Max Weber
Maximilian Karl Emil Weber (/ˈveɪbər/; German: [ˈveːbɐ]; Afrilu 21, 1864 – 14 Yuni 1920) masanin ilimin zamantakewar jama'a, masanin tarihi, masanin shari'a kuma masanin tattalin arziki na kasar Jamus, wanda ake kallonsa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan manazarta na ci gaban al'ummar Yammacin Turai ta zamani. Ra'ayoyinsa suna tasiri sosai kan ka'idar zamantakewa da bincike. Duk da yake Weber bai ga kansa a matsayin masanin ilimin zamantakewa ba, an gane shi a matsayin daya daga cikin ubanni na zamantakewa, tare da Karl Marx da Émile Durkheim.[1]
 Max Weber | |
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| Rayuwa | |
| Cikakken suna | Maximilian Carl Emil Weber |
| Haihuwa | Erfurt, 21 ga Afirilu, 1864 |
| ƙasa | Kingdom of Prussia (en)  Weimar Republic (en) German Empire (en) |
| Mutuwa | München, 14 ga Yuni, 1920 |
| Makwanci | Bergfriedhof (en) |
| Yanayin mutuwa | Sababi na ainihi (Ciwon huhu 1918-1920 flu pandemic (en) ) |
| Ƴan uwa | |
| Mahaifi | Max Weber |
| Mahaifiya | Helene Weber |
| Abokiyar zama | Marianne Weber (en) |
| Ma'aurata | Mina Tobler (en) Else von Richthofen (en) |
| Ahali | Alfred Weber (en) da Karl Weber (en) |
| Karatu | |
| Makaranta | Heidelberg University (en) University of Göttingen (en) Humboldt University of Berlin (en) Kaiserin Augusta Gymnasium (en) Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (en) University of Freiburg (en) University of Vienna (en) University of Strasbourg (en) |
| Thesis director | Levin Goldschmidt (en) August Meitzen (en) Rudolf von Gneist |
| Harsuna | Jamusanci Rashanci Turanci Italiyanci Harshen Latin |
| Ɗalibai | view
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| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a | masana, Mai tattala arziki, sociologist (en) , mai falsafa, anthropologist (en) , Lauya, university teacher (en) , musicologist (en) , ɗan siyasa da Masanin tarihi |
| Wurin aiki | Freiburg im Breisgau (en) , München, Heidelberg (en) da Vienna |
| Employers | Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (en) Heidelberg University (en) University of Freiburg (en) University of Vienna (en) |
| Muhimman ayyuka | Economy and Society (en) The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (en) Science as a Vocation (en) Politics as a Vocation (en) Wirtschaftsgeschichte (en) The Religion of China (en) The Religion of India (en) Ancient Judaism (en) |
| Mamba | Pan-German League (en) German Sociological Association (en) Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (en) Heidelberg Academy for Sciences and Humanities (en) Heidelberg Academy for Sciences and Humanities (en) Burschenschaft Allemannia zu Heidelberg (en) |
| Imani | |
| Addini | agnosticism (en) |
| Jam'iyar siyasa | National-Social Association (en) German Democratic Party (en) Progressive People's Party (en) |
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Ba kamar Durkheim ba, Weber bai yi imani da bayanin monocausal ba, yana ba da shawara maimakon cewa ga kowane sakamako za a iya samun dalilai da yawa. Har ila yau, ba kamar Durkheim ba, Weber ya kasance babban mai ba da goyon baya ga hanyoyin hana ƙin yarda, yana jayayya don nazarin aikin zamantakewa ta hanyar fassara maimakon kawai hanyoyin empiriricist, bisa fahimtar ma'anar da mutane ke haɗawa da nasu ayyukan. Babban abin da ke damun Weber shi ne fahimtar hanyoyin da za a bi, ba da sani ba, da ma'anar " rashin hankali". Ya tsara kasida yana mai cewa irin waɗannan hanyoyin suna da alaƙa da haɓakar jari-hujja da zamani.[2]
Weber kuma sananne ne don kasidarsa ta haɗa ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki da ilimin zamantakewa na addini, yana mai da hankali kan mahimmancin tasirin al'adu da ke cikin addini a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da jari-hujja. Wannan ya bambanta da tsarin jari-hujja na tarihi na Marx, wanda yayi la'akari da tushen kayan kowane nau'in tattalin arziki na samarwa a matsayin ƙarfin motsa jiki wanda ke tsara addini. [lower-roman 1] Weber ya fara bayyana wannan ka'idar a cikin aikinsa na seminal The Ethic Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905), inda ya haɗa da Furotesta na ascetic a cikin manyan "zaɓi affinities" wanda ke haifar da haɓakar jari-hujja ta kasuwa da kuma tsarin aiki na hankali-doka. a yammacin duniya. Da'a na Furotesta shi ne sashe na farko a cikin faffadan la'akarin da Weber ya yi game da addinan duniya, yayin da daga baya ya yi nazari kan addinan Sin da Indiya, da kuma addinin Yahudanci na da, tare da la'akari da bambancin tasirin tattalin arziki da yanayin zamantakewa. A wani babban aiki, "Siyasa a matsayin Sana'a", Weber ya ayyana "state" a matsayin wata ƙungiya da ta yi nasarar yin iƙirarin "mallakin halal ɗin amfani da ƙarfi na zahiri a cikin wani yanki da aka bayar". [3] Shi ne farkon wanda ya rarraba ikon zamantakewa zuwa nau'i daban-daban: mai ban sha'awa, gargajiya, da na hankali-doka. Binciken da Weber ya yi kan tsarin mulki ya jaddada cewa cibiyoyi na zamani suna ƙara dogaro da ikon doka. Weber ya ba da gudummawa iri-iri a tarihin tattalin arziki, ka'idar, da kuma hanyoyin. Ra'ayoyinsa sun kasance masu tasiri a cikin tsarin siyasa-dukansu a tsakanin masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya kamar Ludwig von Mises, Talcott Parsons, da Raymond Aron, da kuma tsakanin masu ra'ayin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayi kamar Gyorgy Lukács, Makarantar Frankfurt, da C. Wright Mills.[4]
Bayan yakin duniya na farko, Weber yana cikin wadanda suka kafa jam'iyyar Demokradiyar Jamus mai sassaucin ra'ayi. Har ila yau, bai yi nasara ba don neman kujera a majalisa kuma ya zama mai ba da shawara ga kwamitin da ya tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Weimar na dimokiradiyya na 1919. Bayan ya kamu da mura na Spain, ya mutu da ciwon huhu a shekara ta 1920, yana da shekaru 56.
Personal life
Ƙuruciya
An haifi Maximilian Karl Emil Weber a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu 1864 a Erfurt, lardin Saxony, Prussia, amma danginsa sun ƙaura zuwa Berlin a 1869. Zai zama ɗan fari a cikin yara takwas zuwa Max Weber Sr. da matarsa Helene Fallenstein. A tsawon rayuwarsa, Weber Sr. ya rike mukamai a matsayin lauya, ma'aikacin gwamnati, da kuma dan majalisa na Jam'iyyar Liberal Party a Prussian Landtag da Jamus Reichstag. Fallenstein wani bangare da ya fito ne daga bakin haure na Huguenot na Faransa kuma ya fito ne daga tushen arziki. A tsawon lokaci, Weber Jr. zai fuskanci tashin hankali na aure da mutuntaka tsakanin mahaifinsa, "mutumin da ya ji daɗin jin daɗin duniya" yayin da yake kallon abubuwan addini da na taimakon jama'a, da mahaifiyarsa, ɗan Calvin mai ibada "wanda ya nemi ya jagoranci rayuwa ascetic " da kuma gudanar da halin kirki absolutist ra'ayoyi.[5]
Shigar Weber Sr a cikin rayuwar jama'a ya nutsar da gidansa a fagen siyasa da ilimi, yayin da salon sa ya yi maraba da masana da manyan jama'a kamar masanin falsafa Wilhelm Dilthey da masanin shari'a Levin Goldschmidt. Matashin Weber da ɗan'uwansa Alfred, wanda kuma ya zama masanin ilimin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, sun wuce shekarun haɓakarsu a cikin wannan yanayi na hankali. Domin Kirsimeti a shekara ta 1877, Max Weber ɗan shekara goma sha uku, ya ba wa iyayensa kasidu biyu na tarihi, mai suna "Game da Tarihin Jamus, tare da Magana na Musamman ga Matsayin Sarki da Paparoma", da "Game da Zamanin Daular Romawa". daga Constantine zuwa lokacin Hijira". [6]
A cikin aji, gundura da rashin sha'awar malamai – wanda su kuma suka ji haushin abin da suka dauka na rashin mutunci – Weber a asirce ya karanta duka juzu'i arba'in na marubuci Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, kuma an yi iƙirarin cewa wannan wani muhimmin tasiri ne akan tunaninsa da tsarinsa. Kafin shiga jami'a, zai karanta wasu litattafai na gargajiya da yawa, ciki har da na masanin falsafa Immanuel Kant.
Aure
A cikin 1893, Weber ya auri 'yar uwarsa Marianne Schnitger, daga baya ɗan gwagwarmayar mata kuma marubuciya a kanta, wanda ya taka rawa wajen tattarawa da buga labaran mujallolin Weber a matsayin littattafai bayan mutuwarsa, yayin da tarihin rayuwarsa yake. muhimmin tushe don fahimtar rayuwar Weber.[7] Ba su da 'ya'ya. Auren ya ba Weber 'yancin kai na kuɗi na dogon lokaci, wanda ya ba shi damar barin gidan iyayensa.