Chromosome 16

Chromosome 16
Chromosome 16
	Human chromosome 16 pair after G-banding.; One is from mother, one is from father.
	Chromosome 16 pair; in human male karyogram.
Features
Length (bp)	96,330,374 bp; (CHM13)
No. of genes	795 (CCDS)
Type	Autosome
Centromere position	Metacentric; (36.8 Mbp)
Complete gene lists
CCDS	Gene list
HGNC	Gene list
UniProt	Gene list
NCBI	Gene list
External map viewers
Ensembl	Chromosome 16
Entrez	Chromosome 16
NCBI	Chromosome 16
UCSC	Chromosome 16
Full DNA sequences
RefSeq	NC_000016 (FASTA)
GenBank	CM000678 (FASTA)

Chromosome 16 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 16 spans about 96 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) and represents just under 3% of the total DNA in cells.

Genes

Number of genes

The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 16. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see gene prediction). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project (CCDS) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes.^[4]

Estimated by	Protein-coding genes	Non-coding RNA genes	Pseudogenes	Source	Release date
CCDS	795	—	—	^[1]	2016-09-08
HGNC	802	251	365	^[5]	2017-05-12
Ensembl	865	1,046	462	^[6]	2017-03-29
UniProt	838	—	—	^[7]	2018-02-28
NCBI	912	652	502	^[8]^[9]^[10]	2017-05-19

Gene list

The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 16. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right.

ACSF3: encoding enzyme Acyl-CoA synthetase family member 3
ACSM2B: encoding enzyme Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM2B, mitochondrial
ACSM3: encoding enzyme Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM3, mitochondrial 2
ADHD1: Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, susceptibility to, 1
ARL6IP1: encoding protein ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 6-interacting protein 1
ARMC5
BMIQ5: Body mass index quantitative trait locus 5
C16orf58: encoding protein Chromosome 16 open reading frame 58
C16orf71: encoding protein Uncharacterized protein Chromosome 16 Open Reading Frame 71
C16orf82:
C16orf84:
C16orf95:
C16orf96: encoding protein C16orf96, or chromosome 16 open reading frame 96,
CARHSP1: Calcium-regulated heat stable protein 1
CASP16P: encoding protein Caspase 16, pseudogene
CCDC113: encoding protein Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 113
Ccdc78: encoding protein Coiled-coil domain-containing 78 (CCDC78)
CDIPT: CDP-diacylglycerol-inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase
CFDP1: Craniofacial development protein 1
CHDS1: Coronary heart disease, susceptibility to, 1
CIAPIN1: Anamorsin (originally, Cytokine induced apoptosis inhibitor 1)
CKLF: Chemokine-like factor
CLUAP1:
CMTM2: encoding protein CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing protein 2
CCDC135: encoding protein Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 135
COTL1: encoding protein Coactosin-like protein
CPNE7: encoding protein Copine 7
CTRL: Chymotrypsin-like protease
DCTPP1: encoding enzyme dCTP pyrophosphatase 1
DEL16P12.1P11.2: Chromosome 16p12.2-p11.2 deletion syndrome
DEL16p13.3, RSTSS: Chromosome 16p13.3 deletion syndrome (Rubinstein-Taybi deletion syndrome)
DHX38: DEAH-box helicase 38
DUP16p13.3, C16DUPq13.3: Chromosome 16p13.3 duplication syndrome
EMP2: Epithelial membrane protein 2
ENKD1: Enkurin domain-containing protein 1
ERAF: Alpha-hemoglobin-stabilizing protein
FAHD1: Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase domain-containing protein 1
FAM57B: Family with sequence similarity 57 member B
FBRS: Probably fibrosin-1 long transcript protein
FOXC2-AS1: encoding protein FOXC2 antisense RNA 1
GLG1: Golgi apparatus protein 1
HBAP1: Hemoglobin, alpha pseudogene 1
HBHR, ATR1: Alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome, type 1
HIRIP3: encoding protein HIRA-interacting protein 3
HN1L: encoding protein Hematological and neurological expressed 1-like protein
IBD8: Inflammatory bowel disease 8
IHPS2: Pyloric stenosis, infantile hypertrophic, 2
ITFG3: encoding protein Protein ITFG3
KDM8: encoding protein Lysine demethylase 8
KIAA0895L: uncharacterized protein KIAA0895-like
LINC00273 encoding protein Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 273
LOC124220: encoding protein Zymogen granule protein 16 homolog B
LOC81691:
LUC7L: encoding protein Putative RNA-binding protein Luc7-like 1
LYPLA3: encoding enzyme Group XV phospholipase A2
MC1R: melanocortin 1 receptor
MCOPCT1: Microphthalmia with cataract 1
METRN: encoding protein Meteorin, glial cell differentiation regulator
METTL26/JFP2: encoding protein Chromosome 16 open reading frame 13
MKL2: encoding protein MKL/myocardin-like protein 2
MPHOSPH6: encoding enzyme M-phase phosphoprotein 6
MT1G: encoding protein Metallothionein-1G
MT1X: encoding protein Metallothionein 1X
NIP30: encoding protein NIP30 protein
NOB1: encoding protein RNA-binding protein NOB1
NOMO1: encoding protein Nodal modulator 1
NPW: encoding protein Neuropeptide W
NUBP2: encoding protein Nucleotide-binding protein 2
NUPR1: encoding protein Nuclear protein 1
OGFOD1:
PDF: encoding enzyme Peptide deformylase, mitochondrial
PDPR: encoding protein Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase regulatory subunit
PKDTS: Polycystic kidney disease, infantile severe, with tuberous sclerosis
PMFBP1: encoding protein Polyamine-modulated factor 1-binding protein 1
POLR3K: encoding enzyme DNA-directed RNA polymerase III subunit RPC10
PRMT7: encoding protein Protein arginine methyltransferase 7
PRR35: encoding protein Proline rich 35
RPS15A: encoding protein 40S ribosomal protein S15a
RSL1D1: encoding protein Ribosomal L1 domain-containing protein 1
SHCBP1: encoding protein SHC SH2 domain-binding protein 1
SLZ1: encoding protein SLX1 structure-specific endonuclease subunit homolog B (S. cerevisiae)
SNAI3-AS1: encoding protein SNAI3 antisense RNA 1
SNORD71: encoding protein Small nucleolar RNA, C/D box 71
SPSB3: encoding protein SplA/ryanodine receptor domain and SOCS box containing 3
SRCAP: encoding enzyme Helicase SRCAP
TANGO6: encoding protein Transport and Golgi organization protein 6 homolog
TAO2: encoding Serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2
TBC1D24: encoding protein TBC1 domain family, member 24
TEDC2: encoding protein Tubulin epsilon and delta complex 2
TELO2: encoding protein Telomere length regulation protein TEL2 homolog
TMEM112: encoding enzyme Lipase maturation factor 1
TMEM8A: encoding protein Transmembrane protein 8A
TNRC6A: encoding protein Trinucleotide repeat-containing gene 6A protein
Tuberous sclerosis complex tumor suppressors: encoding [[]] FALSE
TSR3: encoding
UNKL: encoding protein RING finger protein unkempt-like
VAT1L: encoding protein Vesicle amine transport protein 1 homolog (T. californica)-like
VPS35L: encoding protein VPS35 Endosomal Protein Sorting Factor Like
WFDC1: encoding protein WAP four-disulfide core domain protein 1
ZG16
ZNF23: encoding protein Zinc finger protein 23
ZNF200: encoding protein Zinc finger protein 200
ZNF263: encoding protein Zinc finger protein 263
ZNF629: encoding protein Zinc finger protein 629
ZNF843: encoding protein Zinc finger protein 843

Diseases and disorders

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Asperger syndrome
Autism spectrum disorder^[11]^[12]
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (PKD-1)
Batten disease
Combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria (CMAMMA)
Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF)
Synesthesia
Thalassemia
Trisomy 16
Morquio syndrome

Associated traits

Red hair

Cytogenetic band

G-banding ideograms of human chromosome 16

G-banding ideogram of human chromosome 16 in resolution 850 bphs. Band length in this diagram is proportional to base-pair length. This type of ideogram is generally used in genome browsers (e.g. Ensembl, UCSC Genome Browser).

G-banding patterns of human chromosome 16 in three different resolutions (400,^[13] 550^[14] and 850^[3]). Band length in this diagram is based on the ideograms from ISCN (2013).^[15] This type of ideogram represents actual relative band length observed under a microscope at the different moments during the mitotic process.^[16]

G-bands of human chromosome 16 in resolution 850 bphs^[17]
Chr.	Arm^[18]	Band^[19]	ISCN start^[20]	ISCN stop^[20]	Basepair start	Basepair stop	Stain^[21]	Density
16	p	13.3	0	352	1	7,800,000	gneg
16	p	13.2	352	596	7,800,001	10,400,000	gpos	50
16	p	13.13	596	813	10,400,001	12,500,000	gneg
16	p	13.12	813	948	12,500,001	14,700,000	gpos	50
16	p	13.11	948	1070	14,700,001	16,700,000	gneg
16	p	12.3	1070	1246	16,700,001	21,200,000	gpos	50
16	p	12.2	1246	1409	21,200,001	24,200,000	gneg
16	p	12.1	1409	1558	24,200,001	28,500,000	gpos	50
16	p	11.2	1558	1856	28,500,001	35,300,000	gneg
16	p	11.1	1856	2045	35,300,001	36,800,000	acen
16	q	11.1	2045	2194	36,800,001	38,400,000	acen
16	q	11.2	2194	2709	38,400,001	47,000,000	gvar
16	q	12.1	2709	2953	47,000,001	52,600,000	gneg
16	q	12.2	2953	3142	52,600,001	56,000,000	gpos	50
16	q	13	3142	3346	56,000,001	57,300,000	gneg
16	q	21	3346	3657	57,300,001	66,600,000	gpos	100
16	q	22.1	3657	4023	66,600,001	70,800,000	gneg
16	q	22.2	4023	4118	70,800,001	72,800,000	gpos	50
16	q	22.3	4118	4294	72,800,001	74,100,000	gneg
16	q	23.1	4294	4551	74,100,001	79,200,000	gpos	75
16	q	23.2	4551	4659	79,200,001	81,600,000	gneg
16	q	23.3	4659	4768	81,600,001	84,100,000	gpos	50
16	q	24.1	4768	4930	84,100,001	87,000,000	gneg
16	q	24.2	4930	5025	87,000,001	88,700,000	gpos	25
16	q	24.3	5025	5120	88,700,001	90,338,345	gneg

References

Gilbert F (1999). "Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the human genome. Chromosome 16". Genet Test. 3 (2): 243–54. doi:10.1089/gte.1999.3.243. PMID 10464676.
Martin J, et al. (2004). "The sequence and analysis of duplication-rich human chromosome 16" (PDF). Nature. 432 (7020): 988–94. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..988M. doi:10.1038/nature03187. PMID 15616553. S2CID 4362044.
Miller, David T; Nasir, Ramzi; Sobeih, Magdi M; Shen, Yiping; Wu, Bai-Lin; Hanson, Ellen (2011-10-27). "16p11.2 Recurrent Microdeletion". 16p11.2 Microdeletion. University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301775. NBK11167. In Adam MP, Everman DB, Mirzaa GM, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Gripp KW, Amemiya A (1993). Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolan CR, et al. (eds.). GeneReviews [Internet]. Seattle WA: University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301295.
http://omim.org/search?index=geneMap&search=16p13.3

External links

National Institutes of Health. "Chromosome 16". Genetics Home Reference. Archived from the original on August 3, 2004. Retrieved 2017-05-06.
"Chromosome 16". Human Genome Project Information Archive 1990–2003. Retrieved 2017-05-06.

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