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IEEE 802.11ac-2013

(Redirected from Wi-Fi 5)
Wi-Fi generations
GenerationIEEE
standard		AdoptedMaximum
link rate
(Mbit/s)		Radio
frequency
(GHz)
Wi-Fi 8802.11bn2028100,000[1]2.4, 5, 6, 7,
42.5, 71[2]
Wi-Fi 7802.11be20241376–46,1202.4, 5, 6[3]
Wi-Fi 6E802.11ax2020574–9608[4]6[a]
Wi-Fi 620192.4, 5
Wi-Fi 5802.11ac2014433–69335[b]
Wi-Fi 4802.11n200872–6002.4, 5
(Wi-Fi 3)*802.11g20036–542.4
(Wi-Fi 2)*802.11a19995
(Wi-Fi 1)*802.11b19991–112.4
(Wi-Fi 0)*802.1119971–22.4
*Wi‑Fi 0, 1, 2, and 3 are named by retroactive inference.
They do not exist in the official nomenclature.[5][6][7]

IEEE 802.11ac-2013 or 802.11ac is a wireless networking standard in the IEEE 802.11 set of protocols (which is part of the Wi-Fi networking family), providing high-throughput wireless local area networks (WLANs) on the 5 GHz band.[c] The standard has been retroactively labelled as Wi-Fi 5 by Wi-Fi Alliance.[8][9]

The specification has multi-station throughput of at least 1.1 gigabit per second (1.1 Gbit/s) and single-link throughput of at least 500 megabits per second (0.5 Gbit/s).[10] This is accomplished by extending the air-interface concepts embraced by 802.11n: wider RF bandwidth (up to 160 MHz), more MIMO spatial streams (up to eight), downlink multi-user MIMO (up to four clients), and high-density modulation (up to 256-QAM).[11][12]

The Wi-Fi Alliance separated the introduction of 802.11ac wireless products into two phases ("waves"), named "Wave 1" and "Wave 2".[13][14] From mid-2013, the alliance started certifying Wave 1 802.11ac products shipped by manufacturers, based on the IEEE 802.11ac Draft 3.0 (the IEEE standard was not finalized until later that year).[15] Subsequently in 2016, Wi-Fi Alliance introduced the Wave 2 certification, which includes additional features like MU-MIMO (down-link only), 160 MHz channel width support, support for more 5 GHz channels, and four spatial streams (with four antennas; compared to three in Wave 1 and 802.11n, and eight in IEEE's 802.11ax specification).[16] It meant Wave 2 products would have higher bandwidth and capacity than Wave 1 products.[17]

New technologies

New technologies introduced with 802.11ac include the following:[12][18]

  • Extended channel binding
    • Optional 160 MHz and mandatory 80 MHz channel bandwidth for stations; cf. 40 MHz maximum in 802.11n.
  • More MIMO spatial streams
    • Support for up to eight spatial streams (vs. four in 802.11n)
  • Downlink multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO, allows up to four simultaneous downlink MU-MIMO clients)
    • Multiple STAs, each with one or more antennas, transmit or receive independent data streams simultaneously.
    • Downlink MU-MIMO (one transmitting device, multiple receiving devices) included as an optional mode.
  • Modulation
    • 256-QAM, rate 3/4 and 5/6, added as optional modes (vs. 64-QAM, rate 5/6 maximum in 802.11n).
    • Some vendors offer a non-standard 1024-QAM mode, providing 25% higher data rate compared to 256-QAM
  • Other elements/features
    • Beamforming with standardized sounding and feedback for compatibility between vendors (non-standard in 802.11n made it hard for beamforming to work effectively between different vendor products)
    • MAC modifications (mostly to support above changes)
    • Coexistence mechanisms for 20, 40, 80, and 160 MHz channels, 11ac and 11a/n devices
    • Adds four new fields to the PPDU header identifying the frame as a very high throughput (VHT) frame as opposed to 802.11n's high throughput (HT) or earlier. The first three fields in the header are readable by legacy devices to allow coexistence
    • DFS was mandated between channels 52 and 144 for 5 GHz to reduce interference with weather stations using the same frequency band.

Features

Mandatory

Optional

  • Borrowed from the 802.11n specification:
  • Newly introduced by the 802.11ac specification:
    • five to eight spatial streams
    • 160 MHz channel bandwidths (contiguous 80+80)
    • 80+80 MHz channel bonding (discontiguous 80+80)
    • MCS 8/9 (256-QAM)

New scenarios and configurations

The single-link and multi-station enhancements supported by 802.11ac enable several new WLAN usage scenarios, such as simultaneous streaming of HD video to multiple clients throughout the home, rapid synchronization and backup of large data files, wireless display, large campus/auditorium deployments, and manufacturing floor automation.[19]

To fully utilize their WLAN capacities, 802.11ac access points and routers have sufficient throughput to require the inclusion of a USB 3.0 interface to provide various services such as video streaming, FTP servers, and personal cloud services.[20] With storage locally attached through USB 2.0, filling the bandwidth made available by 802.11ac was not easily accomplished.

Example configurations

All rates assume 256-QAM, rate 5/6:

ScenarioTypical client
form factor		PHY link rateAggregate
capacity
(speed)
One-antenna AP, one-antenna STA, 80 MHzHandheld433 Mbit/s433 Mbit/s
Two-antenna AP, two-antenna STA, 80 MHzTablet, laptop867 Mbit/s867 Mbit/s
One-antenna AP, one-antenna STA, 160 MHzHandheld867 Mbit/s867 Mbit/s
Three-antenna AP, three-antenna STA, 80 MHzLaptop, PC1.30 Gbit/s1.30 Gbit/s
Two-antenna AP, two-antenna STA, 160 MHzTablet, laptop1.73 Gbit/s1.73 Gbit/s
Four-antenna AP, four one-antenna STAs, 160 MHz
(MU-MIMO)		Handheld867 Mbit/s to each STA3.39 Gbit/s
Eight-antenna AP, 160 MHz (MU-MIMO)
  • one four-antenna STA
  • one two-antenna STA
  • two one-antenna STAs
Digital TV, Set-top Box,
Tablet, Laptop, PC, Handheld
  • 3.47 Gbit/s to four-antenna STA
  • 1.73 Gbit/s to two-antenna STA
  • 867 Mbit/s to each one-antenna STA
6.93 Gbit/s
Eight-antenna AP, four 2-antenna STAs, 160 MHz
(MU-MIMO)		Digital TV, tablet, laptop, PC1.73 Gbit/s to each STA6.93 Gbit/s

Wave 1 vs. Wave 2

Wave 2, referring to products introduced in 2016, offers a higher throughput than legacy Wave 1 products, those introduced starting in 2013. The maximum physical layer theoretical rate for Wave 1 is 1.3 Gbit/s, while Wave 2 can reach 2.34 Gbit/s. Wave 2 can therefore achieve 1 Gbit/s even if the real world throughput turns out to be only 50% of the theoretical rate. Wave 2 also supports a higher number of connected devices.[17]

Data rates and speed

Modulation and coding schemes
MCS
index[d]		Spatial
Streams		Modulation
type		Coding
rate		Data rate (Mbit/s)[21]
20 MHz channels40 MHz channels80 MHz channels160 MHz channels
800 ns GI400 ns GI800 ns GI400 ns GI800 ns GI400 ns GI800 ns GI400 ns GI
01BPSK1/26.57.213.51529.332.558.565
11QPSK1/21314.4273058.565117130
21QPSK3/419.521.740.54587.897.5175.5195
3116-QAM1/22628.95460117130234260
4116-QAM3/43943.38190175.5195351390
5164-QAM2/35257.8108120234260468520
6164-QAM3/458.565121.5135263.3292.5526.5585
7164-QAM5/66572.2135150292.5325585650
81256-QAM3/47886.7162180351390702780
91256-QAM5/6——180200390433.3780866.7
02BPSK1/21314.4273058.565117130
12QPSK1/22628.95460117130234260
22QPSK3/43943.38190175.5195351390
3216-QAM1/25257.8108120234260468520
4216-QAM3/47886.7162180351390702780
5264-QAM2/3104115.62162404685209361040
6264-QAM3/4117130.3243270526.558510531170
7264-QAM5/6130144.427030058565011701300
82256-QAM3/4156173.332436070278014041560
92256-QAM5/6——360400780866.715601733.3
03BPSK1/219.521.740.54587.897.5175.5195
13QPSK1/23943.38190175.5195351390
23QPSK3/458.565121.5135263.3292.5526.5585
3316-QAM1/27886.7162180351390702780
4316-QAM3/4117130243270526.558510531170
5364-QAM2/3156173.332436070278014041560
6364-QAM3/4175.5195364.5405——1579.51755
7364-QAM5/6195216.7405450877.597517551950
83256-QAM3/42342604865401053117021062340
93256-QAM5/6260288.95406001170130023402600
04BPSK1/22628.85460117.2130234260
14QPSK1/25257.6108120234260468520
24QPSK3/47886.8162180351.2390702780
3416-QAM1/2104115.62162404685209361040
4416-QAM3/4156173.232436070278014041560
5464-QAM2/3208231.2432480936104018722080
6464-QAM3/42342604865401053.2117021062340
7464-QAM5/6260288.85406001170130023402600
84256-QAM3/4312346.86487201404156028083120
94256-QAM5/6——72080015601733.331203466.7

Several companies are currently offering 802.11ac chipsets with higher modulation rates: MCS-10 and MCS-11 (1024-QAM), supported by Quantenna and Broadcom. Although technically not part of 802.11ac, these new MCS indices became official in the 802.11ax standard, ratified in 2021.

160 MHz channels are unavailable in some countries due to regulatory issues that allocated some frequencies for other purposes.

Advertised speeds

802.11ac-class device wireless speeds are often advertised as AC followed by a number, that number being the highest link rates in Mbit/s of all the simultaneously-usable radios in the device added up. For example, an AC1900 access point might have 600 Mbit/s capability on its 2.4 GHz radio and 1300 Mbit/s capability on its 5 GHz radio. No single client device could connect and achieve 1900 Mbit/s of throughput, but separate devices each connecting to the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz radios could achieve combined throughput approaching 1900 Mbit/s. Different possible stream configurations can add up to the same AC number.

Type2.4 GHz band[c]
Mbit/s		2.4 GHz band config
[all 40 MHz]		5 GHz band
Mbit/s		5 GHz band config
[all 80 MHz]
AC450[22]--4331 stream @ MCS 9
AC6001501 stream @ MCS 74331 stream @ MCS 9
AC7503002 streams @ MCS 74331 stream @ MCS 9
AC10003002 streams @ MCS 76502 streams @ MCS 7
AC12003002 streams @ MCS 78672 streams @ MCS 9
AC13004002 streams @ 256-QAM8672 streams @ MCS 9
AC1300[23]--1,3003 streams @ MCS 9
AC1350[24]4503 streams @ MCS 78672 streams @ MCS 9
AC14504503 streams @ MCS 79753 streams @ MCS 7
AC16003002 streams @ MCS 71,3003 streams @ MCS 9
AC17008004 streams @ 256-QAM8672 streams @ MCS 9
AC17504503 streams @ MCS 71,3003 streams @ MCS 9
AC1900600[e]3 streams @ 256-QAM1,3003 streams @ MCS 9
AC21008004 streams @ 256-QAM1,3003 streams @ MCS 9
AC22004503 streams @ MCS 71,7334 streams @ MCS 9
AC23006004 streams @ MCS 71,6253 streams @ 1024-QAM
AC24006004 streams @ MCS 71,7334 streams @ MCS 9
AC2600800[e]4 streams @ 256-QAM1,7334 streams @ MCS 9
AC2900750[f]3 streams @ 1024-QAM2,1674 streams @ 1024-QAM
AC30004503 streams @ MCS 71,300 + 1,3003 streams @ MCS 9 x 2
AC31501000[f]4 streams @ 1024-QAM2,1674 streams @ 1024-QAM
AC3200600[e]3 streams @ 256-QAM1,300 + 1,300[g]3 streams @ MCS 9 x 2
AC50006004 streams @ MCS 72,167 + 2,1674 streams @ 1024-QAM x 2
AC5300[27]1000[f]4 streams @ 1024-QAM2,167 + 2,1674 streams @ 1024-QAM x 2

Products

Commercial routers and access points

Quantenna released the first 802.11ac chipset for retail Wi-Fi routers and consumer electronics on November 15, 2011.[28] Redpine Signals released the first low power 802.11ac technology for smartphone application processors on December 14, 2011.[29] On January 5, 2012, Broadcom announced its first 802.11ac Wi-Fi chips and partners[30] and on April 27, 2012, Netgear announced the first Broadcom-enabled router.[31] On May 14, 2012, Buffalo Technology released the world’s first 802.11ac products to market, releasing a wireless router and client bridge adapter.[32] On December 6, 2012, Huawei announced commercial availability of the industry's first enterprise-level 802.11ac Access Point.[33]

Motorola Solutions is selling 802.11ac access points including the AP 8232.[34] In April 2014, Hewlett-Packard started selling the HP 560 access point in the controller-based WLAN enterprise market segment.[35]

Commercial laptops

On June 7, 2012, it was reported that Asus had unveiled its ROG G75VX gaming notebook, which would be the first consumer-oriented notebook to be fully compliant with 802.11ac[36] (albeit in its "draft 2.0" version).

Apple began implementing 802.11ac starting with the MacBook Air in June 2013,[37][38] followed by the MacBook Pro and Mac Pro later that year.[39][40]

As of December 2013, Hewlett-Packard incorporates 802.11ac compliance in laptop computers.[41]

Commercial handsets (partial list)

Commercial tablets

Chipsets

Notes

Comparison

802.11 network standards
Frequency
range,
or type		PHYProtocolRelease
date [61]		FrequencyBandwidthStream
data rate [62]		Allowable
MIMO streams		ModulationApproximate
range
IndoorOutdoor
(GHz)(MHz)(Mbit/s)
1–7 GHzDSSS[63], FHSS[A]802.11-1997June 19972.4221, 2—DSSS, FHSS[A]20 m (66 ft)100 m (330 ft)
HR/DSSS [63]802.11bSeptember 19992.4221, 2, 5.5, 11—CCK, DSSS35 m (115 ft)140 m (460 ft)
OFDM802.11aSeptember 199955, 10, 206, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54
(for 20 MHz bandwidth,
divide by 2 and 4 for 10 and 5 MHz)		—OFDM35 m (115 ft)120 m (390 ft)
802.11jNovember 20044.9, 5.0
[B][64]		??
802.11yNovember 20083.7 [C]?5,000 m (16,000 ft)[C]
802.11pJuly 20105.9200 m1,000 m (3,300 ft)[65]
802.11bdDecember 20225.9, 60500 m1,000 m (3,300 ft)
ERP-OFDM[66]802.11gJune 20032.438 m (125 ft)140 m (460 ft)
HT-OFDM [67]802.11n
(Wi-Fi 4)		October 20092.4, 520Up to 288.8[D]4MIMO-OFDM
(64-QAM)		70 m (230 ft)250 m (820 ft)[68]
40Up to 600[D]
VHT-OFDM [67]802.11ac
(Wi-Fi 5)		December 2013520Up to 693[D]8DL
MU-MIMO OFDM
(256-QAM)		35 m (115 ft)[69]?
40Up to 1600[D]
80Up to 3467[D]
160Up to 6933[D]
HE-OFDMA802.11ax
(Wi-Fi 6,
Wi-Fi 6E)		May 20212.4, 5, 620Up to 1147[E]8UL/DL
MU-MIMO OFDMA
(1024-QAM)		30 m (98 ft)120 m (390 ft) [F]
40Up to 2294[E]
80Up to 4804[E]
80+80Up to 9608[E]
EHT-OFDMA802.11be
(Wi-Fi 7)		Dec 2024
(est.)		2.4, 5, 680Up to 11.5 Gbit/s[E]16UL/DL
MU-MIMO OFDMA
(4096-QAM)		30 m (98 ft)120 m (390 ft) [F]
160
(80+80)		Up to 23 Gbit/s[E]
240
(160+80)		Up to 35 Gbit/s[E]
320
(160+160)		Up to 46.1 Gbit/s[E]
UHR802.11bn
(Wi-Fi 8)		May 2028
(est.)		2.4, 5, 6,
42, 60, 71		320Up to
100000
(100 Gbit/s)		16Multi-link
MU-MIMO OFDM
(8192-QAM)		??
WUR [G]802.11baOctober 20212.4, 54, 200.0625, 0.25
(62.5 kbit/s, 250 kbit/s)		—OOK (multi-carrier OOK)??
mmWave
(WiGig)		DMG [70]802.11adDecember 2012602160
(2.16 GHz)		Up to 8085[71]
(8 Gbit/s)		—OFDM[A], single carrier, low-power single carrier[A]3.3 m (11 ft)[72]?
802.11ajApril 201860 [H]1080[73]Up to 3754
(3.75 Gbit/s)		—single carrier, low-power single carrier[A]??
CMMG802.11ajApril 201845 [H]540,
1080		Up to 15015[74]
(15 Gbit/s)		4 [75]OFDM, single carrier??
EDMG [76]802.11ayJuly 202160Up to 8640
(8.64 GHz)		Up to 303336[77]
(303 Gbit/s)		8OFDM, single carrier10 m (33 ft)100 m (328 ft)
Sub 1 GHz (IoT)TVHT [78]802.11afFebruary 20140.054–
0.79		6, 7, 8Up to 568.9[79]4MIMO-OFDM??
S1G [78]802.11ahMay 20170.7, 0.8,
0.9		1–16Up to 8.67[80]
(@2 MHz)		4??
Light
(Li-Fi)		LC
(VLC/OWC)		802.11bbDecember 2023
(est.)		800–1000 nm20Up to 9.6 Gbit/s—O-OFDM??
IR[A]
(IrDA)		802.11-1997June 1997850–900 nm?1, 2—PPM[A]??
802.11 Standard rollups
 802.11-2007 (802.11ma)March 20072.4, 5Up to 54DSSS, OFDM
802.11-2012 (802.11mb)March 20122.4, 5Up to 150[D]DSSS, OFDM
802.11-2016 (802.11mc)December 20162.4, 5, 60Up to 866.7 or 6757[D]DSSS, OFDM
802.11-2020 (802.11md)December 20202.4, 5, 60Up to 866.7 or 6757[D]DSSS, OFDM
802.11meSeptember 2024
(est.)		2.4, 5, 6, 60Up to 9608 or 303336DSSS, OFDM

See also

References

External links

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