Yahwe
istilah ketuhanan dalam bahasa Ibrani
(Dialihkan dari TUHAN)
Yahwe[2] (Ibrani: יהוה, translit. yhw, Yehuwa)[3] adalah istilah atau nama ilahiah dalam Yahudi, meskipun Yahwe tidak pernah disembah secara eksklusif oleh bangsa Israel.[4] Namanya mungkin dimulai sebagai julukan kepada El, Dewa tertinggi dalam Panteon Kanaan,[5] Referensi terawal yang menyebut nama Yahweh didapat dari catatan Mesir Kuno yang menempatkannya sebagai sesembahan di antara kaum nomad di kawasan selatan Transjordan.[6] Dalam literatur alkitab tertua, dia digambarkan sebagai "prajurit ilahi" yang memimpin tentara surgawi melawan semua musuh Israel;[7] ia kemudian menjadi pemimpin utama dari kerajaan Samaria dan Yehuda,[8] dan dalam kurun waktu tertentu, kerajaan menyatakan bahwa Yahweh sebagai pencipta seluruh alam semesta dan memiliki keilahian yang tak dapat disangkal.[9][10] Pada masa akhir pembuangan ke Babilonia (abad ke-6 SM), keberadaan ilah-ilah lain disangkal, dan Yahweh dicanangkan sebagai pencipta alam semesta, sebagai Tuhan satu-satunya yang menjadi pemilik sejati seluruh alam semesta.[10]
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Referensi
Catatan kaki
Daftar Pustaka
- Ackerman, Susan (2003). "Goddesses". Dalam Richard, Suzanne. Near Eastern Archaeology:A Reader. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-083-5.
- Ahlstrom, Gosta W. (1991). "The Role of Archaeological and Literary Remains in Reconstructing Israel's History". Dalam Edelman, Diana Vikander. The Fabric of History: Text, Artifact and Israel's Past. A&C Black.
- Albertz, Rainer (1994). A History of Israelite Religion, Volume I: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy. Westminster John Knox.
- Allen, Spencer L. (2015). The Splintered Divine: A Study of Istar, Baal, and Yahweh Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity in the Ancient Near East. Walter de Gruyter.
- Becking, Bob (2001). "The Gods in Whom They Trusted". Dalam Becking, Bob. Only One God?: Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah. A&C Black.
- Bennett, Harold V. (2002). Injustice Made Legal: Deuteronomic Law and the Plight of Widows, Strangers, and Orphans in Ancient Israel. Eerdmans.
- Betz, Arnold Gottfried (2000). "Monotheism". Dalam Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9053565035.
- Cohen, Shaye J.D. (1999). "The Temple and the Synagogue". Dalam Finkelstein, Louis; Davies, W. D.; Horbury, William. The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 3, The Early Roman Period. Cambridge University Press.
- Cohn, Norman (2001). Cosmos, Chaos, and the World to Come: The Ancient Roots of Apocalyptic Faith. Yale University Press.
- Collins, John J. (2005). The Bible After Babel: Historical Criticism in a Postmodern Age. Eerdmans.
- Coogan, Michael D.; Smith, Mark S. (2012). Stories from Ancient Canaan (2nd Edition). Presbyterian Publishing Corp. ISBN 9053565035.
- Cook, Stephen L. (2004). The Social Roots of Biblical Yahwism. Society of Biblical Literature.
- Darby, Erin (2014). Interpreting Judean Pillar Figurines: Gender and Empire in Judean Apotropaic Ritual. Mohr Siebeck.
- Davies, Philip R.; Rogerson, John (2005). The Old Testament World. Westminster John Knox.
- Davies, Philip R. (2010). "Urban Religion and Rural Religion". Dalam Stavrakopoulou, Francesca; Barton, John. Religious Diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah. Continuum International Publishing Group.
- Day, John (2002). Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan. Continuum.
- Dever, William G. (2003a). "Religion and Cult in the Levant". Dalam Richard, Suzanne. Near Eastern Archaeology:A Reader. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-083-5.
- Dever, William G. (2003b). Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From. Eerdmans.
- Dever, William G. (2005). Did God Have A Wife?: Archaeology And Folk Religion In Ancient Israel. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2852-1.
- Dijkstra, Meindert (2001). "El the God of Israel-Israel the People of YHWH: On the Origins of Ancient Israelite Yahwism". Dalam Becking, Bob; Dijkstra, Meindert; Korpel, Marjo C.A.; Vriezen, Karel J.H. Only One God?: Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah. A&C Black.
- Edelman, Diana V. (1995). "Tracking Observance of the Aniconic Tradition". Dalam Edelman, Diana Vikander. The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9053565035.
- Elior, Rachel (2006). "Early Forms of Jewish Mysticism". Dalam Katz, Steven T. The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period. Cambridge University Press.
- Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002). The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts. Simon and Schuster.
- Frerichs, Ernest S. (1998). The Bible and Bibles in America. Scholars Press.
- Gnuse, Robert Karl (1997). No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel. Continuum.
- Gorman, Frank H., Jr. (2000). "Feasts, Festivals". Dalam Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-1-57506-083-5.
- Gnuse, Robert (1999). "The Emergence of Monotheism in Ancient Israel: A Survey of Recent Scholarship". Religion. 29: 315–336.
- Grabbe, Lester (2010). "'Many nations will be joined to YHWH in that day': The question of YHWH outside Judah". Dalam Stavrakopoulou, Francesca; Barton, John. Religious diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-567-03216-4.
- Grabbe, Lester (2007). Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?. A&C Black.
- Hackett, Jo Ann (2001). "'There Was No King In Israel': The Era of the Judges". Dalam Coogan, Michael David. The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513937-2.
- Halpern, Baruch; Adams, Matthew J. (2009). From Gods to God: The Dynamics of Iron Age Cosmologies. Mohr Siebeck.
- Handy, Lowell K. (1995). Among the Host of Heaven: The Syro-Palestinian Pantheon as Bureaucracy. Eisenbrauns.
- Hess, Richard S. (2007). Israelite Religions: An Archaeological and Biblical Survey. Baker Academic.
- Humphries, W. Lee (1990). "God, Names of". Dalam Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey. Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press.
- Keel, Othmar (1997). The Symbolism of the Biblical World: Ancient Near Eastern Iconography and the Book of Psalms. Eisenbrauns.
- Levin, Christoph (2013). Re-Reading the Scriptures: Essays on the Literary History of the Old Testament. Mohr Siebeck.
- Liverani, Mario (2014). Israel's History and the History of Israel. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317488934.
- Mafico, Temba L.J. (1992). "The Divine Name Yahweh Alohim from an African Perspective". Dalam Segovia, Fernando F.; Tolbert, Mary Ann. Reading from this Place: Social Location and Biblical Interpretation in Global Perspective. 2. Fortress Press.
- Mastin, B.A. (2005). "Yahweh's Asherah, Inclusive Monotheism and the Question of Dating". Dalam Day, John. In Search of Pre-Exilic Israel. Bloomsbury.
- Mettinger, Tryggve N.D. (2006). "A Conversation With My Critics: Cultic Image or Aniconism in the First Temple?". Dalam Amit, Yaira; Naʼaman, Nadav. Essays on Ancient Israel in Its Near Eastern Context. Eisenbrauns.
- Meyers, Carol (2001). "Kinship and Kingship: The early Monarchy". Dalam Coogan, Michael David. The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513937-2.
- McDonald, Nathan (2007). "Aniconism in the Old Testament". Dalam Gordon, R.P. The God of Israel. Cambridge University Press.
- Miller, Patrick D (2000). The Religion of Ancient Israel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22145-4.
- Miller, Patrick D (1986). A History of Ancient Israel and Judah. Westminster John Knox Press.
- Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011). Biblical History and Israel's Past: The Changing Study of the Bible and History. Eerdmans.
- Niehr, Herbert (1995). "The Rise of YHWH in Judahite and Israelite Religion". Dalam Edelman, Diana Vikander. The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9053565035.
- Noll, K.L. (2001). Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: An Introduction. A&C Black.
- Petersen, Allan Rosengren (1998). The Royal God: Enthronement Festivals in Ancient Israel and Ugarit?. A&C Black.
- Schniedewind, William M. (2013). A Social History of Hebrew: Its Origins Through the Rabbinic Period. Yale University Press.
- Smith, Mark S. (2000). "El". Dalam Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans.
- Smith, Mark S. (2001). The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts. Oxford University Press.
- Smith, Mark S. (2002). The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel. Eerdmans.
- Smith, Mark S. (2003). "Astral Religion and the Divinity". Dalam Noegel, Scott; Walker, Joel. Prayer, Magic, and the Stars in the Ancient and Late Antique World. Penn State Press.
- Smith, Mark S. (2010). God in Translation: Deities in Cross-Cultural Discourse in the Biblical World. Eerdmans.
- Smith, Morton (1984). "Jewish Religious Life in the Persian Period". Dalam Finkelstein, Louis. The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 1, Introduction: The Persian Period. Cambridge University Press.
- Sommer, Benjamin D. (2011). "God, names of". Dalam Berlin, Adele; Grossman, Maxine L. The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion. Oxford University Press.
- Van Der Toorn, Karel (1995). "Ritual Resistance and Self-Assertion". Dalam Platvoet, Jan. G.; Van Der Toorn, Karel. Pluralism and Identity: Studies in Ritual Behaviour. BRILL.
- Van Der Toorn, Karel (1999). "Yahweh". Dalam Van Der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; van der Horst, Pieter Willem. Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. Eerdmans.
- Van Der Toorn, Karel (1996). Family Religion in Babylonia, Ugarit and Israel: Continuity and Changes in the Forms of Religious Life. BRILL.
- Wright, J. Edward (2002). The Early History of Heaven. Oxford University Press.
- Wyatt, Nicolas (2010). "Royal Religion in Ancient Judah". Dalam Stavrakopoulou, Francesca; Barton, John. Religious Diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-567-03216-4.
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