Vikinglar
Vikinglar (qadimgi skandinavcha: víkingr — „qaroqchi“[1]) — 8-asr oxiri — 11-asr oʻrtalarida Yevropa mamlakatlariga dengiz yoʻli orqali savdo-sotiq uchun borgan, qaroqchilik va bosqinchilik yurishlari qilgan skandinavlar.[2][3][4] Rusda ularni varyaglar, Gʻarbiy Yevropada normandlar deb atashgan. 9-asrda vikinglar Shimoli-Sharqiy Angliyani, 10-asrda esa Shimoliy Fransiyani bosib olishgan. Vikinglar Shimoliy Amerikaga qadar yetib borishgan.
Manbalar
Adabiyotlar
- OʻzME. Birinchi jild. Toshkent, 2000-yil
- Askeberg, Fritz. Norden och kontinenten i gammal tid: studier i forngermansk kulturhistoria. Almqvist & Wiksells boktr., 1944.
- Blanck, Dag. „The Transnational Viking: The Role of the Viking in Sweden, the United States, and Swedish America.“ Journal of Transnational American Studies 7.1 (2016). online
Oʻqish uchun
- Downham, Clare. Viking kings of Britain and Ireland: the dynasty of ́Ívarr to A.D. 1014. Dunedin Academic Press, 2007. ISBN 978-1903765890.
- Downham, Clare (2011). „Viking Ethnicities. A Historiographic Overview“, History Compass 10.1 (2012), pp. 1–12. PDF Academic.edu Andoza:Registration
- Hadley, Dawn. The Vikings in England: Settlement, Society and Culture. Manchester University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0719059827.
- Heide, Eldar „Víking – 'rower shifting'? An etymological contribution“,. Arkiv för nordisk filologi. C.W.K. Gleerup, 2005 — 41–54 bet.
- Heide, Eldar „Viking, week, and Widsith. A reply to Harald Bjorvand“,. Arkiv för nordisk filologi. C.W.K. Gleerup, 2008 — 23–28 bet.
- Hodges, Richard. Goodbye to the Vikings: Re-Reading Early Medieval Archaeology. Gerald Duckworth & Company Limited, 2006. ISBN 978-0715634295.
- Svanberg, Fredrik. Decolonizing the Viking Age. Almqvist & Wiksell International, 2003. ISBN 978-9122020066.
- Wamers, Egon. Insularer Metallschmuck in wikingerzeitlichen Gräbern Nordeuropas. Untersuchungen zur skandinavischen Westexpansion. Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz, 1985. ISBN 978-3529011566.
- Wamers, Egon „Insular Finds in Viking Age Scandinavia and the State Formation of Norway“,. Ireland and Scandinavia in the Early Viking Age. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1998 — 37–72 bet. ISBN 978-1851822355.
- Wawn, M.A.. The Vikings and the Victorians: Inventing the Old North in Nineteenth Century Britain. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2000. ISBN 978-0859916448.
Havolalar
Vikiomborda Vikinglar haqida turkum mavjud |
- Vikinglar (ingl.)
- BBC: Vikinglar tarixi (ingl.)
- Borg Viking muszeyi, Norvegiya (ingl.)
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