Phylum
- Para sa ibang gamit, tingnan ang Phylum (paglilinaw).
Sa taksonomiya ng larangan ng biyolohiya, phylum [isahan] o phyla [maramihan]; Griyego: Φῦλα), o ang lapi, o kalapian, ay isang kahanayang ng pagkakapangkat-pangkat na nasa antas sa ilalim ng kaharian at nasa ibabaw ng biyolohiya. Kinuha ang salitang "phylum" mula sa phylai (φυλαί) ng wikang Griyego, mga grupo ng mga angkan na naninirahan sa mga lungsod ng isinaunang Gresya; may kakayahan at karapatan sa paghalal ng pinunong-kaangkan ang mga phylai. Sa larangan ng taksonomiya, kinakatawan ng mga phylum ang pinakamalaki at pinakakaraniwang kinikilalang pagbubuklod-buklod ng mga hayop at iba pang mga nilalang na may-buhay, at may tiyak na mga katangiang pang-ebolusyonaryo, bagaman kung minsan maaaring ihanay ang mga mismong phylum sa mga superphyla (katulad ng Ecdysozoa na may walong phylum, kabilang ang mga arthropod at bulating-bilog; at ang Deuterostomia na kabilang ang mga echinoderm, chordate, hemichordate at bulating-pana) (arrow worm).
Sa impormal na paraan, maaaring isipin na ang mga phylum isang paglilipon ng mga hayop batay sa isang panlahatang kayarian ng katawan;[1] Tinatawag itong pagpapangkat-pangkat na pang morpolohiya (ayon sa pagkakahawig ng mga anatomiya). Samakatuwid, sa kabila ng tila pagkakaiba ng mga panlabas na mga kaanyuhan ng mga nilalang, inihanay sila sa mga phylum ayon sa kanilang mga panloob na kayarian.[2] Halimbawa, bagaman tila magkahiwalay at magkaiba, kapwa kabilang ang mga gagamba at mga alimango sa mga Arthropoda, samantalang ang mga bulating-lupa at bulating-payat, bagaman magkahugis, ay mula sa dalawang kahanayan. Kabilang ang mga bulating-lupa sa mga Annelida, samantalang ang mga bulating-payat ay mula sa mga Platyhelminthes. Datapwa pinapayagan ng Kodigong Pansandaigdigan ng Pagpapangalang Pang-botaniko ang paggamit ng salitang "phylum ilang panukoy sa mga halaman, higit na mas ginagamit ng mga botanista ang salitang "kahatian".
Ang pinakakilalang mga phylum ng hayop ay ang Mollusca, Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, at Chordata. Sa huli nabibilang mga ang mga tao. Bagaman may 35 - humigit-kumulang - na mga phylum, kabilang sa siyam na nabanggit ang karamihan sa mga sari. Marami sa mga phylum ang nabubuhay sa tubig, at nag-iisa lamang ang wala sa mga karagatan ng mundo: ito ang Onychophora o bulating-pelus (bulating-tersiyupelo).
Ang pinakabagong natuklasang sari ay ang Cycliophora[3], na natuklasan noong 1993; tatlong bagong sari lamang ang natuklasan sa loob ng huling dantaon.
Ang pagsabog na Kambriyano ay isang malakihang pamumulaklak ng mga nilalang na may-buhay na naganap sa pagitan, humigit-kumulang, ng 530 at 520 milyong taon na ang nakalipas;[4] noong mga panahong ito mayroon nang mga nilalang na kahawig ng makabagong sari, bagaman hindi naman kabilang sa mga ito;[5] habang ang ilan naman ay parang mga kinatawan na nasa loob ng Ediacaran biota, nananatili itong isang usapin na kung ang lahat ba ng mga sari ay namumuhay na bago man dumating ang pagsabog. Sa loob ng maraming panahon, nagpabagu-bago ang mga gawain ng iba't ibang mga sari. Halimbawa, noong panahong Kambriyano, ang nakalalamang na mga megafauna (megahayop), o malalaking mga hayop, ay ang mga artropoda, ngunit sa ngayon ang mga megahayop ay nalalamangan ng mga vertebrata (kordata)[6] Magpahanggang sa ngayon, ang pinaka-nakalalamang na sari ay ang mga artropoda.
Mga phyla
Mga hayop
| Protostome | Bilateria | Nephrozoa | |
| Deuterostome | |||
| Basal/disputed | Non-Bilateria | ||
| Vendobionta | |||
| Parazoa | |||
| Others | |||
| Phylum | Kahulugan | Karaniwang pangalan | Natatanging katangian | Inilalarawang taxa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Annelida | Little ring [7]:306 | Segmented worms | Multiple circular segments | 22,000 + extant |
| Agmata | Fragmented | Agmates | Calcareous conical shells | 5 species, extinct |
| Archaeocyatha | Ancient cups | Archaeocyathids | An extinct taxon of sponge-grade, reef-building organisms living in warm tropical and subtropical waters during the Early Cambrian. | 3 known classes (Extinct) |
| Arthropoda | Jointed foot | Arthropods | Segmented bodies and jointed limbs, with Chitin exoskeleton | 1,250,000+ extant;[8] 20,000+ extinct |
| Brachiopoda | Arm foot[7]:336 | Lampshells[7]:336 | Lophophore and pedicle | 300-500 extant; 12,000+ extinct |
| Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) | Moss animals | Moss animals, sea mats, ectoprocts[7]:332 | Lophophore, no pedicle, ciliated tentacles, anus outside ring of cilia | 6,000 extant[8] |
| Chaetognatha | Longhair jaw | Arrow worms[7]:342 | Chitinous spines either side of head, fins | 100 extant |
| Chordata | With a cord | Chordates | Hollow dorsal nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, endostyle, post-anal tail | 55,000+[8] |
| Cnidaria | Stinging nettle | Cnidarians | Nematocysts (stinging cells) | 16,000[8] |
| Ctenophora | Comb bearer | Comb jellies[7]:256 | Eight "comb rows" of fused cilia | 100-150 extant |
| Cycliophora | Wheel carrying | Symbion | Circular mouth surrounded by small cilia, sac-like bodies | 3+ |
| Echinodermata | Spiny skin | Echinoderms[7]:348 | Fivefold radial symmetry in living forms, mesodermal calcified spines | 7,500 extant;[8] approx. 13,000 extinct |
| Entoprocta | Inside anus[7]:292 | Goblet worms | Anus inside ring of cilia | 150 |
| Gastrotricha | Hairy stomach[7]:288 | Gastrotrich worms | Two terminal adhesive tubes | 690 |
| Gnathostomulida | Jaw orifice | Jaw worms[7]:260 | Tiny worms related to rotifers with no body cavity | 100 |
| Hemichordata | Half cord[7]:344 | Acorn worms, hemichordates | Stomochord in collar, pharyngeal slits | 130 extant |
| Kinorhyncha | Motion snout | Mud dragons | Eleven segments, each with a dorsal plate | 150 |
| Loricifera | Corset bearer | Brush heads | Umbrella-like scales at each end | 122 |
| Micrognathozoa | Tiny jaw animals | Limnognathia | Accordion-like extensible thorax | 1 |
| Medusoid | Jellyfish-like | Medusoids | These are extinct creatures described as jellyfish-like and inhabited the late Precambrian, Ediacaran and early Cambrian. | 18 genera, extinct |
| Mollusca | Soft[7]:320 | Mollusks / molluscs | Muscular foot and mantle round shell | 85,000+ extant;[8] 80,000+ extinct[9] |
| Nematoda | Thread like | Round worms, thread worms[7]:274 | Round cross section, keratin cuticle | 25,000[8] |
| Nematomorpha | Thread form[7]:276 | Horsehair worms, gordian worms[7]:276 | Long, thin parasitic worms closely related to nematodes | 320 |
| Nemertea | A sea nymph[7]:270 | Ribbon worms, rhynchocoela[7]:270 | Unsegmented worms, with a proboscis housed in a cavity derived from the coelom called the rhynchocoel | 1,200 |
| Onychophora | Claw bearer | Velvet worms[7]:328 | Worm-like animal with legs tipped by chitinous claws | 200 extant |
| Petalonamae | Shaped like leaves | No | An extinct phylum from the Ediacaran. They are bottom-dwelling and immobile, shaped like leaves (frondomorphs), feathers or spindles. | 3 classes, extinct |
| Phoronida | Zeus's mistress | Horseshoe worms | U-shaped gut | 11 |
| Placozoa | Plate animals | Trichoplaxes[7]:242 | Differentiated top and bottom surfaces, two ciliated cell layers, amoeboid fiber cells in between | 3 |
| Platyhelminthes | Flat worm[7]:262 | Flatworms[7]:262 | Flattened worms with no body cavity. Many are parasitic. | 29,500[8] |
| Porifera | Pore bearer | Sponges[7]:246 | Perforated interior wall, simplest of all known animals | 10,800 extant[8] |
| Priapulida | Little Priapus | Penis worms | Penis-shaped worms | 20 |
| Proarticulata | Before articulates | Proarticulates | An extinct group of mattress-like organisms that display "glide symmetry." Found during the Ediacaran. | 3 classes, extinct |
| Rhombozoa (Dicyemida) | Lozenge animal | Rhombozoans[7]:264 | Single anteroposterior axial celled endoparasites, surrounded by ciliated cells | 100+ |
| Rotifera | Wheel bearer | Rotifers[7]:282 | Anterior crown of cilia | 2,000[8] |
| Saccorhytida | Saccus : "pocket" and "wrinkle" | Saccorhytus | Saccorhytus is only about 1 mm (1.3 mm) in size and is characterized by a spherical or hemispherical body with a prominent mouth. Its body is covered by a thick but flexible cuticle. It has a nodule above its mouth. Around its body are 8 openings in a truncated cone with radial folds. | 1 species, extinct |
| Tardigrada | Slow step | Water bears, Moss piglets | Microscopic relatives of the arthropods, with a four segmented body and head | 1,000 |
| Trilobozoa | Three-lobed animal | Trilobozoan | A taxon of mostly discoidal organisms exhibiting tricentric symmetry. All are Ediacaran-aged | 18 genera, extinct |
| Vetulicolia | Ancient dweller | Vetulicolian | Might possibly be a subphylum of the chordates. Their body consists of two parts: a large front part and covered with a large "mouth" and a hundred round objects on each side that have been interpreted as gills - or at least openings in the vicinity of the animal. Their posterior pharynx consists of 7 segments. | 15 species, extinct |
| Xenacoelomorpha | Strange hollow form | Subphylum Acoelomorpha and xenoturbellida | Small, simple animals. Bilaterian, but lacking typical bilaterian structures such as gut cavities, anuses, and circulatory systems[10] | 400+ |
| Total: 40 | 1,525,000[8] |
Mga halaman
| Land plants | Viridiplantae | |
| Green algae | ||
| Other algae (Biliphyta)[11] | ||
| Division | Meaning | Common name | Distinguishing characteristics | Species described |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anthocerotophyta[12] | Anthoceros-like plants | Hornworts | Horn-shaped sporophytes, no vascular system | 100-300+ |
| Bryophyta[12] | Bryum-like plants, moss plants | Mosses | Persistent unbranched sporophytes, no vascular system | 12,000 |
| Charophyta | Chara-like plants | Charophytes | 1,000 | |
| Chlorophyta | (Yellow-)green plants[7]:200 | Chlorophytes | 7,000 | |
| Cycadophyta[13] | Cycas-like plants, palm-like plants | Cycads | Seeds, crown of compound leaves | 100-200 |
| Ginkgophyta[14] | Ginkgo-like plants | Ginkgo, maidenhair tree | Seeds not protected by fruit (single living species) | 1 extant; 50+ extinct |
| Glaucophyta | Blue-green plants | Glaucophytes | 15 | |
| Gnetophyta[15] | Gnetum-like plants | Gnetophytes | Seeds and woody vascular system with vessels | 70 |
| Lycopodiophyta,[16] Lycophyta[17] | Lycopodium-like plants Wolf plants | Clubmosses & spikemosses | Microphyll leaves, vascular system | 1,290 extant |
| Magnoliophyta | Magnolia-like plants | Flowering plants, angiosperms | Flowers and fruit, vascular system with vessels | 300,000 |
| Marchantiophyta,[18] Hepatophyta[12] | Marchantia-like plants Liver plants | Liverworts | Ephemeral unbranched sporophytes, no vascular system | 9,000 |
| Polypodiophyta, Monilophyta | Polypodium-like plants | Ferns | Megaphyll leaves, vascular system | 10,560 |
| Pinophyta,[16] Coniferophyta[19] | Pinus-like plants Cone-bearing plant | Conifers | Cones containing seeds and wood composed of tracheids | 629 extant |
| Rhodophyta | Rose plants | Red algae | Use phycobiliproteins as accessory pigments. | 7,000 |
| Total: 14 |
Fungi
| Dibisyon | Kahulugan | Karaniwang pangalan | Natatanging katangian | Inilalarawang espesye |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ascomycota | Bladder fungus[7]:396 | Ascomycetes,[7]:396 sac fungi | Tend to have fruiting bodies (ascocarp).[20] Filamentous, producing hyphae separated by septa. Can reproduce asexually.[21] | 30,000 |
| Basidiomycota | Small base fungus[7]:402 | Basidiomycetes,[7]:402 club fungi | Bracket fungi, toadstools, smuts and rust. Sexual reproduction.[22] | 31,515 |
| Blastocladiomycota | Offshoot branch fungus[23] | Blastoclads | Less than 200 | |
| Chytridiomycota | Little cooking pot fungus[24] | Chytrids | Predominantly Aquatic saprotrophic or parasitic. Have a posterior flagellum. Tend to be single celled but can also be multicellular.[25][26][27] | 1000+ |
| Glomeromycota | Ball of yarn fungus[7]:394 | Glomeromycetes, AM fungi[7]:394 | Mainly arbuscular mycorrhizae present, terrestrial with a small presence on wetlands. Reproduction is asexual but requires plant roots.[22] | 284 |
| Microsporidia | Small seeds[28] | Microsporans[7]:390 | 1400 | |
| Neocallimastigomycota | New beautiful whip fungus[29] | Neocallimastigomycetes | Predominantly located in digestive tract of herbivorous animals. Anaerobic, terrestrial and aquatic.[30] | approx. 20 [31] |
| Zygomycota | Pair fungus[7]:392 | Zygomycetes[7]:392 | Most are saprobes and reproduce sexually and asexually.[30] | aprox. 1060 |
| Total: 8 |
Protista
| Harosa | |
| Protozoa |
| Phylum/Dibisyon | Kahulugan | Karaniwang pangalan | Natatanging katangian | Halimbawa | Inilalarawang espesye |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amoebozoa | Amorphous animal | Amoebas | Presence of pseudopodia | Amoeba | 2400 |
| Bigyra | Two rings | ||||
| Cercozoa | |||||
| Choanozoa | Funnel animal | Presence of a colar of microvilli surrounding a flagellum | 125 | ||
| Ciliophora | Cilia bearer | Ciliates | Presence of multiple cilia and a cytostome | Paramecium | 4500 |
| Cryptista | Hidden | ||||
| Euglenozoa | True eye animal | Euglena | 800 | ||
| Foraminifera | Hole bearers | Forams | Complex shells with one or more chambers | Forams | 10000, 50000 extinct |
| Haptophyta | |||||
| Loukozoa | Groove animal | ||||
| Metamonada | Middle single-celled organisms | Giardia | |||
| Microsporidia | Small spore | ||||
| Myzozoa | Suckling animal | 1555+ | |||
| Ochrophyta | Yellow plant | Diatoms | |||
| Oomycota | Egg fungus[7]:184 | Oomycetes | |||
| Percolozoa | |||||
| Radiozoa | Ray animal | Radiolarians | |||
| Sarcomastigophora | Flesh and whip bearer | ||||
| Sulcozoa | |||||
| Total: 19 |
The Catalogue of Life includes Rhodophyta and Glaucophyta in kingdom Plantae,[32] but other systems consider these phyla part of Protista.[33]
Bacteria
Currently there are bacterial 40 phyla (not including "Cyanobacteria") that have been validly published according to the Bacteriological Code[34]
- Acidobacteriota, phenotypically diverse and mostly uncultured
- Actinomycetota, High-G+C Gram positive species
- Aquificota, deep-branching
- Armatimonadota
- Atribacterota
- Bacillota, Low-G+C Gram positive species, such as the spore-formers Bacilli (aerobic) and Clostridia (anaerobic)
- Bacteroidota
- Balneolota
- Bdellovibrionota
- Caldisericota, formerly candidate division OP5, Caldisericum exile is the sole representative
- Calditrichota
- Campylobacterota
- Chlamydiota
- Chlorobiota, green sulphur bacteria
- Chloroflexota, green non-sulphur bacteria
- Chrysiogenota, only 3 genera (Chrysiogenes arsenatis, Desulfurispira natronophila, Desulfurispirillum alkaliphilum)
- Coprothermobacterota
- Deferribacterota
- Deinococcota, Deinococcus radiodurans and Thermus aquaticus are "commonly known" species of this phyla
- Dictyoglomota
- Elusimicrobiota, formerly candidate division Thermite Group 1
- Fibrobacterota
- Fusobacteriota
- Gemmatimonadota
- Ignavibacteriota
- Kiritimatiellota
- Lentisphaerota, formerly clade VadinBE97
- Mycoplasmatota, notable genus: Mycoplasma
- Myxococcota
- Nitrospinota
- Nitrospirota
- Planctomycetota
- Pseudomonadota, the most well-known phylum, containing species such as Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Rhodothermota
- Spirochaetota, species include Borrelia burgdorferi, which causes Lyme disease
- Synergistota
- Thermodesulfobacteriota
- Thermomicrobiota
- Thermotogota, deep-branching
- Verrucomicrobiota
Archaea
Currently there are 2 phyla that have been validly published according to the Bacteriological Code[34]
- Nitrososphaerota
- Thermoproteota, second most common archaeal phylum
Other phyla that have been proposed, but not validly named, include:
- "Euryarchaeota", most common archaeal phylum
- "Korarchaeota"
- "Nanoarchaeota", ultra-small symbiotes, single known species
Tingnan din
- Kladistiko
- Pilohenetiko
- Sistematiko
- Taksonomiya
Mga sanggunian
Mga ugnayang panlabas
- Mga Pangunahin Sangahay ng mga Hayop Naka-arkibo 2006-07-16 sa Wayback Machine.
- American Heritage Dictionary (Diksiyunaryo ng Pamanang Amerikano) Naka-arkibo 2007-02-10 sa Wayback Machine.: Phylum, bagong salitang Latin, mula sa Griyegong phūlon (klase).
- Diksiyunaryong pang-Etimolohiya sa internet: mula sa Griyegong phylon (lahi, lipi, kasapi, pinagmulan); na kaugnay ng phyle (tribo, angkan), at phylein (dalhin dito) ng physikos (tumutukoy sa kalikasan); mula sa physis (kalikasan)