Suwon

Suwon means literally "water source".^[16] The area has gone by different names since antiquity, but almost all of them have the same meaning.^[17][18] The name originally comes from the name of the statelet Mosukuk [ko], from around the Proto–Three Kingdoms period.^[17] Afterwards, the area and what is now Hwaseong were together called Maehol, Maetkol, or Mulgol (매홀; 맷골; 물골; 買忽).^[19][17] In 757 CE, the name was changed to Susŏng-gun (수성군; 水城郡; lit. Susŏng County),^[19][17] in order to disambiguate it from another territory with a similar-sounding name.^[18] In 940, its name was changed to Su-ju (수주; 水州; lit. Su Province).^[19][17] In the 11th century, it went by either Susŏng (different Hanja: 隋城) or Hannam (한남; 漢南; lit. south of Han).^[17] In 1310, it received the name Suwon.^[17]

In English, the name was formerly often spelt 'Sou-wen'.^[20]

Early history

The area now corresponding to Suwon has been inhabited since at latest the early Bronze Age. Artifacts from that period to the early Iron Age have been found in the area, and include objects such as pottery, sculpture, and arrowheads.^[17] One location these materials have been found is at Yeogisan [ko], which is now a monument of Gyeonggi Province [ko].^[17]

During the Three Kingdoms of Korea period, the area was described as being of the territory of the statelet Mosukuk, part of the Mahan confederacy.^[17][18] The area came under the influence of Goguryeo in the late 5th century CE, and then later became part of Unified Silla (668–935).^[17][19]

It became part of Goryeo after a military campaign led by King Taejo.^[17] In the 13th and 14th centuries, the area was promoted, demoted, merged, and made part of various administrative districts. The area then became a part of Joseon upon its founding, and in 1395 was made an administrative center of Gyeonggi Province.^[17]

Until the late 18th century, Suwon’s administrative centre was in modern-day Annyeong-dong at the foot of Hwasan (a hill in Hwasan-dong, Hwaseong City).^[21][17] In 1796, King Jeongjo relocated it to its current location at the foot of Paldalsan.^[21][17] To protect this new city, he commanded the building of Hwaseong Fortress—a protective wall around the town.^[22]

An 1899 administrative report had the population at 49,708 people in 12,579 households.^[17]

Japanese colonial period

During the 1910–1945 Japanese colonial period, a number of prominent Korean independence activists came from or operated in Suwon. Kim Se-hwan [ko] and Yi Sŏn-gyŏng (이선경; 李善卿) were both arrested for their activities.^[17]

Liberation to Korean War periods

On 15 August 1949, Suwon was promoted from a county to a city, with some of its former territory made into Hwaseong County.^[17][23]

When the Korean War began, the United States Air Force 49th Fighter Wing, then stationed in Japan, was sent to Korea^[24] with an initial mission of evacuating civilians from Suwon and Gimpo.^[25] While on this mission, on 27 June 1950, US planes in Suwon were attacked by North Korean fighters. The ensuing Battle of Suwon Airfield became the first aerial combat of the war.^[26] Suwon Airfield was attacked again two days later while General Douglas MacArthur was on site.^[27] Though the US repelled both attacks, Suwon fell to the advancing North Koreans one week later, on 4 July 1950.^[28] The following day saw the first land conflict between United States and North Korean forces, the Battle of Osan.

North Korean troops were not the only threat to life: in the early days of the war, southern authorities feared left-leaning civilians, and many were killed.^[29] Suwon was a site of such killings: eyewitness account from US intelligence officer Donald Nichols places Suwon as the location of a massacre of approximately 1,800 in late June 1950.^[30][31][32]

Suwon was retaken, fell again to the North, before being recaptured for the final time. In total, the city changed hands four times during the war.^[33]

While under southern authority, Suwon hosted forces from several countries. For example, on 16 December 1950, the Greek Expeditionary Force relocated from Busan to Suwon, attached to the US 1st Cavalry Division.^[34] The city also appeared strategically important, as in late 1951, the US Air Force's top fighter pilot Gabby Gabreski was placed in charge of Suwon Air Base.^[25][35]

A memorial to French forces was erected in 1974 near the Yeongdong Expressway's North Suwon exit.^[36] This was renovated in 2013.^[37]

Recent history

In 1964, the headquarters of Gyeonggi Province began a process of relocation from Seoul to Suwon.^[38][17] Seoul had left the province in 1949.^[39] When the construction of the headquarters was completed on 23 June 1967, the date was set as a new annual holiday: Suwon Citizen's Day (수원시민의 날). The Hwahong Cultural Festival (now Hwaseong Cultural Festival [ko]) was established to celebrate the occasion.^[17]

Suwon has experienced a number of administrative territory changes since the 1960s. In 1963, Suwon expanded greatly as 20 villages were incorporated from Hwaseong-gun.^[40] In 1983, two more villages were acquired from Yongin.^[41][17] In 1987, Suwon expanded westwards, acquiring another two villages from Hwaseong.^[42][43][17] Gwonseon-gu and Paldal-gu were established in 1988.^[17] It received more territory from Hwaseong and Yongin in 1994,^[44][17] and again from Hwaseong in 1995.^[17] It established Yeongtong-gu in 2003.^[17]

In preparation for the construction of a new planned city Gwanggyo, there were two-way exchanges of land between Suwon and Yongin in 2007^[45][46] and 2019.^[47][48] Suwon’s most recent land exchange occurred in 2020, when it swapped some land parcels with Hwaseong.^[49]

Suwon lies in the north of the Gyeonggi plain, 30 km (19 mi) south of the national capital, Seoul. It is bordered by the cities of Uiwang to the north-west, Yongin to the east, Hwaseong to the south-west, and Ansan to the west.^[50] Suwon is near the Yellow Sea coast: at its closest point, on the 239-metre (784 ft) Chilbosan ridge to the west, Suwon lies 18.2 km (11.3 mi) from Ueumdo^[51] in Sihwa Lake, a coastal inlet cordoned off to drive the world's largest tidal power station.^[52]

Geology and topography

Suwon is primarily composed of Precambrian metamorphic rock. It has amphibolites that intrude through these, and also granites from the Mesozoic Era.^[53]

Most of Suwon is composed of biotite granite (Jbgr) from the Jurassic period. This granite is centred on Paldalsan. A form of Daebo granite, this rock is distributed through Homaesil-dong, Geumgok-dong, Dangsu-dong, Seryu-dong, Seodun-dong, Gwonseon-dong, and other areas. Its main constituent minerals are quartz, plagioclase, orthotic, biotite, and amphibole.^[53]

Precambrian biotite gneiss (PCEbgn) is found in northern Suwon, specifically Pajang-dong, Gwanggyo-dong, Woncheon-dong, and Maetan-dong. Visible rocks here are composed of quartz, feldspar, biotite, amphibole, and muscovite; and are generally dark grey or dark green. Mesozoic biotite granite intrudes through these.^[53]

Precambrian quartzo-feldspathic gneiss (PCEqgn) is distributed in some mountainous areas in Hagwanggyo-dong and Sanggwanggyo-dong in northern Suwon. This gneiss has primarily undergone silicification, and is mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, biotite, and muscovite. It is grey, grey-brown, and white.^[53]

Suwon's single tectonic fault splits from the Singal Fault in Iui-dong, creating the Woncheonri Stream. The stream follows the fault through Ha-dong, Woncheon-dong, and Maetan-dong till it joins the Hwangguji Stream in Annyeong-dong, Hwaseong City. This is a 20 km-long vertical fault running SSW, eventually to the Yellow Sea. In Suwon, biotite gneiss and biotite granite are brought into contact by the fault.^[53]

While the low-lying fault sits in the south of Suwon, the north is hillier: the city's highest point is Gwanggyosan (582 m (1,909 ft)) on the border with Yongin.^[54]

Streams and lakes

Most of Suwon's streams originate on Gwanggyosan or other nearby peaks. Since the city is bounded to the north by Gwanggyosan, to the west by Chilbosan, and to the east by other hills, the streams, chiefly the Hwanggujicheon, Suwoncheon, Seohocheon, and Woncheollicheon, flow southwards.^[55] After merging, they eventually empty into the Yellow Sea at Asan Bay. The entirety of Suwon is drained in this manner.^[56]

Several of Suwon's streams feature lakes. Since there are few natural lakes on the Korean mainland,^[57] Suwon's lakes are in fact small reservoirs. These 11 reservoirs are Chungmanje [ko], otherwise known as Seoho (서호) near Hwaseo Station;^[58] Irwol Reservoir (일원 저수지) near Sungkyunkwan University; Bambat Reservoir (밤밭 저수지) near Sungkyunkwan University Station;^[59] Manseokkeo [ko], otherwise known as Irwang Reservoir (일왕 저수지) in Manseok Park;^[60] Pajang Reservoir (파장 저수지) near the North Suwon exit of the Yeongdong Expressway; Gwanggyo Reservoir [ko] (광교 저수지) and Hagwanggyo Reservoir (하광교 소류지) at the foot of Gwanggyosan; Woncheon and Sindae Reservoirs (원천 저수지, 신대 저수지) in Gwanggyo Lake Park; and Geumgok Reservoir (금곡 저수지), a small lake at the foot of Chilbosan. Irwang Reservoir (Manseokkeo) has been designated a world heritage site for irrigation.^[61] Wangsong Reservoir (왕송 저수지), on the border with Uiwang, used to be partly in Suwon, but after controversial boundary changes, it is now entirely in Uiwang.^[62]

Climate

Suwon has both a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfa), and a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa).^[63]

The city is prone to occasional flooding: the 1998 flood caused the death of a US soldier,^[64] and 145 mm (5.7 in) of rain fell in 24 hours in 2010.^[65]

Administrative divisions

The city is composed of four gu (districts).^[15] Jangan-gu (장안구) and Gwonseon-gu (권선구) were established on 1 July 1988. On 1 February 1993, parts of Jangan-gu and Gwonseon-gu became a new district, Paldal-gu (팔달구). The newest district is Yeongtong-gu (영통구), which separated from Paldal-gu on 24 November 2003. These districts are in turn divided into 42 dong.^[69]

Suwon has several new 'towns', e.g., Homaesil^[70] and Gwanggyo. The latter is perhaps the most notable of these: the first stage of its construction was completed in 2011,^[71] and today its district, Yeongtong-gu, has Gyeonggi Province's seventh most expensive housing.^[72]

Suwon is 50.3% male (49.7% female), and 2.9% foreign. On average, there are 2.3 residents per household. Further details for each district are shown below (figures from 31 December 2023).^[3]

Religion

The Catholic Diocese of Suwon was created in 1963 by Pope Paul VI.^[73][74] The cathedral—St Joseph's—is at 39 Imok-ro, Jeongja-dong.

Suwon is the birthplace of the former president of the Baptist World Alliance, Kim Janghwan (Billy Kim).^[75] Mr founded the Suwon Central Baptist Church,^[76] though this is located in Yongin.

Mireukdang (미륵당), a small shrine to Maitreya, is located in Pajang-dong. This has a religious basis fusing Buddhism and traditional local religions.^[77][78]

Crime

Illegal dumping of household waste has been a problem in Suwon, and the city council has addressed this by increasing urban greenery. This approach appears to have reduced the scale of the problem.^[79]

There are several universities and colleges in Suwon. These include Sungkyunkwan University's Natural Sciences Campus, Kyonggi University, Ajou University, Dongnam Health University, Gukje Cyber University, Hapdong Theological Seminary, and Suwon Women's University. Despite their names, the University of Suwon and Suwon Science College are not actually in Suwon, but in neighbouring Hwaseong. Seoul National University's agriculture campus was located in Suwon until 2005; it is now in Seoul.^[81]

Suwon has 44 high schools, 57 middle schools, 100 primary schools, and 180 kindergartens.^[82] Three schools are dedicated to special education: Jahye School (47 Subong-ro, Tap-dong),^[83] Suwon Seokwang School (517 Jangan-ro, Imok-dong),^[84] and Areum School (32 Gwanggyo-ro, Iui-dong).^[85] Special education is also provided in some regular schools, e.g., Suwonbuk Middle School (37 Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeonghwa-dong).^[86] There is also a centre for lifelong learning at Kyemyung High School (88 Jangan-ro 496 beon-gil, Imok-dong),^[87] and there are two international schools in the city: Gyeonggi Suwon International School^[88] and Suwon Chinese International School (수원화교중정소학교; 水原華僑中正小學)^[89]

Throughout South Korea, water management is a challenge.^[90] Suwon is 11% self-sufficient in its use of water, and plans to increase this to 50% through rainwater harvesting, including building retention facilities; and by treating and reusing sewage.^[91]

Air pollution in Suwon appears to be from a range of industrial and other sources, with origins of coarse particulate matter (PM₁₀) shown in the pie chart.^[92]

The largest employer in Suwon is Samsung Electronics, which was founded in the city in 1969.^[93] Its headquarters remain in Suwon, located today with the company's large R&D complex in Maetan-dong. Samsung's presence in the city can be seen through its sponsorship of local sports teams such as Suwon Samsung Bluewings Football Club^[94] and two of the oldest domestic basketball teams—Samsung Thunders and Samsung Life Blueminx—both of which have since left Suwon.^{[95][96][97][98]} Other major companies in Suwon include SK Chemical,^[99] Samsung SDI,^[100] and Samsung Electro-Mechanics.^[101]

Hwaseong Fortress

Hwaseong Fortress, built under the orders of King Jeongjo in 1796, is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.^[22] The entire city used to be encircled by the fortress walls,^[102] but Suwon has long since expanded far beyond this boundary. There are four main gates in the walls,^[22] and Haenggung Palace lies in the centre of the fortress.^[103]

Hwaseong was built under the guidance of philosopher Jeong Yak-yong.^[22] Workers were paid for their labour for one of the first times in Korea’s history, corvée labour having been common previously.^[104] Construction details were meticulously recorded in the text Hwaseong Seongyeok Uigwe (화성 성역 의궤).^[105] This document was invaluable after the Korean War: reconstruction efforts from 1964 to the present day have relied heavily on this.^[22]

Hyanggyo

Suwon Hyanggyo (수원향교; 水原鄕校) was a government-run school and Confucian ceremonial centre during the Goryeo and Joseon periods. During the Joseon Dynasty, it was the largest and oldest state school in Gyeonggi Province.^[106] The school was originally built in 1291 beside Hwasan in Wau-ri, Hwaseong-gun. It was moved to its current location at 107–9 Hyanggyo-ro, Gyo-dong around 1795, when Hwaseong Fortress was built.^[107] The school houses memorial tablets to Confucius, Mencius, and 25 Korean figures noteworthy to Confucianism.^[108] It is open to the public on weekdays from 9 a.m. till 5 p.m., but it is closed at weekends.^[107]

Bugugwon

Bugugwon (부국원), also known as Suwon Gu Bugugwon, built prior to 1923, is a cultural centre at 130 Hyanggyo-ro, Gyo-dong. There is no record of the 85.95 m² building's construction, but exterior photographs were published in 1923.^[109] Under Japanese rule, the building was the headquarters of Bugukwon Co., Ltd., which sold agricultural products such as fertilizers.^[109] After liberation, from 1952 to 1956, it temporarily housed the Suwon Court and the Public Prosecutor's Office.^[109] From 1957 to 1960, it was used as the Suwon City Education Support Office,^[109] and in 1974 the Republican Party used it as their Gyeonggi Province base.^[109] In 1979, the Suwon Arts Foundation was based here,^[109] and in 1981 it became an internal medicine clinic.^[109] Since 2018, it has been a public cultural space.^[110]

Adams Memorial Hall

Adams Memorial Hall [ko] served as a focal point for the independence movement. The building was constructed in 1923 under Pastor William Noble with funding from various sources, including a church in the United States, Suwon Jongno Church, and local residents. Here, independence activists including Park Seon-tae and Lee Deuk-su met weekly to discuss their activities.^[111]

Housing

As is typical of urban South Korea, Suwon has many apartment complexes. The city has been affected greatly by real estate price fluctuations,^[112] and Yeongtong-gu's housing is the seventh most expensive in the province.^[72]

Food

Suwon is known for Suwon galbi, a variation on beef ribs enjoyed throughout Korea.^[113]

Sport

Suwon World Cup Stadium was built for the 2002 FIFA World Cup.^[114] Today, it is home to the K League 2 team Suwon Samsung Bluewings. Local rivals Suwon FC and Suwon FC Women play in K League 1 and WK League respectively. They both play home matches at Suwon Sports Complex.^[115][116]

Since 2013, Suwon has been home to the professional baseball team KT Wiz. The team played at Sungkyunkwan University until Suwon Baseball Stadium remodelling was completed in time for their elevation to the KBO League in 2015.^[117] The stadium was previously the home of the Hyundai Unicorns, who folded after the 2007 season.^[118]

Two of the Korean Basketball League and Women's Korean Basketball League's oldest teams, Samsung Thunders and Samsung Life Blueminx respectively, used to be based in Suwon. Samsung Thunders relocated to Jamsil Arena in Seoul in 2001,^[95][96] while four years later, Samsung Life moved to Yongin.^[97][98] Top-flight men's basketball returned to Suwon in 2021, when KT Sonicboom relocated from Busan to the renamed Suwon KT Sonicboom Arena (formerly Seosuwon Chilbo Gymnasium).^[119]

The 5,145-capacity Suwon Gymnasium is home to the men's and women's V-League volleyball teams Suwon KEPCO Vixtorm and Suwon Hyundai Engineering & Construction Hillstate respectively.^[120] The gymnasium staged the handball events in the 1988 Summer Olympics.^[121] It also hosted handball and table tennis at the 2014 Asian Games^[122] and hosted the 2010 Judo World Cup.^{[123][124][125]}

Museums

Suwon has two national museums. The National Map Museum of Korea houses a collection of 33,598 maps.^[126] It is located at 92 Worldcup-ro, Woncheon-dong. Admission is free, and the museum opens daily from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.^[126] Suwon's second national museum, the National Agricultural Museum of Korea, opened by Seoho Lake in December 2022.^[127] It is located at 154 Suin-ro, Seodun-dong, admission is free, and it is open daily from 10 a.m. till 6 p.m.^[128]

There are also a number of smaller museums in Suwon. For example, Suwon Hwaseong Museum, at 21 Changnyong-daero, Maehyang-dong, features exhibits contextualising and explaining the construction of Hwaseong.^[129] Another smaller museum, Haewoojae, has gathered some international attention.^[130] Built privately in 2007 at 463 Jangan-ro, Imok-dong, this museum is dedicated to the history of toilets.^[130] Ownership of Haewoojae was transferred to the city council in 2009.^[131]

Libraries

Suwon Central Library opened in 1980 at 318 Paldalsan-ro, Gyo-dong.^[132][133] Today, the city has 27 public libraries: seven in Gwonseon-gu, five in Jangan-gu, six in Paldal-gu, and nine in Yeongtong-gu.^[132] The council also plans to build another in Imok-dong.^[134]

Parks and gardens

Suwon has two municipal arboreta: Irwol Arboretum (일월 수목원) and Yeongheung Arboretum (영흥 수목원). These opened simultaneously on 19 May 2023 beside Irwol Reservoir and Yeongheung Park respectively.^[135][136] The 10.15-hectare (25.1-acre) Irwol Arboretum features 429,000 plants of 52,000 species, while Yeongheung Arboretum hosts 118,000 plants of 42,000 species over 14.6 hectares (36 acres).^[136] There are also 338 parks scattered through the city.^[137] Some of these, e.g., Gwanggyo Lake Park, Seoho Park, Irwol Park, and Manseok Park, contain sizeable lakes.^[138]

Street art

Haenggung-dong and Ji-dong in central Suwon are known for their murals,^[139] while Haenggung-dong streets have a variety of other artistic features such as optical illusions.^[140]

Media

Newspapers based in Suwon include the Kyeonggi Ilbo (경기일보) in Jangan-gu, and the Kyeongin Ilbo (경인일보) and Suwon Daily (수원일보) in Paldal-gu.^[141]

National broadcaster KBS has a drama studio and art hall in Ingye-dong, Yeongtong-gu. These are open to visits by appointment.^[142]

Cinemas

Suwon has several multiplex cinemas: three branches of CGV (in Ha-dong,^[143] Ingye-dong,^[143] and Jowon-dong^[143]); four branches of Lotte Cinema (in Cheoncheon-dong,^[144] Geumgok-dong,^[144] Iui-dong,^[144] and Seodun-dong^[144]); and six branches of Megabox (in Gwonseon-dong,^[145] Haenggung-dong,^[145] Homaesil-dong,^[145] Ingye-dong,^[145] Jeongja-dong,^[145] and Maesan-dong^[145]). Other smaller cinemas, which may show fewer foreign films, include Cinema Town,^[146] Taehan Theater,^[146] Piccadilly Theater,^[146] Jungang Theater,^[146] Royal Theater,^[146] Dano Theater,^[146] and Dano Art Hall.^[146]

Retail

There are several major shopping centres across Suwon, e.g., AK Plaza and Lotte Mall at Suwon Station, and Avenue France^[147] and Alleyway in Gwanggyo.^[148] Another large centre, Starfield—incorporating its own library and a Megabox cinema—opened beside Hwaseo Station in January 2024.^[149] Suwon Starfield is a shopping mall that bucks the trend and targets the younger MZ generation. Suwon Starfield also actively utilizes a pop-up store system that operates for a short period of time, allowing consumers to experience a variety of experiences. ^[150] The first pop-up for the popular game 'Brawl Stars' was held after opening.^[151] In other branches, the warehouse-style discount store 'Traders' was established in a separate building from Starfield, but in Suwon, TRADERS is located in the basement of the Starfield building, making it more accessible to consumers. ^[152]

Public toilets

In the early 2000s, Suwon City Council strove to improve the condition of its public lavatories, and afterwards ran guided tours of the municipal facilities.^[153][154] Suwon has hosted several international conferences on toilet management,^[155] and the World Toilet Association is based in the city.^[156]

Suwon Station is served by KTX and other trains on the Gyeongbu Line connecting Seoul to Busan.^[157] From 1930 till 1972, the Suryeo Line also connected Suwon to Yeoju,^[158] and from 1937 to 1996, the Suin Line ran from Suwon to Incheon.^[158] The Suin Line has since been reconstructed as part of the Seoul Metro.^[158][159] Today, three Seoul Metro lines (14 stations) serve Suwon,^[160] and there are plans for network expansion. Construction of an extension of the Sinbundang Line to Homaesil is scheduled to begin in 2024.^[161] Another planned line—the Dongtan–Indeogwon Line—should create several new stations in Suwon, but this has been delayed, prompting affected cities to call for urgent action.^[162]

Suwon is also served by two inter-city bus terminals with nationwide connections: Suwon Bus Terminal near Seryu Station,^[163] and West Suwon Bus Terminal in Guun-dong.^[164] Nevertheless, bus terminal passenger numbers are decreasing.^[165] Suwon is also connected to Seoul and other nearby cities by city and express buses with departure points across the city.^[166] In 2017, a new bank of bus stops opened at Suwon Station Transfer Center. This was built to alleviate pressure on existing bus and taxi stands across the tracks.^[167] Another transfer centre is incorporated into Gwanggyo Jungang Station; this is underground, and bus stands feature screen doors.^[168] Suwon has invested heavily in electric buses—in 2019, it built the country's largest bus charging station at 46 Gyeongsu-daero 1220beon-gil, Pajang-dong.^[169]

Suwon is served by several expressways. The Yeongdong Expressway (50) passes through the city, with two exits within the city limits: North Suwon and East Suwon.^[170] The Gwanggyo Sanghyeon exit on the Yongin–Seoul Expressway (171) is on Suwon's border with Yongin,^[171] and the Pyeongtaek–Paju Expressway (17) also has an exit in Suwon (Geumgok).^[172] The Suwon exit of the Gyeongbu Expressway (1) was renamed Suwon Singal in 2014 to reflect its actual location in Singal in neighbouring Yongin.^[173]

Suwon has invested in ecological transport.^[174] The city was the first place in Korea to introduce dockless public bicycles.^[175] Traversing Suwon by bicycle is facilitated by numerous cycle paths beside the streams that cut through the city. In 2013, Suwon hosted the EcoMobility World Festival. For one month, streets in Haenggung-dong were closed to cars as a car-free experiment. Residents used non-motorized vehicles provided by the festival organizers.^[176] The experiment was not unopposed. ^[177]

Suwon Air Base in Jangji-dong, Gwonseon-gu was used by the United States Air Force during the Korean War, when it was the scene of the conflict's first aerial combat.^[26] Today the base is under Republic of Korea Air Force jurisdiction, though it is still managed and maintained by the US military.^[178] The US military also maintains Madison Site—a small signals unit with nearby helipad on Gwanggyosan.^[179]

While much of Suwon's wildlife can be expected to be similar to that in the surrounding province, two species are worth noting specifically in regard to the city. Firstly, an undisclosed location in Suwon appears to be Korea's first recorded breeding site of the white-breasted waterhen.^[180] Secondly, the Suwon tree frog—one of three tree frogs to inhabit the Korean peninsula—^[181][182] was discovered in Suwon around 1980, but due to urban sprawl it is no longer found in the city. It has, however, been found recently in Paju, Ansan, and Pyeongtaek (Gyeonggi Province); Eumseong (Chungcheongbuk-do); Gangwon-do; and North Korea.^[183] The species is considered endangered.^{[184][181][182]}

Suwon was the birthplace of Choi Ru-baek [ko] (?–1205), famed for his filial piety,^[185][186] and of his noble wife Yŏm Kyŏng-ae (염경애; 廉瓊愛, 1100–1146).^[187] Also in ancient times, it was the home of Yi Ko (1341–1420), a Goryeo subject opposed to Joseon.^[185] More recently, the eminent Silhak scholar and agricultural pioneer Woo Ha-yŏng [ko] (1741–1812) was born in the city^[185]

Suwon was the birthplace of many independence activists during the Japanese colonial period. These include Lim Myŏn-su (임면수; 林勉洙, 13 June 1874–29 November 1930),^[185] Cha In-chae (차인재; 車仁載, 1895–1971),^[188][189] Kim Se-hwan [ko] (1889–1945)^[185] Kim Hyang-hwa [ko] (1897–?),^[190][185] Park Sŏn-t'ae (박선태; 朴善泰, 1901–1938),^[185] Lee Sŏn-gyŏng (이선경; 李善卿, 1902–1921),^[185] Choi Mun-sun (최문순; 崔文順, 1903–?),^[191] Kim Chang-sŏng (김장성; 金長星, 7 February 1913–9 March 1932),^[185] and Hong Jong-ch'ŏl (홍종철; 洪鐘哲, 26 March 1920–22 July 1989).^[185]

The influential feminist, painter, writer, poet, sculptor, and journalist Na Hye-sok (1896–1948) was also born in Suwon^[192][185]

Artists from Suwon include Yoon Han-hŭm (윤한흠; 尹漢欽, 1923–22 August 2016).^{[193][194][195]} and Kim Sung-bae (김성배; 金成培, 1954–).^[196]

Sports players from Suwon include *Chung Hyeon (1996–, tennis),^[197][198] Dong Hyun Kim (1981–, MMA)^[199][200] Oh Kyo-moon (1972–, archery),^[201] and Park Ji-sung (1981–, football). Park was born in Seoul but raised in Suwon, and in 2005, a city street was renamed after him.^[202]

Classical musicians from Suwon include Han-na Chang (1982–, conductor, cellist),^[203][204] Stella Hanbyul Jeung (정한별, opera singer),^[205] and Seol Yoeun (설요은, 2012–, violinist).^[206]

Suwon is also the birthplace of many popular musicians, e.g., Im Chang-kyun (stage name I.M, 1996–) Jeon Ji-yoon (1990–),^[207] Jo Kwon (1989–), Kim Myung-jun (stage name MJ, 1994–), Kim Yu-gwon (stage name U-Kwon, 1992–),^[208] Lee Chang-sub (1991–), Lee Dong-hun (이동훈, 28 February 1993–), Lee Jin-ki (stage name Onew, 1989–),^[209] Lee Ju-eun (1995–), Shin Dong-hee (stage name Shindong, 1985–),^[210] Yoo Jeongyeon (1996–),^[211] Yoo Ji-min (stage name Karina, 2000–),^[212][213] and Yoon Bo-mi (1993–).^[214][215]

Actors from Suwon include Joo Won (Mun Junwon, stage name Joo Won, 1987–), Lee Jong-suk (1989–)^[216] Park Hae-soo (1981–),^[217][218] Ryu Jun-yeol (1986–),^[219][220] Song Kang (1994–),^[221] and Yoo Hyun Young (1976–).

Pastor Kim Jang Hwan (known as Billy Kim, 1934–) is also from Suwon. He is a former president of the Baptist World Alliance, and president of the Far East Broadcasting Company^[75]

The presenter and columnist Sam Oh (1980–) was also born in the city.^[222]

Suwon is twinned internationally with:

and domestically with Jeju (1997),^[224] Pohang (2009),^[224] Jeonju (2016),^[224] and Nonsan (2021).^[224]

• List of cities in South Korea
• Geography of South Korea
• Seoul National Capital Area

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Suwon.

• Suwon City Council (in Korean)
• Suwon F.C (in Korean)
• Suwon Samsung Bluewings (in Korean)
• KT Wiz (in Korean)