Primary school

A primary school (in Ireland, India, the United Kingdom,^[1] Australia,^[2] New Zealand,^[3] Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, and South Africa), elementary school, or grade school (in North America and the Philippines) is a school for primary education of children who are 4 to 10 years of age (and in many cases, 11 years of age). Primary schooling follows preschool and precedes secondary schooling.

The International Standard Classification of Education considers primary education as a single phase where programmes are typically designed to provide fundamental skills in reading, writing, and mathematics and to establish a solid foundation for learning. This is ISCED Level 1: Primary education or first stage of basic education.^[4]

Levels of education

ISCED 2011 levels of education
Level	Label	Description
0	Early childhood education (01 Early childhood educational development)	Education designed to support early development in preparation for participation in school and society. Programmes designed for children below the age of 3.
0	Early childhood education (02 Pre-primary education)	Education designed to support early development in preparation for participation in school and society. Programmes designed for children from age 3 to the start of primary education.
1	Primary education	Programmes typically designed to provide students with fundamental skills in reading, writing and mathematics and to establish a solid foundation for learning.
2	Lower secondary education	First stage of secondary education building on primary education, typically with a more subject-oriented curriculum.
3	Upper secondary education	Second/final stage of secondary education preparing for tertiary education or providing skills relevant to employment. Usually with an increased range of subject options and streams.
4	Post-secondary non-tertiary education	Programmes providing learning experiences that build on secondary education and prepare for labour market entry or tertiary education. The content is broader than secondary but not as complex as tertiary education.
5	Short-cycle tertiary education	Short first tertiary programmes that are typically practically-based, occupationally-specific and prepare for labour market entry. These programmes may also provide a pathway to other tertiary programmes.
6	Bachelor's or equivalent	Programmes designed to provide intermediate academic or professional knowledge, skills and competencies leading to a first tertiary degree or equivalent qualification.
7	Master's or equivalent	Programmes designed to provide advanced academic or professional knowledge, skills and competencies leading to a second tertiary degree or equivalent qualification.
8	Doctorate or equivalent	Programmes designed primarily to lead to an advanced research qualification, usually concluding with the submission and defense of a substantive dissertation of publishable quality based on original research.

Comparison of cohorts

Within the English speaking world, there are three widely used systems to describe the age of the child. The first is the "equivalent ages", then countries that base their education systems on the "English model" use one of two methods to identify the year group, while countries that base their systems on the "American K–12 model" refer to their year groups as "grades". Canada also follows the American model, although its names for year groups are put as a number after the grade: For instance, "Grade 1" in Canada, rather than "First Grade" in the United States. This terminology extends into the research literature.^[5]^{[unreliable source]}

In Canada, education is a Provincial, not a Federal responsibility. For example, the province of Ontario also had a "Grade 13", designed to help students enter the workforce or post-secondary education, but this was phased out in the year 2003.

Equivalent ages	4–5	5–6	6–7	7–8	8–9	9–10	10–11
U.S. (grades)	Pre-K	K	1	2	3	4	5
Ireland	Junior Infants	Senior Infants	1st Class	2nd Class	3rd Class	4th Class	5th Class
England (forms)	Reception	Infants	Top infants	Junior 1	Junior 2	Junior 3	Junior 4
England (year)	R	1	2	3	4	5	6
England (keystage)	EYFS/FS	KS1	KS1	KS2	KS2	KS2	KS2
Scotland	P1	P2	P3	P4	P5	P6	P7
Jamaica	Pre-K	K-1	Grade 1	Grade 2	Grade 3	Grade 4	Grade 5
ISCED level	0	1	1	1	1	1	1^[5]^{[unreliable source]}
Indonesia^{[citation needed]}	TK A	TK B	SD Kelas 1	SD Kelas 2	SD Kelas 3	SD Kelas 4	SD Kelas 5

Equivalent ages	11–12	12–13	13–14	14–15	15–16	16–17	17–18
U.S. (grades)	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
Ireland	6th Class	1st Year	2nd Year	3rd Year	4th Year	5th Year	6th Year
England (forms)	First	Second	Third	Fourth	Fifth	Lower Sixth	Upper Sixth
England (year)	7	8	9	10	11	12	13
England (keystage)	KS3	KS3	KS3	KS4	KS4	KS5	KS5
Scotland	S1	S2	S3	S4	S5	S6
Jamaica (forms)	First	Second	Third	Fourth	Fifth	Lower Sixth	Upper Sixth
Jamaica (grades)	7	8	9	10	11	12	13
ISCED level	2	2	2	3	3	3	3^[5]^{[unreliable source]}
Indonesia^{[citation needed]}	SD Kelas 6	SMP Kelas 7	SMP Kelas 8	SMP Kelas 9	SMA Kelas 10	SMA Kelas 11	SMA Kelas 12

Primary schools

In most parts of the world, primary education is the first stage of compulsory education, and is normally available without charge, but may also be offered by fee-paying independent schools. The term grade school is sometimes used in the US, although both this term and elementary school may refer to the first eight grades, in other words both primary education and lower secondary education.^[6]^[7]^[8]

The term primary school is derived from the French école primaire, which was first used in an English text in 1802.^[9] In the United Kingdom, "elementary education" was taught in "elementary schools" until 1944, when free elementary education was proposed for students over 11: there were to be primary elementary schools and secondary elementary schools;^[a] these became known as primary schools and secondary schools.

Primary school is the preferred term in the United Kingdom, Ireland and many Commonwealth nations, and in most publications of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).^[11]
Elementary school is still preferred in some countries, especially in the United States and Canada.^{[citation needed]}

In some parts of the United States, "primary school" refers to a school covering kindergarten through to second grade or third grade (K through 2 or 3); the "elementary school" includes grade three through five or grades four to six.^{[citation needed]} In Canada, "elementary school" almost everywhere refers to Grades 1 through 6; with Kindergarten being referred to as "preschool."^{[citation needed]}

In South Africa, primary school starts from Grade R (age 5-6) till Grade 7 (age 12-13). It typically comes after preschool and before secondary school.

Elementary schools

Though often used as a synonym, "elementary school" has specific meanings in different locations.

Elementary schools, also known as board schools, were first established in England and Wales by Elementary Education Act 1870 (33 & 34 Vict. c. 75).^[12] Most of these schools became primary schools in the late 1940s, following the historic compromise in the Education Act 1944.
Elementary schools in the United States were first promoted in 1647 in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.^[13] Today, there are currently approximately 92,858 elementary schools (68,173 public, 24,685 private).^[14] In the United States, elementary schools usually have six grades with pupils aged between 5 and 11 years old.^[15] The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 was designed to fund primary and secondary education.^[16] It also emphasized equal access to education and established high standards and accountability.^[17]
Elementary schools in Japan were first established by 1875.^[18] In Japan, the age of pupils in elementary school ranges from 6 to 12, after which the pupils enter junior high school.

Theoretical framework of primary school design

School building design does not happen in isolation. The building (or school campus) needs to accommodate:

Curriculum content
Teaching methods
Costs
Education within the political framework
Use of school building (also in the community setting)
Constraints imposed by the site
Design philosophy

Each country will have a different education system and priorities.^[19] Schools need to accommodate students, staff, storage, mechanical and electrical systems, support staff, ancillary staff and administration. The number of rooms required can be determined from the predicted roll of the school and the area needed.

According to standards used in the United Kingdom, a general classroom for 30 reception class or infant (Keystage 1) students needs to be 62 m², or 55 m² for juniors (Keystage 2).^[20] Examples are given on how this can be configured for a 210 place primary with attached 26 place nursery^[21] and two-storey 420 place (two form entry) primary school with attached 26 place nursery.^[22]

Building design specifications

SJK (C) Keat Hwa H Primary School in Alor Setar , Malaysia

The building providing the education has to fulfill the needs of: The students, the teachers, the non-teaching support staff, the administrators and the community. It has to meet general government building guidelines, health requirements, minimal functional requirements for classrooms, toilets and showers, electricity and services, preparation and storage of textbooks and basic teaching aids.^[23] An optimum school will meet the minimum conditions and will have:

adequately sized classrooms—where 60 m² in considered optimum but 80 m² for the reception class
specialised teaching spaces
a staff preparation room
staff welfare facilities
an administration block
multipurpose classrooms
student toilet facilities
a general purpose school hall
adequate equipment
storage
a library or library stocks that are regularly renewed
computer rooms or media centres
counselling, sick and medical examination rooms^[23]

Government accountants having read the advice then publish minimum guidelines on schools. These enable environmental modelling and establishing building costs. Future design plans are audited to ensure that these standards are met but not exceeded. Government ministries continue to press for the 'minimum' space and cost standards to be reduced.

The UK government published this downwardly revised space formula for primary schools in 2014. It said the floor area should be 350 m² + 4.1 m²/pupil place. The external finishes were to be downgraded to meet a build cost of £1113/m².^[24]

Governance and funding

There are three main ways of funding a school: by the state through general taxation, by a pressure group such as a mosque or church, by a charity, by contributions from parents, or by a combination of these methods. Day-to-day oversight of the school can through a board of governors, the pressure group, or the owner.^{[citation needed]}

The United Kingdom allows elementary education to be delivered in church schools, whereas in France this is illegal as there is strict separation of church and state.

Accountability

This can be through informal assessment by the staff and governors such as in Finland, or by a state run testing regime such as Ofsted in the United Kingdom.^[25]

Notes

References

External links

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