloma's Freedomland; contradictorily also called the Republic of Koneuwe, it was described as consisting of 74 islands 2,000 miles from Borneo.
Yang dynasty[at]1974 (or 1975)Part of ChinaFounded by Yang Zhaogong in Anyang. Yang claimed to have the backing of alleged CCCPC members while establishing his new dynasty.
Heavenly Palace Sect1976Founded by Yang Xuehua, who was arrested and executed shortly after for allegedly planning a rebellion.
Zishen Nation1981-1986A small territory led by Li Guangchang that had achieved de facto independence in Cangnan County.
Great Sage Dynasty1988Founded by Chao Yuhua in a factory.
Heavenly Kingdom of Everlasting Satisfaction1990-1992Founded in Song County, Henan, headed by Li Chengfu, who had the intent of taking over the world.
Elijah Ten Commandments Stone Kingdom1993-1999Founded by the World Elijah Evangelical Mission, with founder Park Myung Hoo as its God Emperor.
Sunda Empire2017-2020Part of Indonesia
Keraton Agung Sejagat2018-2020

Europe

Sovereign State

20th and 21st centuries
NamePeriodTodayNotes
Portuguese Republic1910-1926Part of Portugal"First Portuguese Republic"
Russian Provisional Government1917Post-Soviet states
Russian Republic[3]1917-1918
White movement1917-1923/1990sLoose confederation of anti-Bolshevik governments and organizations during the Russian Civil War. After the war, the White movement lived on through the White émigrés, who worked for various foreign governments, notably during the Xinjiang Wars and World War II. Minor groups endured until the fall of the Soviet Union.
Republic of Estonia1918-1940Part of Estonia"First Republic of Estonia"

Occupied by the Soviet Union and turned into a puppet state on 16 June 1940, officially transformed into the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic on 21 July 1940, and fully annexed into the Soviet Union on 6 August 1940.

Democratic Republic of Georgia1918-1921Part of Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia, and TürkiyeDeclared on 26 May 1918, and became a German protectorate on 28 May with the Treaty of Poti until the withdrawal of German soldiers at the end of World War I.
Republic of Armenia1918-1920Part of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Türkiye
Azerbaijan Democratic RepublicPart of Azerbaijan, Armenia, and GeorgiaPuppet state of the Sublime Ottoman State (1918)
Republic of Lithuania1918-1940Part of Lithuania"First Republic of Lithuania"

Occupied by the Soviet Union and turned into a puppet state on 16 June 1940, officially transformed into the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic on 21 July 1940, and fully annexed into the Soviet Union on 3 August 1940.

Republic of Poland1918-1939Part of Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania"Second Polish Republic"

The transition from the Kingdom of Poland into the Polish Republic lasted from 7 October 1918 to 22 November 1918, with the customary ceremonial founding date of the latter being later set at 11 November 1918.

Republic of Latvia1918-1940Part of Latvia"First Republic of Latvia"

Occupied by the Soviet Union and turned into a puppet state on 17 June 1940, officially transformed into the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic on 21 July 1940, and fully annexed into the Soviet Union on 5 August 1940.

Free State of Fiume1920-1924Part of Croatia
Irish Free State1922-1937Part of IrelandDominion of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland/United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics1922-1991Post-Soviet statesThe Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic seceded on 12 December 1991. The final Union Republic, the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, seceded on 16 December 1991. Several Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics remained within the Union until it was officially dissolved on 26 December 1991.
Portuguese Republic1926-1933Part of PortugalThe Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship) of the "Second Portuguese Republic"
Spanish Republic1931-1939Part of Spain"Second Spanish Republic"
Portuguese Republic1933-1974Part of PortugalThe Estado Novo (New State) of the "Second Portuguese Republic"
German Reich[4]1933-1945Part of Germany, Austria, Czechia, Poland, Russia, Lithuania, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and Slovenia.
Federal State of Austria1934-1938Part of AustriaPuppet state of the German Reich after 11 March 1938
Spanish State1936-1975Part of Spain
Éire1937-1949Part of Ireland
Czecho-Slovak Republic[5]1938-1939Part of Czechia, Slovakia, and Ukraine"Second Czechoslovak Republic". De facto puppet state of the German Reich
French State[6]1940-1944Part of France and AlgeriaDe jure continuation of the Third Republic following the Armistice of 22 June 1940 and installation of a fascist regime. Officially independent, but with half of its territory occupied under the harsh terms of the armistice with Nazi Germany, it adopted a policy of collaboration. Transformed into a traditional puppet state after Case Anton in November 1942.
Democratic Federal Yugoslavia[7]1943-1945Part of Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Kosovo
French Republic1944-1946Part of France and AlgeriaThe provisional government of Free France between 3 June 1944 and 27 October 1946, shortly before the liberation of continental France after Operations Overlord and Dragoon. The position of Chairmen of the Provisional Government remained in place until 22 January 1947.
AlbaniaPart of AlbaniaSatellite state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Czechoslovak Republic1945-1948Part of Czechia and Slovakia"Third Czechoslovak Republic"
Republic of Poland1945-1947Part of Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania"Provisional Government of National Unity"

Satellite state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia[8]1945-1992Part of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and KosovoSatellite state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics until 1948
French Republic1946-1958Part of France and Algeria
French UnionFormer French coloniesThe political entity created by the French Fourth Republic to replace the old French colonial empire system. It was the formal end of the "indigenous" (indigène) status of French subjects in colonial areas.
French Community1958-1995Former French coloniesThe constitutional organization set up in 1958 between France and its remaining African colonies, then in the process of decolonization. It replaced the French Union, which had reorganized the colonial empire in 1946. While the Community remained formally in existence until 1995, when the French Parliament officially abolished it, it had effectively ceased to exist and function by the end of 1960, by which time all the African members had declared their independence and left it.






Europe

1st millennium and prior
NamePeriodTodayNotes
Kingdom of the Danes1st millennium BC-c. 936Part of Denmark
Kingdom of Svear98-c. 970Part of Sweden
Kingdom of Northumbria654-867Part of the United KingdomEarly medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom in what is now Northern England and southeast Scotland. Ceased to be an independent kingdom in the mid-tenth century when it was conquered by the Danes
Kingdom of Galloway800s-1110sSuibne mac Cináeda (d.1034) is the first recorded king of the Gall-ghàidhil, the people of Galloway, however it is estimated the kingdom formed sometime during the mid-9th century. In the early 12th century, David I of Scotland made efforts to bring Galloway under Scottish control. He appointed Norman nobles, such as Fergus of Galloway, as rulers of the region. Over time, Galloway's status as an independent kingdom waned, and it became a Lordship.
Kingdom of Alba843-1286The Kingdom of Scotland between it's founding by Kenneth I in 834 and the death of Alexander III in 1286. The latter's death led indirectly to an invasion of Scotland by Edward I of England in 1296 and the First War of Scottish Independence.
Kingdom of the Isles[9]849-1164Part of the United Kingdom and the Isle of ManKingdom under Norwegian suzerainty. An invasion by Magnus Barefoot in the late 11th century resulted in a brief period of direct Norwegian rule over the kingdom, but soon the descendants of Godred Crovan re-asserted a further period of largely independent overlordship. This came to an end with the emergence of Somerled, on whose death in 1164 the kingdom was split in two.
Danelaw[at]865-954Part of the United KingdomThe part of England in which the laws of the Danes held sway and dominated those of the Anglo-Saxons. The Danelaw contrasts with the West Saxon law and the Mercian law. The first recorded term to describe the polity was Dena lage, first being used in the early 11th century, with Danelaw being used at a later time.
Kingdom of Northumbria867-954The Kingdom of Northumbria following its defeat by the Danes. In 954, the kingdom was fully absorbed into England. The terms Kingdom of York and Kingdom of Jórvík have been widely used by historians to describe the polity to distinguish it from the traditional Kingdom of Northumbria.
Kingdom of Norway872-1397Part of Norway, Sweden, Russia, Iceland, Denmark, Ireland, and the United KingdomConstituent of the North Sea Empire (1013-1014; 1028-1035; 1040-1042)
Kingdom of England927-1066Part of the United KingdomThe first unified government of England since the abandonment of the Roman province Britannia. Served as a constituent of the North Sea Empire.
11th century to 15th century
NamePeriodTodayNotes
Kingdom of Denmark, Kingdom of Norway, and the Kingdom of England1013-1014; 1016-1035; 1040-1042Part of the United Kingdom, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and GermanyThe personal union of the kingdoms of England, Denmark, and Norway for most of the period between 1013 and 1042 towards the end of the Viking Age. This ephemeral Norse-ruled empire was a thalassocracy, its components only connected by and dependent upon the sea. The term North Sea Empire was coined by historians at the beginning of the 20th century, with the union historically being referred to by its individual parts: the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and England.
Kingdom of England1042-1206Part of the United KingdomThe Danish claim to the English throne was not renounced with the permanent collapse of the North Sea Empire, and was revived until as late as the 13th century. The Danes had as late as 1206 still not abandoned their hopes of reclaiming England, if Lambert of Ardres is to be believed.
Kingdom of England1066-1649; 1660-1707Under personal union with the Duchy of Normandy from 1066-1087, 1106-1144, 1154-1204/1259. Served as a constituent of both the Angevin Empire and Dual monarchy of England and France. Temporarily ceased to exist during the Interregnum. Formally ceased to exist with the commencement of the Acts of Union 1707.
Lordship of Galloway1110s-1234Despite Galloway's transition from kingdom to lordship, the Fergusan Dynasty continued until 1234 and the Laws of Galloway remained in force until 1426. It is thought that these laws originally derived their authority from the kings of Galloway.
Kingdom of England1138-1153English forces loyal to Empress Matilda and Henry Plantagenet during the Anarchy.
Our kingdom and everything subject to our rule whatever it may be1154-1214Part of the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Guernsey, and JerseyAs far as historians know, there was no contemporary term for the region under Angevin control; however, descriptions such as our kingdom and everything subject to our rule whatever it may be and the whole of the kingdom which had belonged to his father were used. The term Angevin Empire was coined by Kate Norgate in her 1887 publication, England under the Angevin Kings.
Principality of Powys Fadog1160-1277Part of the United KingdomThe realm was the northern portion of the former Kingdom of Powys upon its split in 1160. In early 1277 an army led by the Earl of Warwick marched from Chester into Powys Fadog. Madog II was compelled to submit and under the terms of his surrender, the realm would be divided between himself and his younger brother Llywelyn.
Principality of Powys Wenwynwyn1160-1283The realm was the southern portion of the former Kingdom of Powys upon its split in 1160. Became close allies with England against their bitter rivals, the Kingdom of Gwynedd. Owain ap Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn allegedly surrendered the principality of Powys to Edward I at the Parliament held in Shrewsbury in 1283.
Kingdom of Mann and the Isles[10]1164-1265Part of the United Kingdom and the Isle of ManConsisted of the Isle of Man and the Northern Isles. Ruled by the Crovan dynasty following the death of Somerled and split in 1164.
Kingdom of the Isles1164-1266Part of the United KingdomConsisted of the Southern Isles. Ruled by Clann Somhairle following the death of Somerled and split in 1164.
Principality of Wales1216-1283The territory of the native Welsh princes of the House of Aberffraw, encompassing two-thirds of modern Wales during its height of 1267-1277. The Principality was formally founded by Llywelyn the Great who gathered other Welsh leaders at the Council of Aberdyfi. The agreement was later recognised by the 1218 Treaty of Worcester between Llywelyn the Great of Wales and Henry III of England.
Kingdom of England1216-1217On 2 June 1216, Louis VIII of France was proclaimed "King of England" by rebellious barons in London, though never crowned. He soon seized half the English kingdom but was eventually defeated.
Kingdom of England[11]1264-1267Rebellion of the Baronial Council, which had been formed by the Provisions of Oxford, causing the Second Barons' War. A rival parliament was formally assembled by Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester on 20 January 1265. However, after a rule of just over a year, de Montfort was killed by forces loyal to the king at the Battle of Evesham. The last rebel forces would surrender in the Summer of 1267 on the Isle of Ely.
Kingdom of Mann1265-1504Part of the Isle of ManRuled directly by the Kings of Scotland from 1265-1290, 1293-1296, 1313-1317, and 1328-1333. Ruled directly by the Kings of England from 1290-1293, 1296-1313, and 1317-1328. On 9 August 1333, Edward III renounced all royal claims over the Isle of Man, and recognised it as an independent kingdom under its then king, William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury. Placed under English suzerainty in 1399 by the right of conquest on the decree of Henry IV.
Further Austria1278-1805Part of Austria, Germany, France, and SwitzerlandTerritory of the Habsburg monarchy after 1282
Habsburg dynasty1282-1918List of Habsburg rulers
Principality of Wales1283-1542Part of the United KingdomFollowing the conquest of Wales by Edward I of England of 1277 to 1283, those parts of Wales retained under the direct control of the English crown, principally in the north and west of the country, were re-constituted as a new Principality of Wales and ruled either by the monarch or the monarch's heir though not formally incorporated into the Kingdom of England.
Lordship of Denbigh1284-1536Created by Edward I for the Earl of Lincoln. As a marcher lordship, Denbigh was not a part of the Kingdom of England and was a de facto independent territory subject to feudal allegiance to the Crown. Although it became merged with the crown in 1461, it retained its identity as a Lordship outside of the Kingdom of England until it was effectively incorporated into the kingdom by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. Although the lordship still technically exists, with the King as its holder, its remaining lands, chiefly common land (for example, on Denbigh Moors), are vested in the Crown Estate.
Kingdom of Scotland1286-1652/1654; 1660-1707Unrecognized by the Kingdom of England from 1290 to 1328 and 1332 to 1357, which was reinforced by the Papal States from 1306 to 1320 until the Declaration of Arbroath was proclaimed. Entered into a personal union with England following the Union of the Crowns in 1603. Independent for 2 years during the Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652). The proclamation of the Tender of Union on 4 February 1652 regularised the de facto annexation of Scotland by the Commonwealth of England. De jure annexed by the Ordinance for uniting Scotland into one Commonwealth with England, issued by the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell on 12 April 1654. Formally ceased to exist with the commencement of the Acts of Union 1707.
Principality of Wales1294-1295National revolt led by Madog ap Llywelyn in response to the actions of new royal administrators in north and west Wales and the imposition of taxes such as that levied on one-fifteenth of all movables.
Kingdom of France1340-1360; 1369-1801Part of FranceFrom the 1340s to the 19th century the kings and queens of England (and later Great Britain) claimed the throne of France. The claim dates from Edward III, who claimed the French throne in 1340 as the sororal nephew of the last direct Capetian, Charles IV. The claim was temporarily revoked by the terms of the Treaty of Brétigny. The enforcement of the claim was briefly successful in the early 1420s under Henry V and Henry VI. Served as a constituent of the Dual monarchy of England and France. Ended with the Acts of Union 1800 on 1 January 1801, by which time France no longer had any monarch, having become a republic.
Principality of Wales1372-1378Part of the United KingdomOwain Lawgoch, a great-nephew of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd and Dafydd ap Gruffudd, claimed the title in exile in France and supporters revolted in his name across Wales between 1372 and 1378. He was assassinated before being able to return to Wales to lead them.
Kalmar Union1397-1523Part of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Iceland, Denmark, Germany, and the United Kingdom
Kingdom of Norway1397-1814Part of Norway and DenmarkConstituent of the Kalmar Union (1397-1448; 1450-1481; 1483-1523), Denmark–Norway (1523-1533, 1537-1814)
Principality of Wales1400-1415Part of the United KingdomRebellion led by Owain Glyndŵr against the Kingdom of England during the Late Middle Ages in Wales. During the rebellion's height between 1403 and 1406, Owain exercised control over the majority of Wales after capturing several of the most powerful English castles in the country and formed a national parliament at Machynlleth.
Dual monarchy of England and France1422-1453Part of the United Kingdom and FranceExisted during the latter phase of the Hundred Years' War when Charles VII of France and Henry VI of England disputed the succession to the throne of France. It commenced on 21 October 1422 upon the death of King Charles VI of France, who had signed the Treaty of Troyes which gave the French crown to his son-in-law Henry V of England and Henry's heirs. In practical terms, King Henry's claim to de jure sovereignty and legitimacy as king of France was only recognised in the English and allied-controlled territories of France which were under the domination of his French regency council, while the Dauphin ruled as King of France in part of the realm south of the river Loire. The dual monarchy came to an end with the capture of Bordeaux by Charles VII's forces on 19 October 1453 following their final victory at the Battle of Castillon, thus bringing the Hundred Years' War to a conclusion.
Lincolnshire1470Part of the United KingdomPopular uprising against King Edward IV in 1470. It was sponsored by Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, who had once been loyal to the king but had gradually fallen out with him, opposing his unpopular marriage and aspects of English foreign policy.
Duchy of Yorkshire1489The Yorkshire rebellion took place in England in 1489, during the reign of King Henry VII. Initially led by John à Chambre, Later by Sir John Egremont (An Illegitimate member of the House of Percy). Relatively little is known about this rebellion; its main account is found in Polydore Vergil's Anglica Historia.
Duchy of Cornwall1497The First Cornish uprising was a popular uprising in the Kingdom of England, which began in Cornwall and culminated with the Battle of Deptford Bridge near London on 17 June 1497.
Kingdom of EnglandThe Second Cornish uprising occurred in September 1497 when the pretender to the throne, Perkin Warbeck, landed at Whitesand Bay, near Land's End, on 7 September with just 120 men in two ships. His supporters declared him ‘Richard IV’ on Bodmin Moor, following his attack on Exeter. Warbeck was captured at Beaulieu Abbey in Hampshire, while the remains of the Cornish army surrendered at Taunton.
16th and 17th centuries
NamePeriodTodayNotes
Lordship of Mann1504-1765Part of the Isle of ManUpon his succession to the throne in 1504, Thomas Stanley, 2nd Earl of Derby, did not take the style "King", and he and his successors were generally known instead as Lord of Mann. The isle was eventually granted to the Crown with the Isle of Man Purchase Act 1765.
Denmark–Norway1523-1533; 1537-1814Part of Denmark, Norway, and Germany
French Colonial Empire1534-1814Former French colonies and Overseas FranceFirst French Colonial Empire. Said to have begun with the claiming of Gaspé Bay by Jacques Cartier for the King of France. Ended with the French defeat in the War of the Sixth Coalition, in addition to its rapid decline with the selling of Louisiana to the United States, failure to keep French control over Haiti, and failed attempt to establish a French colony in Egypt and Syria.
Tomakivska Sich1540-1593Part of UkraineConstituent of the Free lands of the Zaporozhian Host the Lower after 1552
Kingdom of Ireland1542-1652; 1660-1801Part of Ireland and the United KingdomAlthough styled a kingdom, for most of its history it was, de facto, an English dependency. Temporarily ceased to exist during the Interregnum. Granted legislative independence in 1782. Annexed into the United Kingdom by the Acts of Union 1800.
Free lands of the Zaporozhian Host the Lower1552-1775Part of UkraineAutonomous administrative division of the Zaporizhian Cossack Host (1654-1764). Cossack host of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1583-1657; 1667-1686); Tsardom of Russia (1667-1711); Russian Empire (1734-1775). Vassal state of the Sublime Ottoman State (1711-1734)
Khortytsky Sich1556-1557Part of UkraineConstituent of the Free lands of the Zaporozhian Host the Lower. Existence disputed by historians
Kingdom of England1569-1570Part of the United KingdomAn unsuccessful attempt by Catholic nobles from Northern England to depose Queen Elizabeth I of England and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots.
Don Cossack Host1570-1918Part of RussiaCossack host of the Tsardom of Russia (1570-1721); Russian Empire (1721-1917); Russian Provisional Government (1917); Russian Republic (1917-1918)
Zaporozhian Cossack Host1572-1648Part of UkraineCossack host of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Terek Cossack Host1577-1792; 1860-1920Part of RussiaCossack host of the Tsardom of Russia (1577-1721); Russian Empire (1721-1792; 1860-1917); Russian Provisional Government (1917); Russian Republic (1917-1918); White movement (1918-1920)
English overseas possessions1583-1707Former British colonies and British Overseas TerritoriesComprised of a variety of overseas territories that were colonized, conquered, or otherwise acquired by the former Kingdom of England during the centuries before the Acts of Union 1707. The many English possessions then became the foundation of the British Empire and its fast-growing naval and mercantile power.
Ural Cossack Host[12]1591-1920Part of RussiaCossack host of the Tsardom of Russia (1591-1721); Russian Empire (1721-1917); Russian Provisional Government (1917); Russian Republic (1917-1918); White movement (1918-1920)
Bazavlutska Sich1593-1638Part of UkraineConstituent of the Free lands of the Zaporozhian Host the Lower
Swedish Empire1611-1721Part of Sweden, Finland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia, and Russia
Scottish overseas possessions1621-1632; 1634-1639; 1683-1707Part of the United States, Canada, and PanamaComprised of the Kingdom of Scotland's many short-lived and ultimately fruitless colonies and forts. Upon the Acts of Union 1707, the last Scottish overseas trading company, the Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies, was formally abolished.
Mykytynska Sich1638-1652Part of UkraineConstituent of the Free lands of the Zaporozhian Host the Lower
Kingdom of Scotland1639-1648Part of the United KingdomCovenanters were members of a 17th-century Scottish religious and political movement, who supported a Presbyterian Church of Scotland and the primacy of its leaders in religious affairs. When Charles I attempted to impose elements of the English religious settlement on Scotland, the result was the Bishops' Wars, which ended in defeat for the King and a virtually independent Presbyterian Covenanter state in Scotland. Eventually gained full control over Scotland under the Kirk Party.
Irish Catholic Confederation1642-1652Part of Ireland and the United KingdomThe period of Irish Catholic self-government between 1642 and 1652, during the Irish Confederate Wars.
Parliament of England1642-1649Part of the United KingdomRebeled against the Crown during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Would go on to declare the Commonwealth of England upon the execution of Charles I.
Zaporizhian Cossack Host1648-1764Part of Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, and MoldovaProtectorate of the Tsardom of Russia (1654-1721); Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1667-1686); Russian Empire (1721-1764). Vassal state of the Sublime Ottoman State (1655-1657; 1669-1685)
Commonwealth of England1649-1653Part of the United KingdomFormed by the Rump Parliament on 19 May 1649. Power in the early Commonwealth was vested primarily in the Parliament and the Council of State. During the period, fighting continued, particularly in Ireland and Scotland, between the parliamentary forces and those opposed to them.
His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council1649-1660Traditionally served as a body of advisers to the sovereign of the Kingdom of England, but acted as the official government in exile during the Interregnum. The council was led by Charles II and was based out of the Spanish Netherlands for the majority of its exile.
Chortomlytska Sich1652-1709Part of UkraineConstituent of the Free lands of the Zaporozhian Host the Lower
Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland1653-1659Part of the United Kingdom and IrelandFormed in 1659 after the dismissal of Barebone's Parliament and appointment of the Instrument of Government by Oliver Cromwell. His son, Richard Cromwell, would briefly rule before resigning in May 1659 due to his inability to control either the Army or Parliament. He was replaced by the English Committee of Safety, which dissolved the Third Protectorate Parliament and reseated the so-called Rump Parliament dismissed by Cromwell in April 1653.
Kingdom of Scotland1653-1654Part of the United KingdomRoyalist revolt in Scotland against the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell. It was led by William Cunningham, 9th Earl of Glencairn, who was given command of the Royalist forces in Scotland by Charles II. It was defeated by Thomas Morgan at the Battle of Dalnaspidal on 19 July 1654.
Commonwealth of England1659-1660Part of the United Kingdom and IrelandLed by the Committee of Safety following the resignation of Richard Cromwell. On 4 April 1660, in response to a secret message sent by General George Monck, who was then in effective control of England, Charles II issued the Declaration of Breda, which made known the conditions of his acceptance of the crown of England. Monck organised the Convention Parliament, which met for the first time on 25 April. On 8 May it proclaimed that King Charles II had been the lawful monarch since the execution of Charles I in January 1649. Charles returned from exile on 23 May, leading to the formal restoration of the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
Beylik of Mani1670-1821Part of GreeceDe facto vassal state of the Sublime Ottoman State
County of Larvik1671-1817Part of Norway
Kingdom of Ireland1688-1691Part of Ireland and the United KingdomRival government led by the Jacobites following James II's removal from the throne. Fought against the Williamites and their Dutch allies in the Williamite War in Ireland.
18th century
NamePeriodTodayNotes
Great Britain1707-1801Part of the United Kingdom
British Empire1707-1783Former British colonies and British Overseas TerritoriesFormed with the commencement of the Acts of Union 1707 from the English and Scottish overseas possessions. In 1783, with the signing of the Peace of Paris, Great Britain formally withdrew its claim to the Thirteen Colonies. The loss of such a large portion of British America, at the time Britain's most populous overseas possession, is seen by some historians as the event defining the transition between the "first" and "second" empires, in which Britain shifted its attention away from the Americas to Asia, the Pacific, and later Africa.
Kamianska Sich1709-1711Part of UkraineConstituent of the Free lands of the Zaporozhian Host the Lower
Oleshkivska Sich1711-1728
Greben Cossacks Host1711-1920Part of RussiaCossack host of the Tsardom of Russia (1711-1721); Russian Empire (1721-1917); Russian Provisional Government (1917); Russian Republic (1917-1918); White movement (1918-1920)
Banat of Craiova1718-1739Part of RomaniaTerritory of the Habsburg monarchy
Kingdom of SerbiaPart of SerbiaCrown land of the Habsburg monarchy
Russian Empire1721-1917Post-Soviet states, Finland, and Poland
Agrakhan Cossack Host1723-1735Part of RussiaCossack host of the Russian Empire
Volga Cossack Host1734-1777
Nova Sich1734-1775Part of UkraineConstituent of the Free lands of the Zaporozhian Host the Lower
Terek-Semeinoe Cossack Host1735-1745; 1755-1832Part of RussiaCossack host of the Russian Empire
Terek-Kizlyar Cossack Host
Kingdom of Corsica1736Part of FranceA short-lived kingdom on the island of Corsica. It was formed after the islanders crowned the German adventurer Freiherr Theodor Stephan von Neuhoff as the King of Corsica.
Astrakhan Cossack Host1737-1920Part of RussiaCossack host of the Russian Empire (1737-1917); Russian Provisional Government (1917); Russian Republic (1917-1918); White movement (1918-1920)
Orenburg Cossack Host1755-1920Cossack host of the Russian Empire (1755-1917); Russian Provisional Government (1917); Russian Republic (1917-1918); White movement (1918-1920)
Corsican Republic1755-1769Part of FranceIn November 1755, Pasquale Paoli proclaimed Corsica a sovereign nation, the Corsican Republic, independent from the Republic of Genoa.
Buh Cossack Host1769-1817Part of UkraineCossack host of the Russian Empire
Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, with the Grand Duchy of Kraków and the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator[13]1772-1918Part of Poland and UkraineCrown land of the Habsburg monarchy (1772-1804); Austrian Empire (1804-1867); The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council (1867-1918)
Duchy of AuschwitzPart of PolandDuchy of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, with the Grand Duchy of Kraków and the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator
Duchy of Zator
Bukovina District[14]1775-1849Part of Romania and UkraineMilitary district of the Habsburg monarchy (1775-1786). District of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, with the Grand Duchy of Kraków and the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator (1786-1849)
Danubian Sich1775-1828Part of Moldova, Romania, and UkraineProtectorate of the Sublime Ottoman State
British Empire1783-1983Former British colonies and British Overseas TerritoriesFormed from the remaining British colonies following the British defeat in the American Revolutionary War. Composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power during the period known as Pax Britannica. The British Nationality Act 1981, which came into effect on 1 January 1983, formally reclassified the existing Crown Colonies as "British Dependent Territories". Despite this, 1997 is often considered the de facto end of the Empire with the handover of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China.
Banat Sich1785-1790Part of Serbia and RomaniaCossack host of the Habsburg monarchy
Black Sea Cossack Host1787-1864Part of Russia and UkraineCossack host of the Russian Empire
Kingdom of France1789-1791Part of FranceThe Kingdom of France under the National Assembly and later the National Constituent Assembly during the French Revolution. Was declared with the abolition of the Ancien Régime and oversaw the writing of the French Constitution of 1791 following the Flight to Varennes.
Paris Commune1789-1795The revolutionary government of Paris from 1789 until 1795. Operated autonomously from the various national French governments until the Thermidorian Reaction and the execution of its leaders led to its disestablishment.
Republic of Liège1789-1791Part of BelgiumPuppet state of the Kingdom of France
United Belgian States1790Part of Belgium and Luxembourg
Kingdom of France1791-1792Part of FranceThe Kingdom of France under the Legislative Assembly and later the National Convention. It was declared with the formal creation of a constitutional monarchy with the enactment of the French Constitution of 1791. Dissolved roughly a year after its establishment with the proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy.
Kingdom of France1791-1814Rival "government" backed by foreign powers during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
French Republic1792-1804Part of France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, and MonacoThis period was characterised by the downfall and abolition of the French monarchy, the establishment of the National Convention and the Reign of Terror, the Thermidorian Reaction and the founding of the Directory, and, finally, the creation of the Consulate and Napoleon's rise to power.
Rauracian Republic1792-1793Part of SwitzerlandSister republic of the French Republic
Republic of Mainz1793Part of Germany
Republic of Bouillon1794-1795Part of BelgiumSister republic of the French Republic. Existence disputed by historians
Kingdom of Corsica1794-1796Part of FrancePuppet state of and in personal union with Great Britain
Batavian Republic[15]1795-1806Part of the NetherlandsSister republic of the French Republic (1795-1804). Puppet state of the French Empire (1804-1806)
New Galicia1795-1803Part of PolandTerritory of the Habsburg monarchy
Republic of Alba1796Part of ItalySister republic of the French Republic
Republic of Reggio
Cispadane Republic1796-1797
General Administration of Lombardy1796Military administration of the French Republic
Transpadane Republic1796-1797Sister republic of the French Republic
Bolognese Republic1796
Republic of Bergamo1797
Republic of Brescia
Republic of Crema
Venetian Province1797-1805Territory of the Habsburg monarchy
Cisrhenian Republic1797-1802Part of GermanySister republic of the French Republic
Ligurian Republic1797-1800; 1800-1805Part of ItalySister republic of the French Republic (1797-1800; 1800-1804). Puppet state of the French Empire (1804-1805)
Cisalpine Republic1797-1802Sister republic of the French Republic
Astese Republic1797
Anconine Republic1797-1798
Tiberina Republic1798
Roman Republic1798-1799Part of Italy and Vatican City
Piedmontese RepublicPart of Italy
Lemanic Republic1798Part of Switzerland
Swiss Republic1798
Tellian Republic
Rhodanic Republic
Helvetic Republic1798-1803
Irish Republic1798Part of Ireland and the United Kingdom
Malta1798-1800Part of MaltaPossession of the French Republic
The Gozitan Nation1798-1801Personal union with the Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of Sicily
Bashkir Cossack Host[16]1798-1865Part of RussiaCossack host of the Russian Empire
Parthenopean Republic1799Part of ItalySister republic of the French Republic
Republic of Altamura
Republic of Pescara
Republic of Lucca[17]1799; 1800-1805Sister republic of the French Republic (1799; 1800-1804). Puppet state of the French Empire (1804-1805)
Republic of the Seven Islands1800-1807Part of GreeceProtectorate of the Russian Empire and Sublime Ottoman State
Subalpine Republic[18]1800-1802Part of ItalySister republic of the French Republic
19th century
NamePeriodTodayNotes
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland1801-1922Part of the United Kingdom and Ireland
Ireland1801-1921Constituent country of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Kingdom of Etruria1801-1807Part of ItalyPuppet state of the French Republic (1801-1804); French Empire (1804-1807)
Italian Republic1802-1805Sister republic of the French Republic (1802-1804). Puppet state of the French Empire (1804-1805)
Principality of Salm1802-1811Part of GermanyPuppet state of the French Republic (1803-1804); French Empire (1804-1813). Constituent of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (1802-1806); Confederated States of the Rhine (1806-1811)
Valais Republic1802-1810Part of SwitzerlandSister republic of the French Republic (1802-1804). Puppet state of the French Empire (1804-1810)
Swiss Confederation1803-1815Sister republic of the French Republic (1803-1804). Puppet state of the French Empire (1804-1813)
Principality of Aschaffenburg1803-1810Part of GermanyPuppet state of the French Republic (1803-1804); French Empire (1804-1810). Constituent of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (1803-1806); Confederated States of the Rhine (1806-1810)
County of Hanau
Principality of Fulda
Principality of Regensburg
County of WetzlarPuppet state of the French Republic (1803-1804); French Empire (1804-1810)
Forest- and Rhine-County of Salm-Horstmar1803-1813Puppet state of the French Republic (1803-1804); French Empire (1804-1813). Constituent of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (1803-1806); Confederated States of the Rhine (1806-1813)
French Empire[19]1804-1814; 1815Part of France, Andorra, Monaco, Spain, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, and Vatican CityFrance during the reign of Napoleon. Briefly revived during the Hundred Days.
Austrian Empire1804-1867Part of Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Poland, and UkraineDe facto puppet state of the French Empire (1809-1813). Constituent of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (1804-1806); German Confederation (1815-1848; 1850-1866)
Serbia1804-1813Part of Serbia
Kingdom of Italy1805-1814Part of ItalyPuppet state of and in personal union with the French Empire
Principality of Lucca and PiombinoPuppet state of the French Empire
Duchy of Salzburg1805-1809; 1849-1918Part of AustriaCrown land of the Austrian Empire (1805-1809; 1849-1867); The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council (1867-1918). Placed under French occupation after 1809 and annexed by Bavaria in 1810. Reannexed by Austria in 1816 but only restored in 1849.
Kingdom of Württemberg1805-1918Part of GermanyPuppet state of the French Empire until 4 November 1813. Constituent of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (1805-1806); Confederated States of the Rhine (1806-1813); Central Administration Council (1813-1815); German Confederation (1815-1848; 1850-1866); German Empire (1871-1918)
Electorate of Würzburg1805-1806Puppet state of the French Empire. Constituent of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
Kingdom of Bavaria1806-1918Puppet state of the French Empire until 4 November 1813. Constituent of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (1806); Confederated States of the Rhine (1806-1813); Central Administration Council (1813-1815); German Confederation (1815-1848; 1850-1866); German Empire (1871-1918)
Grand Duchy of Würzburg1806-1814Puppet state of the French Empire until 4 November 1813. Constituent of the Confederated States of the Rhine (1806-1813); Central Administration Council (1813-1814)
Grand Duchy of Berg1806-1813Puppet state of the French Empire. Constituent of the Confederated States of the Rhine. Personal union with the French Empire (1808-1809)
Grand Duchy of Baden1806-1918Puppet state of the French Empire until 4 November 1813. Constituent of the Confederated States of the Rhine (1806-1813); Central Administration Council (1813-1815); German Confederation (1815-1848; 1850-1866); German Empire (1871-1918)
Grand Duchy of Hesse[20]Puppet state of the French Empire until 4 November 1813. Constituent of the Confederated States of the Rhine (1806-1813); Central Administration Council (1813-1815); German Confederation (1815-1848; 1850-1866); German Empire (1871-1918)
Kingdom of Saxony1806-1813; 1815-1918Puppet state of the French Empire until 4 November 1813. Constituent of the Confederated States of the Rhine (1806-1813); Central Administration Council (1815); German Confederation (1815-1848; 1850-1866); North German Confederation (1866-1871); German Empire (1871-1918)
Duchy of Nassau1806-1866Puppet state of the French Empire until 4 November 1813. Constituent of the Confederated States of the Rhine (1806-1813); Central Administration Council (1813-1815); German Confederation (1815-1848; 1850-1866)
Principality of Isenburg1806-1815Puppet state of the French Empire until 4 November 1813. Constituent of the Confederated States of the Rhine (1806-1813); Central Administration Council (1813-1815)
Principality of Leyen1806-1814Puppet state of the French Empire until 4 November 1813. Constituent of the Confederated States of the Rhine (1806-1813); Central Administration Council (1813-1814)
Kingdom of Naples1806-1815Part of ItalyPuppet state of the French Empire (1806-1814; 1815)
Duchy of Guastalla1806-1813Puppet state of the French Empire. Autonomous duchy of the Kingdom of Italy
Principality of Benevento1806-1815Puppet state of the French Empire until 11 April 1814
Kingdom of Holland1806-1810Part of the Netherlands and GermanyPuppet state of the French Empire
Confederated States of the Rhine1806-1813Part of Germany, Austria, and LiechtensteinPuppet state of and in personal union with the French Empire
Principality of Frankfurt1806-1810Part of GermanyPuppet state of the French Empire. Constituent of the Confederated States of the Rhine
Principality of Pontecorvo1806-1815Part of ItalyPuppet state of the French Empire until 11 April 1814
Ionian Islands1807-1814Part of GreecePossession of the French Empire
Kingdom of Westphalia1807-1813Part of GermanyPuppet state of the French Empire. Constituent of the Confederated States of the Rhine
Principality of Erfurt1807-1814Puppet state of the French Empire
Duchy of Warsaw1807-1815Part of Poland and LithuaniaPuppet state of the French Empire until 11 April 1814. Personal union with the Kingdom of Saxony. Constituent of the General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland between 28 June 1812 and 30 April 1813
Free City of Danzig1807-1814Puppet state of the French Empire
Kingdom of Spain1808-1813Part of Spain
Supreme Central and Governing Junta of Spain and the Indies1808-1810
Grand Duchy of Finland1809-1917Part of Finland and RussiaGrand Duchy of the Russian Empire
Salzburg1809-1810Part of AustriaTemporary French occupation of the Duchy of Salzburg after the Treaty of Schönbrunn.
Illyrian Provinces1809-1814Part of Croatia, Slovenia, Austria, Italy, and MontenegroAutonomous administrative division of the French Empire
Grand Duchy of Frankfurt1810-1813Part of GermanyPuppet state of the French Empire. Constituent of the Confederated States of the Rhine
Extraordinary and General Cortes of the Spanish Nation1810-1813Part of Spain
Provisional Government Commission of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania1812-1813Part of Lithuania and BelarusPuppet state of the French Empire. Constituent of the General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland after 14 July 1812
General Confederation of the Kingdom of PolandPart of Poland, Lithuania, and BelarusPuppet state of the French Empire. Personal union with the Kingdom of Saxony
Provisional Highest Council of the Duchy of Warsaw1813-1815Part of Poland and LithuaniaAfter Napoleon's defeat in the east, most of the territory of the Duchy of Warsaw was occupied by Russia in January 1813 during their advance on France and its allies. The rest of the duchy was restored to Prussia. Although several isolated fortresses held out for more than a year, the existence of the Varsovian state in anything but the name came to an end. Alexander I of Russia created a Provisional Highest Council of the Duchy of Warsaw to govern the area through his generals.
Kingdom of Spain1813-1874Part of Spain
Central Administration Council1813-1815Part of Germany, Austria, and LiechtensteinThe only attempt at political coordination in Germany between the collapse of the Confederation of the Rhine and the creation of the German Confederation. its President was Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein; it was dissolved on 20 June 1815.
Government-General of the High Allied Powers1813-1815Part of GermanyCoalition administration in Saxony
Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands1813-1815Part of the Netherlands
Government General of Berg1813-1814Part of GermanyCoalition administration in the former Grand Duchy of Berg
General Government between the Weser and the Rhine1813-1815Coalition administration in Westphalia
Government-General of Middle Rhine1814-1815Coalition administration in the Palatinate
State of Franche-Comté1814Part of France and Switzerland
General Government of Belgium1814-1815Part of Belgium and LuxembourgCoalition administration in the Southern Netherlands
General Government of Lower RhinePart of GermanyCoalition administration in the Left Bank of the Rhine
The Whole State1814-1864Part of Denmark and Germany
Kingdom of Norway1814Part of Norway
Principality of Elba1814-1815Part of Italy
Provisional Government of the States of Genoa1814
Kingdom of France1814-1815; 1815-1830Part of France
Principality of Porrentruy1814-1815Part of Switzerland
United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway1814-1905Part of Sweden and Norway
Kingdom of NorwayPart of NorwayConstituent of the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
Genoa1814-1815Part of ItalyMilitary administration of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on behalf of the Kingdom of Sardinia
Kingdom of the Netherlands1815-1839Part of the Netherlands
Kingdom of France1815Part of FranceRoyalist government in exile led by Louis XVIII in Ghent during the Hundred Days. The only region to remain entirely loyal to Bourbon rule was the Vendée, which would lead to a short-lived uprising against Napoleon.
German Confederation1815-1848; 1850-1866Part of Germany, Austria, Czechia, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, Liechtenstein, Poland, Italy, and Slovenia
United States of the Ionian Islands1815-1864Part of GreeceAmical protectorate of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after 9 November 1815
Free, Independent, and Strictly Neutral City of Cracow with its Territory1815-1846Part of PolandProtectorate of the Austrian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia, and the Russian Empire
Kingdom of Poland1815-1867Part of Poland, Lithuania, and BelarusPersonal union with the Russian Empire (1815-1831); Real union with the Russian Empire (1831-1867)
Grand Duchy of Posen1815-1848Part of PolandPuppet state of the Kingdom of Prussia
Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia1815-1866Part of ItalyCrown land of the Austrian Empire
Duchy of Genoa1815-1848Constituent of the States of His Majesty the King of Sardinia
Swiss Confederation1815-1848Part of Switzerland
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves1815-1825Part of Portugal, Brazil, and Uruguay
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies1816-1861Part of Italy
Kingdom of Illyria1816-1849Part of Croatia, Slovenia, Austria, and ItalyCrown land of the Austrian Empire
Neutral Moresnet1816-1915; 1918-1920Part of BelgiumCondominium of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (until 1830), Kingdom of Belgium (after 1830), and the Kingdom of Prussia
Republic of Pontecorvo1820-1821Part of Italy
Messenian Senate1821Part of GreeceThe Greek local statutes were the local assemblies of Greece during the Greek War of Independence who codified certain 'proto-constitutions' ratified by local assemblies with the aim of eventually establishing a centralized Parliament under a single constitution.
Directorate of Achaea1821-1822
Senate of the entire People of the Peloponnese provinces1821-1823
Senate of Western Continental Greece
Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece1821-1825
Provisional Regime of Crete1821-182?
Military-Political Organization of the Island of Samos1821-1834Greek local statute. Autonomous administrative division of the Hellenic State from 1828 to 1830.
Hellenic State[21]1822-1832De jure tributary state of the Sublime Ottoman State from 22 March 1829 to 3 February 1830
Republic of Goust1827-1896Part of FranceJean-François Samazeuilh attributes the claims of Goust's independence to an 1827 description by the former French Minister of the Interior Joseph Lainé.
Azov Cossack Host[22]1828-1862Part of UkraineCossack host of the Russian Empire
Danube Cossack Host1828-1868Part of Moldova, Romania, and UkraineCossack host of the Russian Empire
French Colonial Empire1830-1946Former French colonies and Overseas FranceThe empire was officially dissolved by the French government with the creation of the French Union in 1946, however, it is also said by some to have only de facto ended in 1980, with the independence of Vanuatu.
Kingdom of France1830-1848Part of FranceLiberal constitutional monarchy under Louis Philippe I created during the July Revolution of 1830.
Provisional Government of Belgium[23]1830-1831Part of Belgium and the NetherlandsRevolutionary Belgian government during the Belgian Revolution.
Kingdom of Poland1830-1831Part of Poland, Lithuania, and Belarus
Italian United Provinces1831Part of ItalyShort-lived republic formed during the Revolutions of 1830.
Caucasus Line Cossack Host1832-1860Part of RussiaCossack host of the Russian Empire
Paris Commune1832Part of FranceRevolutionary commune declared by supporters of the late Jean Maximilien Lamarque in early June of 1832.
Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves1834-1910Part of Portugal
Principality of Samos1834-1912Part of GreeceAutonomous region of the Sublime Ottoman State
Kingdom of Heaven1834-1918Part of the United KingdomWilliam Hudson Heaven purchased Lundy in 1834 and claimed it to be a "free island", and successfully resisted the jurisdiction of the mainland magistrates. With the outbreak of the First World War, matters deteriorated seriously, and in 1918 the family sold Lundy to Augustus Langham Christie.
Duchy of Limburg1839-1867Part of the Kingdom of the NetherlandsConstituent of the German Confederation. Personal union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Sonderbund1845-1847Part of SwitzerlandSeparate confederacy formed by Catholic-majority cantons to protect their interests against a centralization of power.
Polish National Government1846Part of PolandDeclared by Jan Tyssowski during the Kraków uprising, with himself as the self-proclaimed dictator.
Grand Duchy of Kraków1846-1918Grand Duchy of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, with the Grand Duchy of Kraków and the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator
Irish Confederation1847-1848Part of Ireland and the United KingdomEstablished on 13 January 1847 by members of the Young Ireland movement who had left from Daniel O'Connell's Repeal Association. Collapsed following the Young Ireland rebellion.
Provisional Government of Milan1848Part of ItalyRevolutionary Italian states during the Revolutions of 1848 and First Italian War of Independence.
Republic of San Marco1848-1849
Kingdom of Sicily
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Duchy of Modena and Reggio
Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
Free Cities of Menton and RoquebrunePart of France
French Republic1848-1852Republican government of France following the February Revolution
Kingdom of Hungary1848-1849Part of Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, and AustriaHungarian government during the majority of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.
Polish National Committee1848Part of Poland
Republic of Mosina
Supreme Ruthenian Council1848-1851Part of Ukraine and Poland
Serbian Vojvodina1848-1849Part of Serbia, Croatia, Hungary, and RomaniaAutonomous region (self-proclaimed) of the Austrian Empire
Prague Slavic Congress1848Part of Czechia
German Empire1848-1849Part of Germany, Austria, Czechia, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, Liechtenstein, Poland, Italy, and Slovenia
Provisional Government of Wallachia1848Part of Romania
Slovak National Council1848-1849Part of Slovakia
Baden RepublicPart of Germany
Romanian National CommitteePart of Romania
Duchy of Bukovina1849-1918Part of Romania and UkraineCrown land of the Austrian Empire (1849-1867); The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council (1867-1918)
Palatinate Republic1849Part of Germany
Hungarian StatePart of Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, and Austria
Tuscan RepublicPart of ItalyRevolutionary Italian states during the Revolutions of 1848 and First Italian War of Independence.
Roman Republic1849-1850Part of Italy and Vatican City
Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar1849-1860Part of Serbia, Romania, and HungaryCrown land of the Austrian Empire
Erfurt Union1850Part of Germany, Austria, Czechia, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, Liechtenstein, Poland, Italy, and Slovenia
French Empire1852-1870Part of FranceThe Imperialist, Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III, which lasted from 2 December 1852 to 4 September 1870.
Labour Parliament1854Part of the United KingdomRevolutionary parliament formed in Preston which sat in protest for twelve days, 6 to 18 March 1854, as part of a response to the lockout by local mill owners.
United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia[24]1859-1881Part of RomaniaDe jure vassal state of the Sublime Ottoman State until 9 May 1877
Lombardy1859Part of ItalyTemporary French occupation of the Lombardy portion of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia after the Treaty of Zürich.
United Provinces of Central Italy1859-1860Puppet state of the Kingdom of Sardinia
Tuscan Provisional GovernmentConstituent of the United Provinces of Central Italy
Kuban Cossack Host1860-1917Part of RussiaCossack host of the Russian Empire (1721-1917); Russian Provisional Government (1917); Russian Republic (1917-1918)
Kingdom of Poland, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Grand Duchy of Ruthenia1863-1864Part of Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia
North German Confederation[25]1866-1871Part of Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Poland, Czechia, Russia, and Lithuania
Venetia1866Part of ItalyTemporary French occupation of the Venetia portion of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia after the 1866 Treaty of Vienna.
Kingdom of Poland1867-1915Part of Poland, Lithuania, and BelarusReal union with the Russian Empire (1831-1867)
The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of Saint Stephen1867-1918Part of Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, Romania, Poland, and Ukraine
The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial CouncilPart of Austria, Czechia, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, Romania, Poland, and UkraineConstituent of The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of Saint Stephen
Lands of the Crown of Saint StephenPart of Hungary, Slovakia, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, and Ukraine
Provisional Government of the Kingdom of Spain1868-1871Part of Spain
State of the Church1870-1929Part of Vatican City
Paris Commune1870Part of FrancePart of the revolutionary wave in the aftermath of the collapse of the Second French Empire and French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War.
Lyon Commune1870-1871
Marseilles Commune1870
Brest Commune
Kingdom of Spain1871-1873Part of Spain
German Empire1871-1918Part of Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Poland, Czechia, Russia, Lithuania, and France
French Republic1870-1940Part of France
Paris Commune1871Part of the revolutionary wave in the aftermath of the collapse of the Second French Empire and French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War.
Marseilles Commune
Saint-Étienne Commune
Central Municipality of the District of Narbonne
Toulouse Commune
Perpignan Commune
Le Creusot Commune
Grenoble Commune
Bordeaux Commune
Nîmes Commune
Limoges Commune
Périgueux Commune
Cuers Commune
Foix Commune
Rouen Commune
Le Havre Commune
Besançon Commune
Carlist States1872-1876Part of SpainCarlist confederation led by Carlos VII during the Third Carlist War.
Spanish Republic1873-1874
Catalan State within the Spanish Federal Republic1873Autonomous region (self-proclaimed) of the Spanish Republic
Canton of AlcoyLocal revolutionary state during the Cantonal rebellion
Canton of Algeciras
Canton of Alicante
Canton of Almansa
Canton of Andújar
Canton of Bailén
Canton of Béjar
Canton of Cadiz
Canton of Camuñas
Canton of Cartagena1873-1874
Canton of Castellón1873
Canton of Córdoba
Canton of Granada
Canton of Gualchos
Canton of Huelva
Canton of Jaén
Canton of Jumilla
Canton of Loja
Canton of Málaga
Canton of Motril
Canton of Murcia
Canton of Orihuela
Canton of Plasencia
Canton of Salamanca
Canton of San Fernando
Canton of Sevilla
Canton of Tarifa
Canton of Torrevieja
Valencian Canton
Provisional DirectoryCreated by the Cantons on 24 July 1873 as the superior authority to give unity and cohesion to the cantonal movement, and extend it with the formation of new cantons.
Provisional Government of the Spanish Federation1873-1874Replaced the short-lived Provisional Directory on 27 July 1873 to be a proper rival government to the First Spanish Republic under a Cantonalist regime.
Kingdom of Spain1874-1931
Polish National Government1877Part of Poland
Principality of Bulgaria1878-1908Part of BulgariaDe jure vassal state of the Sublime Ottoman State
Eastern Rumelia1878-1885/1908Autonomous region of the Sublime Ottoman State. De facto annexed by the Principality of Bulgaria in 1885. Personal union with the Principality of Bulgaria after 1886.
Republic of Tamrash1878-1886The Republic of Tamrash was a self-governing administrative structure of the Pomaks, living in the Tamrash region of the Rhodope Mountains.
Kingdom of Romania1881-1940; 1941-1947Part of Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, and BulgariaSatellite state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics after 6 March 1945
Whiteway Colony1898-1909Part of the United Kingdom
Cretan State1898-1913Part of GreeceAutonomous region of the Sublime Ottoman State. Unilateral union with Greece declared in 1908. Formally annexed by Greece in 1913.
20th and 21st centuries
NamePeriodTodayNotes
Gurian Republic1902-1906Part of Georgia
Kruševo Republic1903Part of North MacedoniaRevolutionary state during the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
Strandzha CommunePart of Bulgaria and Turkey
Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Delegates[26]1905Part of RussiaRevolutionary republic declared during the 1905 Russian Revolution
Krasnoyarsk Republic
Novorossiysk Republic
Stary Buyan Republic
Liubotyn RepublicPart of Ukraine
Shuliavka Republic
Republic of ZagłębiePart of Poland
Republic of Sławków
Chita Republic1905-1906Part of Russia
Sochi Republic
Markovo Republic
Republic of OstrowiecPart of Poland
Comrat Republic1906Part of Moldova
Portuguese Republic1910-1926Part of PortugalThe First Republic
Free State of Icaria1912Part of Greece
Provisional Government of Megisti1913-1914In 1912, during the Italo-Turkish War between Italy and the Ottoman Empire, the inhabitants asked Giovanni Ameglio, chief of the Italian occupation forces in Rhodes, for their island to be annexed to Italy. This was refused, and on 14 March 1913, the local population imprisoned the governor and his Ottoman garrison and proclaimed a provisional government. In August 1913, the Greek government sent from Samos a provisional governor supported by gendarmes, but in early 1914 in Florence, it was decided that the island would be returned to the Ottoman Empire.
Provisional Government of Western Thrace[27]1913Part of Greece, Bulgaria, and Turkey
Republic of Central Albania1913-1914Part of AlbaniaRival government to the recognized Provisional Government of Independent Albania.
Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus1914Independent until 17 May 1914. Autonomous region of the Principality of Albania afterward.
Senate of Central AlbaniaPro-Ottoman government declared during the Peasant Revolt in Albania
Commonwealth of Catalonia1914-1925Part of SpainAutonomous region of the Kingdom of Spain
General Government of Galicia and Bukovina1914-1915Part of Poland, Ukraine, and RomaniaTemporary Russian military administration of eastern parts of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria captured from Austria-Hungary. On 14 July 1915, its leadership was forced to move to Kyiv after the success of the Gorlice–Tarnów offensive by the Central Powers.
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg1914-1918Part of LuxembourgFrom 2 August 1914 to 22 November 1918, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg was under full occupation by the German Empire. During this period, Luxembourg was allowed to retain its own government and political system, but all proceedings were overshadowed by the German army's presence.
Imperial German General Government of BelgiumPart of Belgium and FranceThe first zone of German-occupied Belgium, under occupation authority, included Brussels and most of central and eastern Belgium.
EtappengebietThe second zone of German-occupied Belgium, under the control of the German Fourth Army, included the cities of Ghent and Antwerp.
OperationsgebietPart of BelgiumThe third zone of German-occupied Belgium, under the auspices of the German Navy, included all Belgian coastal zones under German occupation and the areas closest to the front line.
Polish National Committee1914-1917Part of Poland
Supreme National Committee
Supreme Command of All German Forces in the East1914-1919Part of Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and BelarusMilitary administration of the German Empire (1914-1918), German Reich (1918-1919)
Vlorë1914-1916Part of AlbaniaThe Kingdom of Italy occupied the port of Vlorë in December 1914, but had to withdraw after the Austrian-Hungarian invasion in late 1915–early 1916, and the fall of Durrës on 27 February 1916.
General Government of Galicia and Bukovina1915-1917Part of Poland, Ukraine, and RomaniaRussian military administration in exile. Despite being forced out of Galicia after the Great Retreat, it continued to function when its leadership was moved to Kyiv. On 4 October 1916, Fyodor Trepov (junior) was appointed Governor-General of Galicia and Bukovina, after the role had become vacant following its exiling. He managed the government in exile until 31 May 1917. Dmytro Doroshenko was assigned to replace Trepov on 22 April and stayed in this position up until 2 August 1917, 13 days before the government in exile's dissolution.
General Governorate of Warsaw1915-1918Part of PolandGerman military administration covering the northern parts of Congress Poland. It was under joint administration with the Military Government of Lublin after 18 October 1915.
Military Government of Lublin[28]Austro-Hungarian military administration covering the southern parts of Congress Poland. It was under joint administration with the General Governorate of Warsaw after 18 October 1915.
Albania1915-1916Part of AlbaniaOccupation of Albania by the armed forces of Serbia and Montenegro during the Great Retreat
Albania
Military Inspection Area of Morava1915-1918Part of SerbiaMilitary administration of the Tsardom of Bulgaria
Military Inspection Area of MacedoniaPart of North Macedonia, Serbia, and Kosovo
Principality of Albania1915-1917Part of AlbaniaOn December 10, 1915, the Bulgarian army crossed the Drin river, entered Albania, and attacked the positions of the retreating Serbian army. Firstly the Bulgarian army advanced into the valley of river Mat, threatening to capture Shkodra and Lezhë. There was a rivalry between the Kingdom of Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary in establishing their influence in Albania. Attempting to establish its influence in Albania, Bulgaria allowed Ahmed Zogu to establish his administration in Elbasan and supported him in his attempts to revive support for the regime of Wilhelm of Wied.
Imperial and Royal Military General Governorate of Serbia1916-1918Part of SerbiaMilitary administration of The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of Saint Stephen. Occupied from 1 January 1916 to 11 November 1918.
Imperial and Royal Military General Governorate of MontenegroPart of Montenegro, Serbia, and KosovoMilitary administration of The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of Saint Stephen. Occupied from 15 January 1916 to October 1918.
Principality of AlbaniaPart of AlbaniaAlbania was considered a Besetztes Freundesland (Friendly Occupied Country). The Austro-Hungarians left the local administration in place, formed an Albanian gendarmerie and opened schools. The development of a proper Albanian language and orthography was promoted to reduce Italian influences. They also built roads and other infrastructure. Less popular was their attempt to confiscate weapons, which were all-present amongst the civilian population. Nevertheless, several thousand Albanians fought on the side of the Austro-Hungarians against the Allies, including when the Italian Army landed at Durazzo.

The Military Administration was established at Scutari.

Austro-Hungarian Military Commanders were:

Civil administrator was August Ritter von Kral.

Kingdom of SerbiaPart of Serbia, Kosovo, and North MacedoniaGovernment in Exile of the Kingdom of Serbia based out of Corfu
Kingdom of Montenegro1916-1922/1929Part of Montenegro, Serbia, and KosovoGovernment in Exile of the Kingdom of Montenegro based out of Bordeaux and later Neuilly-sur-Seine. After 1 December 1918, it was internationally recognized to have been united with Serbia. The Christmas Uprising was a brief attempt by the Montenegrin Greens to reclaim the Kingdom from Serbian occupation. Despite the large scale uprising being put down in only a few days, minor confrontations lasted until 1929, 7 years after the position of Prime Minister was dissolved.
Principality of Albania1916-1918Part of AlbaniaGovernment in Exile of the Principality of Albania based out of Thessaloniki and later Paris
Irish Republic1916Part of Ireland and the United Kingdom
Provisional Government of National Defence1916-1917Part of Greece
Southern AlbaniaPart of AlbaniaIn May 1916, the Italian XVI Corps, some 100,000 men under the command of General Settimio Piacentini, returned and occupied part of southern Albania by the autumn 1916. On 23 June 1917, the Italian authorities claimed a protectorate over Albania in Gjirokastër.
Korçë1916Military administration of the French Republic. The French Army occupied Korçë and its surrounding areas on 29 November 1916. On 10 December, it was replaced with the Autonomous Province of Korçë
Autonomous Province of Korçë1916-1920Protectorate of the French Republic. The Head of State and Government was Themistokli Gërmenji, the Prefect of Police
Albanian Republic1917-1920Protectorate of the Kingdom of Italy
Kingdom of Poland1917-1918Part of PolandEstablished on 14 January 1917 after being promised by German military authorities since the Act of 5th November. On 7 October 1917 the Regency Council declared Poland's full independence. On 11 November 1918, the council transferred it's military authority to Józef Piłsudski and the final Prime Minister, Władysław Wróblewski, stepped down.
Central Council of Ukraine1917Part of Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, Poland, and MoldovaRegional council declared in Ukraine on 4 March 1917. Formed the General Secretariat of Ukraine on 28 June 1917 but continued to act as the legislature of it and later the Ukrainian People's Republic. Finally dissolved in all its forms on 29 April 1918.
Russian Provisional GovernmentPost-Soviet states
Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' DeputiesPart of Russia
Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus[29]1917-1922Part of Russia and GeorgiaAutonomous region of the Russian Republic until 11 May 1918. Associated State of the Sublime Ottoman State until 30 October 1918
Ingrian People's Republic1917-1918Part of Russia
Special Transcaucasian Committee1917Part of Georgia, Armenia, and AzerbaijanAutonomous region of the Russian Republic
Kuban Rada1917-1918Part of Russia
Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Delegates1917Part of the United KingdomEstablished on 3 June 1917 at the Leeds Convention. It was inspired by the events of the February Revolution.
General Secretariat of UkrainePart of Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, Poland, and MoldovaFormed by the Central Council of Ukraine on 28 June 1917 as a Ukrainian autonomous government within the Russian Republic. Succeeded by the Ukrainian People's Republic as the autonomous government of Ukraine on 20 November 1917, however it continued to exist as the executive government of the UPR until it was dissolved on 22 January 1918, when Ukraine declared full independence from Russia.
Borcali Karapapak Turkish Republic1917-1918Part of Georgia
Russian Republic[30]Post-Soviet states
Samarina Republic1917Part of GreeceFirst attempt at an independent Aromanian state.
Polish National Committee1917-1919Part of Poland
Governorate of Estonia1917-1918Part of EstoniaAutonomous entity of the Russian Republic
Council of Lithuania1917-1918Part of LithuaniaFormed on 18 September 1917 with the start of the Vilnius Conference. Declared independence on 11 December 1917 as a German protectorate. On 8 January 1918, the Council proposed amendments to the declaration calling for a constituent assembly, which was rejected by the Germans. This led to a second declaration of independence on 16 February 1918, which led to the establishment of the Republic of Lithuania. The Council of Lithuania, renamed the State Council of Lithuania on 11 July 1918, continued to serve as the legislature of the Republic, Kingdom, State, and once again Republic of Lithuania until the Constituent Assembly of Lithuania was formed on 15 May 1920.
Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies1917-1918Part of RussiaBolshevik government during and after the October Revolution prior to the declaration of the Russian Soviet Republic on 25 January 1918.
White movement1917-1923/1990sPost-Soviet statesLoose confederation of anti-Bolshevik governments and organizations during the Russian Civil War. After the war, the White movement lived on through the White émigrés, who worked for various foreign governments, notably during the Xinjiang Wars and World War II. Minor groups endured until the fall of the Soviet Union.
Political Council of the Armed Forces of South Russia1917-1918Part of RussiaConstituent of the White movement
Regional Committee in Protection of Revolution in Ukraine1917Part of UkraineCreated on 7 November 1917, dissolved only a few days later after transferring its authority of the General Secretariat of Ukraine.
Abkhaz People's Council1917-1918; 1919-1921Part of Georgia
Transcaucasian Commissariat1917-1918Part of Georgia, Armenia, and AzerbaijanAutonomous region of the Russian Republic
Ukrainian People's Republic1917-1918; 1918-1921Part of Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, Poland, and MoldovaDeclared on 20 November 1917 by the Third Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council as an autonomous republic within the Russian Republic. Declared full independence from Russia on 22 January 1918 by the Fourth Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council. Became a protectorate of the German Empire on 9 February 1918 with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. It was dissolved on 29 April 1918 following a pro-German coup by Pavlo Skoropadskyi. Restored on 14 December 1918 by the Directorate of Ukraine but later exiled on 18 March 1921, where it remained until 15 March 1992.
Bashkiria1917-1919Part of RussiaAutonomous region of the Russian Republic (1917-1918); Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1918); Russian State under military occupation (1918-1919)
Emirate of Chechenia1917-1918Existed from 2 December 1917 to 11 May 1918. Its capital was Vedeno.
Council of Flanders[31]Part of BelgiumFormed by members of the "activist" or "maximalist" faction of the Flemish Movement in German-occupied Belgium on 4 February 1917 as part of Flamenpolitik.
Provisional Land Council of Vidzeme1917Part of LatviaRegional provisional governments hoping to achieve the separation of Latvian-inhabited lands from the Russian Empire.
Provisional Land Council of Courland
Provisional Land Council of Latgale1917-1918
Ukrainian People's Republic of SovietsPart of UkrainePuppet state of the Russian Soviet Republic
Executive Committee of the Soviet of Workers, Soldiers, and the Landless in LatviaPart of LatviaIndependent until 7 November 1917. Puppet state of the Russian Soviet Republic afterward.
Latvian Provisional National CouncilLatvian political committee established on 29 November 1917 in Valka.
Crimean People's RepublicPart of Ukraine (de jure); Russia (de facto)
Moldavian Democratic RepublicPart of Moldova and UkraineAutonomous region of the Russian Republic until 6 February 1918. Independent afterward.
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic[32]1918-1991Part of RussiaUnion Republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922-1991). De facto sovereign entity (1990-1991)
General Command of the Armed Forces of South Russia1918-1919Part of RussiaConstituent of the White movement
Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic1918Part of Ukraine (de jure); Russia (de facto)Puppet state of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
Kuban People's Republic1918-1920Part of RussiaAutonomous region of the Russian Republic until 16 February 1918. Constituent of the White movement after March 1918
State of Lithuania1918Part of LithuaniaDeclared on 16 February 1918 and recognized by Germany on 23 March 1918. Abolished with the declaration of a monarchy on 9 July 1918.
Provisional Revolutionary Council of Bashkortostan1918Part of RussiaAutonomous region of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
North Russia intervention1918-1919Military administration of the Allied and Associated Powers on behalf of the White movement
Duchy of Courland and Semigallia1918Part of LatviaDeclared on 8 March 1918 and absorbed into the United Baltic Duchy on 22 September 1918.
Don Soviet Republic1918Part of RussiaPuppet state of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
Don Provisional GovernmentLasted from 3 April to 18 May 1918. It was formed under G. P. Ianov. On 11 May, the "circle for the Salvation of the Don" opened, which organized the anti-Bolshevik war. On 16 May, Pyotr Krasnov was elected Ataman. On 17 May, Krasnov presented his "Basic Laws of The All Great Don Host". On 18 May, the Don Republic was officially declared.
Don Republic[33]1918-1920Constituent of the White movement
Tatar-Bashkir Soviet Republic1918-1919Puppet state of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
Ossetian Soviet Socialist Republic1918-1920Part of Georgia
Baltic State1918Part of Latvia and EstoniaDeclared on 12 April 1918 and absorbed into the United Baltic Duchy on 22 September 1918.
United Baltic DuchyDeclared on 12 April 1918 but only recognized by Germany on 22 September 1918. Lost military support from Germany on 26 November 1918 and formally abolished on 28 November 1918.
Baku Soviet CommunePart of Azerbaijan
Abkhazian RepublicPart of GeorgiaExisted from 25 Marchto 19 April1918. It declared its capital to be in Sukhumi
Transcaucasian Democratic Federative RepublicPart of Georgia, Armenia, and AzerbaijanGeorgia declared its independence on 26 May 1918. Armenia and Azerbaijan dissolved it on 28 May 1918. It fell under German suzerainty during Otto von Lossow's mission in the republic.
Ukrainian StatePart of Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, Poland, and MoldovaPuppet state of the German Empire
Democratic Republic of Georgia1918-1921Part of Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia, and TurkeyDeclared on 26 May 1918, and became a German protectorate on 28 May with the Treaty of Poti until the withdrawal of German soldiers at the end of World War I.
Republic of Armenia1918-1920Part of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Turkey
Azerbaijan Democratic RepublicPart of Azerbaijan, Armenia, and GeorgiaPuppet state of the Sublime Ottoman State (1918)
Russian StatePost-Soviet statesConstituent of the White movement
Kingdom of Lithuania1918Part of Lithuania, Belarus, and PolandPuppet state of the German Empire
Crimean Regional GovernmentPart of Ukraine (de jure); Russia (de facto)
Committee of Members of the Constituent AssemblyPart of RussiaConstituent of the White movement
Karabakh Council[34]1918-1920Part of Azerbaijan
Centrocaspian Dictatorship1918
Provisional Military Dictatorship of MughanConstituent of the White movement
Supreme Administration of the Northern RegionPart of Russia
Provisional Regional Government of the Urals
Republic of the PindusPart of AlbaniaSecond attempt at an independent Aromanian state.
Provisional Government of the Northern Region1918-1920Part of RussiaConstituent of the White movement
Regional Government of Northwest Russia1918-1919
Romanian National Committee1918Part of RomaniaCommittee established with the aim of unifying Transylvania with Romania.
Ukrainian National CommitteePart of Ukraine and Romania
Romanian National CouncilPresident was Iancu Flondor. Summoned the General Congress of Bukovina on 28 November, which voted in favor of joining Romania.
State of Slovenes, Croats and SerbsPart of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, and Austria
Central National Romanian CouncilPart of Romania
Baltic state[35]1918-1919Part of Latvia and EstoniaDeclared on 5 November 1918. Acted as a satellite state of the German Empire and later German Reich due to the influence of the Freikorps in the Baltic
Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland1918Part of PolandFormed on 7 November 1918 in Lublin and annexed itself into the Republic of Poland only a few days later.
Republic of Lithuania1918-1940Part of LithuaniaDeclared on 2 November 1918 with the abolition of the German-backed monarchy. Occupied by the Soviet Union and turned into a puppet state on 16 June 1940, officially transformed into the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic on 21 July 1940, and fully annexed into the Soviet Union on 3 August 1940.
Republic of Poland1918-1939Part of Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, and Czechia
Soldiers' Council of Strasbourg1918Part of FranceIntended as a kind of revolutionary council and socialist and communist in inspiration, they were created after German soldiers mutinied against their officers and seized control in the wake of the German Revolution.
Brussels Soldiers' CouncilPart of Belgium
Beverloo Soldiers' Council
Alsace-Lorraine Soviet RepublicPart of FranceA short-lived Soviet republic created during the German Revolution from 10 to 22 November 1918 in the province of Alsace-Lorraine.
Crimean Frontier Government1918-1919Part of Ukraine (de jure); Russia (de facto)Constituent of the White movement
Directorate of Ukraine1918Part of UkraineFormed on 13 November 1918 during a session of the Ukrainian National Union. Restored the Ukrainian People's Republic on 14 December 1918 , but continued to exist as the nation's government. It was finally dissolved on 10 November 1920.
People's Council of LatviaPart of LatviaServed as the government of Latvia for a little over a day from its creation on 17 November 1918 and declaration of the Republic of Latvia on 18 November 1918, for which it served as the legislature of.
Military Council of Goris1918-1919Part of Armenia and Azerbajian
Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic1918-1920Part of LatviaPuppet state of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
Mughan Territorial Administration1918-1919Part of AzerbaijanConstituent of the White movement
Republic of Aras
Kingdom of Portugal1919Part of PortugalA stated that established by monarchists trying to restore the monarchy. It was crushed by the Portuguese Army.
South Russia1919-1920Part of Russia and UkraineConstituent of the White movement
Irish Republic1919-1922Part of Ireland and the United KingdomAn unrecognised revolutionary state that declared its independence from the United Kingdom on 21 January 1919.
Civil Administration of the Eastern Lands1919-1920Part of Belarus and Lithuania
West German Republic1919Part of GermanyEstablished in February of 1919 by Konrad Adenauer in Cologne.
Independent Rhenish RepublicEstablished in June of 1919 by Hans Adam Dorten in Wiesbaden.
Palatinate RepublicEstablished in June of 1919 by Eberhard Haass in Landau.
Monaghan SovietPart of IrelandPart of the series of self-declared soviets that formed in Ireland during the revolutionary period of the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War lasting from 1919 to 1923.
Limerick Soviet
Knocklong Soviet
Republic of LatviaPart of LatviaGerman puppet government in Latvia led by Andrievs Niedra which lasted between April and June 1919.
Independent Medvyn Republic1919-1921Part of Ukraine
Hryhorivshchina[at]1919
Mughan Soviet RepublicPart of Azerbaijan
Government of Western RussiaPart of Latvia and EstoniaConstituent of the White movement. Puppet state of German Reich
North Caucasian Emirate1919-1920Part of Russia
Italian Regency of Carnaro[36]Part of CroatiaSelf-proclaimed state in the city of Fiume led by Gabriele D'Annunzio. On 8 September 1920, D'Annunzio proclaimed the city to be under the Italian Regency of Carnaro with a constitution foreshadowing some of the later Italian Fascist system, with himself as dictator, with the title of Comandante.
Council of Western Russia1919Part of Latvia and EstoniaDe jure subordinate of the Government of Western Russia. Puppet state of Baltic state
Kyrgyz-Bashkir Soviet RepublicPart of Russia and KazakhstanPuppet state of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
Government of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of South Russia1919-1920Part of RussiaConstituent of the White movement
South Russian Government1920Part of Russia and Ukraine (de jure)
Government of South RussiaPart of Ukraine (de jure); Russia (de facto)
Civil Administration of the Lands of Volhynia and Podolian FrontPart of Ukraine
Waterford SovietPart of IrelandPart of the series of self-declared soviets that formed in Ireland during the revolutionary period of the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War lasting from 1919 to 1923.
Memel Territory1920-1923Part of Lithuania
Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic[37]1920-1991Part of AzerbaijanPuppet state of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1920-1922). Constituent of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1922-1936). Union Republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1936-1991). De facto sovereign entity (1989-1991)
Soviet Republic of Nakhichevan1920-1921Part of AzerbaijanPuppet state of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
DagestanPart of Russia
Free State of Fiume1920-1924Part of Croatia
Free City of Danzig1920-1939Part of Poland
Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic[38]1920-1991Part of ArmeniaPuppet state of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1920-1922). Constituent of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1922-1936). Union Republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1936-1991). De facto sovereign entity (1990-1991)
Provisional Administration of the Front-line and Phase Territories1920Part of Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania
Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic[39]1921-1991Part of GeorgiaPuppet state of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1921-1922). Constituent of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1922-1936). Union Republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1936-1991). De facto sovereign entity (1989-1991)
Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia1921-1931Puppet state of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1921); Georgian Socialist Soviet Republic (1921-1922). Treaty republic of the Georgian Socialist Soviet Republic
Salvation Committee of the Fatherland1921Part of Armenia
Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile1921-1992Part of Ukraine
National Government of Georgia1921-1952Part of Georgia
Republic of Mountainous Armenia[40]1921Part of Armenia and Azerbaijan
Bruree Soviet1921Part of IrelandPart of the series of self-declared soviets that formed in Ireland during the revolutionary period of the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War lasting from 1919 to 1923.
Cork Harbour Soviet
North Cork Soviet
Castleconnel Soviet
Tipperary Soviet
Rathmines Soviet
Killarney Soviet
Ballinacourtie Soviet
Drogheda Soviet
Waterford Soviet
Arigna Soviet
Ballingarry Soviet
Broadford Soviet
Southern Ireland1921-1922Constituent country of the United Kingdom
Free State of Fiume1922-c. 1960Part of CroatiaGovernment-in-exile of the Free State of Fiume, first formed in Kraljevica following the pro-Italian coup on 3 March 1922. When Fiume was annexed in 1924, the government-in-exile considered this act invalid and non-binding under international law and continued its activities until well after the 1950s. After World War II, leaders of the autonomists – Nevio Skull, Mario Blasich and Sergio Sincich – were murdered, while former President of the Free State and current head of the government in exile, Riccardo Zanella, was forced into hiding.
Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic[41]1922-1936Part of Georgia, Armenia, and AzerbaijanPuppet state of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1922). Union Republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922-1936)
Whitechurch Soviet1922Part of IrelandPart of the series of self-declared soviets that formed in Ireland during the revolutionary period of the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War lasting from 1919 to 1923.
Youghal Soviet
Fermoy Soviet
Munster Republic[at]
Irish Republic1922-1969Part of Ireland and the United KingdomAnti-Treaty sub-group of the original Irish Republican Army of the Irish Republic. Fought against the Irish Free State in the Irish Civil War, and its successors up to 1969, when the IRA split again into the Provisional Irish Republican Army and Official Irish Republican Army.
Irish Free State1922-1937Part of IrelandDominion of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus1922-1942Part of RussiaGovernment in exile based out of France. In 1942, following the fall of France in World War II, the government in exile moved to Germany and was reorganized as the North Caucasian National Commission.
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics1922-1991Post-Soviet statesThe Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic seceded on 12 December 1991. The final Union Republic, the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, seceded on 16 December 1991. Several Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics remained within the Union until it was officially dissolved on 26 December 1991.
Rhenish Republic1923Part of Germany
DuisburgOn 22 October 1923 Rhenish separatists declared a mini-state in Duisburg that would endure for five weeks. Local members of the Rhenish Independence League took to the streets, proclaiming, disingenuously, that their new republic had come into being without any input from the French: attempts to suppress the Duisburg republic more rapidly were nonetheless blocked by the French occupation forces.
Government of the Autonomous Palatinate in the Association of the Rhenish Republic
Pfälzische Republik1923-1924Hans Adam Dorten, on 15 November, moved to Bad Ems and there established a provisional government covering the southern part of the Rhineland and the Palatinate and participated actively in the activities of the "Pfälzische Republik" movement, centered on Speyer, which would survive through until 1924.
Kingdom of Lundy1925-1969Part of the United Kingdom
Portuguese Republic1926-1933Part of PortugalThe Ditadura Nacional or National Dictatorship of the Second Republic
Spanish Republic1931-1939Part of Spain
Catalan Republic within the Iberian Federation1931
Catalonia1931-1939Autonomous entity of the Spanish Republic
Portuguese Republic1933-1974Part of PortugalThe Estado Novo or New State of the Second Republic
German Reich[42]1933-1945Part of Germany, Austria, Czechia, Poland, Russia, Lithuania, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and Slovenia.
Romanian Institute for Archaeological Research and Studies[43]1934-1939; 1943-1944Part of AlbaniaDe facto foreign concession of the Kingdom of Romania
Asturian Socialist Republic1934Part of SpainStates declared during the Revolution of 1934
Catalan State within the Spanish Federal Republic
Spanish State1936-1975
Revolutionary Catalonia1936-1937
Popular Executive Committee of ValenciaAutonomous entity of the Spanish Republic
Málaga Public Health Committee
Interprovincial Council of Santander, Palencia and Burgos[44]
Anarchist Aragon1936-1939
MajorcaMilitary-occupied territory of the Kingdom of Italy following the Battle of Majorca.
Sovereign Council of Asturias and León[45]1936-1937Autonomous entity of the Spanish Republic until 24 August 1937. Legalized after 23 December 1936.
Regional Defence Council of AragonAutonomous entity of the Spanish Republic until 10 August 1937. Legalized after 23 December 1936.
Government of EuzkadiAutonomous entity of the Spanish Republic
Madrid Defense Council
Government of Euzkadi1937-1979The exiled government of Euzkadi following the Santoña Agreement on 24 August 1937, during the Spanish Civil War. It moved from Barcelona to Paris to London and back to Paris.
Éire1937-1949Part of Ireland
Free State of Asch1938Part of CzechiaPuppet state of the German Reich. Declared during the Sudeten German uprising.
Czecho-Slovak Republic[46]1938-1939Part of Czechia, Slovakia, and UkraineDe facto puppet state of the German Reich
Autonomous Land of Slovakia1938-1939Part of SlovakiaAutonomous region of the Czecho-Slovak Republic
Subcarpathian Rus'1938Part of Ukraine
Carpatho-Ukraine1938-1939Autonomous region of Czecho-Slovak Republic until 15 March 1939. Existed independently from 15 to 18 March 1939.
Governorate of Subcarpathia1939-1944Military administration of the Kingdom of Hungary. Established on 18 March 1939 and annexed by Hungary 23 June 1939. On 7 July, a civilian government was formed. It was given the status of Regent's Commissariat (Kormányzói Biztosság) with the intention that it would be governed by the Ruthenian minority population. On 1 April 1944, it was reorganized into a military operational zone, but by 28 October was completely occupied by the Soviet Union
Generalitat de Catalunya1939-1977Part of SpainIn 1939, as the Spanish Civil War ended with the defeat of the Republic, the Francoist dictatorship abolished the Generalitat de Catalunya, the autonomous government of Catalonia, and its president Lluís Companys was tortured and executed. However, the Generalitat maintained its official existence in exile from 1939 to 1977, led by presidents Josep Irla (1940-1954) and Josep Tarradellas (1954-1980). In 1977 Tarradellas returned to Catalonia and was recognized by the post-Franco Spanish government, ending the Generalitat's exile.
Slovak Republic[47]1939-1945Part of Slovakia and PolandPuppet state of the German Reich
Protectorate of Bohemia and MoraviaPart of CzechiaProtectorate of the German Reich
German Zone of Protection in SlovakiaPart of SlovakiaMilitary administration of the German Reich
Government of the Spanish Republic in exile1939-1977Part of Spain
Military Administration in Poland1939Part of PolandMilitary administration of the German Reich
Czechoslovak National Liberation Committee1939-1945Part of Czechia, Slovakia, and Ukraine
General Governorate for the Occupied Polish RegionPart of Poland, Ukraine, and SlovakiaAutonomous region of the German Reich
Finnish Democratic Republic1939-1940Part of RussiaPuppet state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic1940-1956Union Republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Free France[48]1940-1944Part of France, Former French colonies and Overseas France
French State[49]Part of France and AlgeriaDe jure continuation of the Third Republic following the Armistice of 22 June 1940 and installation of a fascist regime. Officially independent, but with half of its territory occupied under the harsh terms of the armistice with Nazi Germany, it adopted a policy of collaboration. Transformed into a traditional puppet state after Case Anton in November 1942.
Free French Africa[50]Part of Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, Gabon, and the Republic of the CongoThe political entity which collectively represented the colonial territories of French Equatorial Africa and French Cameroon under the control of Free France in World War II. It provided a political and territorial base for Free France and strengthened General Charles de Gaulle's international position.
Basque Republic[51]1940-1942Part of Spain
Empire Defense Council1940-1941Former French colonies and Overseas FranceOn 27 October 1940, General de Gaulle announced the creation of the Empire Defense Council as the decision-making body of Free France in the "Brazzaville Manifesto", from the capital of French Equatorial Africa. Functioned as a rival colonial body to the French colonial empire, belonging to the French State, the internationally recognized French government.
French National Committee1941-1943Coordinating body created by Charles de Gaulle which acted as the government in exile of Free France from 1941 to 1943.
French Civil and Military High Command[52]1942-1943Part of Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Senegal, Togo, and TunisiaFree French military government in the former colonies in West and North Africa belonging to the French State, created after Operation Torch.
Belarusian Central Council1943-1944Part of BelarusBelarusian puppet government led by Radasłaŭ Astroŭski within the boundaries of Generalbezirk Weissruthenien.
Kolky Republic1943Part of UkraineA temporary state formed on 13 May 1943, which was composed of five regions of Volhynia, measuring approximately 2500 square kilometers. The Kolky Republic lasted until 4 November 1943, when it was retaken by Nazi Germany.
National Council of the Resistance1943-1944Part of FranceThe underground governing committee that directed and coordinated the different movements of the French Resistance from within German-occupied France. Its first president was Jean Moulin.
Albanian KingdomPart of Albania, North Macedonia, and Kosovo
French Committee of National LiberationFormer French colonies and Overseas FranceFormed on 3 June 1943 by the French generals Henri Giraud and Charles de Gaulle to provide united leadership, organize and coordinate the campaign to liberate France from Nazi Germany during World War II. The committee functioned as a provisional government for French Algeria (then a part of metropolitan France) and the liberated parts of the colonial empire.
SicilyPart of ItalyPolity under the authority of the Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories. In February 1944, authority over Sicily was handed over to the Badoglio Cabinet.
Kingdom of Italy1943-1945Polity under the authority of the Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories. Commonly known as the Kingdom of the South or Regno del Sud.
Operational Zone of the Adriatic LittoralPart of Italy, Slovenia, and CroatiaEstablished on 10 September 1943 as a response to the Armistice of Cassibile. After 23 September, de jure part of the Italian Social Republic while remaining de facto part of the Greater German Reich.
Operational Zone of the Alpine FoothillsPart of Italy
Province of LjubljanaPart of SloveniaWhile the territory was originally established in 1941 as an Italian province, it was reorganized by German authorities. After the establishment of German occupation, Leon Rupnik was appointed President of Ljubljana. He managed to establish a fairly autonomous provincial administration with the help of a small circle of collaborators under the supervision of the Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral.
Italian Social Republic[53]Part of Italy
Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania1943-1944Part of LithuaniaFormed on 25 November 1943 as an underground government within German-occupied Lithuania. In 1944, when the Soviets pushed the Germans from the Baltic states during the Baltic Offensive, most of its members retreated to Germany and the Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania ceased its functions in Lithuania. It resumed its operations in exile in October 1944.
Democratic Federal Yugoslavia[54]1943-1945Part of Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Kosovo
Republic of Caporetto1943Part of SloveniaThe Italian partisan republics were the provisional state entities created by Italian partisans in areas liberated from the joint Nazi-Fascist occupation (or temporarily free for other reasons) in the summer of 1944, during the Second World War.
Republic of MaschitoPart of Italy
Socialist Republic of Croatia[55]1944-1991Part of CroatiaConstituent of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1944-1945), Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945-1991)
French Republic1944-1946Part of France and AlgeriaThe provisional government of Free France between 3 June 1944 and 27 October 1946, shortly before the liberation of continental France after Operations Overlord and Dragoon. The position of Chairmen of the Provisional Government remained in place until 22 January 1947.
Free Republic of Vercors1944Part of FranceOn 3 July 1944, the Free Republic of Vercors was proclaimed, the first democratic territory in France since the beginning of the German occupation in 1940. The republic ceased to exist before the end of the month.
Republic of AlbaPart of ItalyThe Italian partisan republics were the provisional state entities created by Italian partisans in areas liberated from the joint Nazi-Fascist occupation (or temporarily free for other reasons) in the summer of 1944, during the Second World War.
Republic of Alto Monferrato
Republic of Alto Tortonese
Republic of Bobbio
Republic of Bobbio
Republic of the Cansiglio
Republic of Carnia
Free Republic of Corniolo
Free Republic of Forno
Republic of the Langhe
Republic of Montefiorino
Republic of Oriental Friuli
Free Republic of Ossola
Free Republic of Pigna in Val Nervia
Republic of Torriglia
Republic of Varzi
Republic of the Ceno Valley
Republic of the Enza Valley and the Parma Valley
Republic of the Maira Valley and the Varaita Valley
Republic of the Taro Valley
Republic of the Lanzo Valley
Republic of the Sesia Valley
Free Zone of TorrigliaFree Zone of the "Second Republic of Bobbio"
Free Zone of Varzi
Republic of Valsesia1944-1945The Italian partisan republics were the provisional state entities created by Italian partisans in areas liberated from the joint Nazi-Fascist occupation (or temporarily free for other reasons) in the summer of 1944, during the Second World War.
French Governmental Commission for the Defense of National InterestsPart of FranceThe exiled remnant of France's Nazi-sympathizing Vichy government which fled to Germany during the Liberation of France near the end of World War II in order to avoid capture by the advancing Allied forces. Installed in the requisitioned Sigmaringen Castle as the seat of the government-in-exile.
Red Republic of Caulonia1945Part of Italy
French Republic1946-1958Part of France and Algeria
French UnionFormer French coloniesThe political entity created by the French Fourth Republic to replace the old French colonial empire system. It was the formal end of the "indigenous" (indigène) status of French subjects in colonial areas.
Council of Danzig1947-c. 1967Part of PolandIt considered itself to be the legislature in exile of the Free City of Danzig, claiming it had 36 members in its first term of office. Willi Homeier claimed that the body, which she led, was the legal successor to the Senate of the Free City of Danzig and this had been recognized in secret ballots in 1951 and 1961.
French Community1958-1995Former French coloniesThe constitutional organization set up in 1958 between France and its remaining African colonies, then in the process of decolonization. It replaced the French Union, which had reorganized the colonial empire in 1946. While the Community remained formally in existence until 1995, when the French Parliament officially abolished it, it had effectively ceased to exist and function by the end of 1960, by which time all the African members had declared their independence and left it.
Czech Socialist Republic[56]1969-1992Part of Czechia
Slovak Socialist Republic[57]Part of Slovakia
Free Derry1969-1972Part of the United Kingdom
Portuguese Republic1974-1975Part of PortugalDeclared by the Armed Forces Movement during the Carnation Revolution. It was governed by the National Salvation Junta, which was dissolved on 14 March 1975, shortly after the start of the Processo Revolucionário Em Curso.
Independent Kingdom of Hay-on-Wye1977-2005Part of the United Kingdom
Free and Independent Republic of Frestonia1977-c. 1980
Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus[58]1989-2000Part of Russia and GeorgiaWas never formally dissolved, but has been completely inactive since Yusup Soslambekov, its second and last leader, was assassinated in Moscow on 27 July 2000.
Nakhchivan Republic1990Part of Azerbaijan
South Ossetian Soviet Republic[59]1990-1991Part of GeorgiaSelf-proclaimed Union Republic of the Soviet Union
Checheno-Ingush Republic[60]1990-1993Part of RussiaSovereignty was declared on 27 November 1990. De facto disintegrated on 6 September 1991, with the Chechen Revolution. De jure dissolved on 9 January 1993, when the amendment to the Russian Constitution of 1978 regarding the Ingush Republic entered into force.
Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia1991-1993Part of Georgia
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria[61]1991-2000Part of RussiaSelf-proclaimed Union Republic of the Soviet Union until 1 November 1991.
Ingush Republic1991-1992De facto succeeded from the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria on 1 November 1991. Annexed by Russia and de jure separated from Chechnya on 4 June 1992.
Provisional Council of the Chechen Republic1993-2000Pro-Russian rival government of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria established in December 1993
Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh[62]1994-2021Part of AzerbaijanEstablished in 24 March 1992 as an Azerbaijani association, but after 24 March 1994 began acting as the government-in-exile for the lands occupied by the Republic of Artsakh.
Global State of Waveland1997-1999Part of the United KingdomIn 1997, Greenpeace occupied the islet of Rockall for a short time to protest against oil exploration. The micronation continued after leaving the island until 1999.
Kingdom of Lovely2005-2013
Catalan Republic2017Part of Spain

See also

References

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