Kalender Romawi Timur

Kalender Romawi Timur (sering disebut hanya sebagai Kalender Romawi), juga disebut Kalender Bizantium,^{[catatan 1]} Era Penciptaan Konstantinopel, atau Era Dunia (bahasa Yunani Pertengahan: Ἔτη Γενέσεως Κόσμου κατὰ Ῥωμαίους,^[1] juga Ἔτος Κτίσεως Κόσμου atau Ἔτος Κόσμου, disingkat sebagai ε.Κ.; terjemahan harfiah: Tahun Romawi sejak penciptaan alam semesta), adalah kalender dan penanggalan yang pernah digunakan oleh Gereja Ortodoks Timur pada tahun 691 hingga 1728 dalam Patriarkat Oikumenis.^[2]^{[catatan 2]} Itu juga merupakan kalender resmi Kekaisaran Romawi Timur dari tahun 988 hingga 1453, serta Rus Kiev dan Kekaisaran Rusia pada tahun 988 hingga 1700.^{[catatan 3]} Kalender ini juga pernah digunakan di wilayah "Persemakmuran Romawi Timur" seperti Serbia, di mana kalender ini ditemukan dalam catatan-catatan hukum yaitu Undang-undang Dušan, sehingga disebut juga sebagai Kalender Serbia. Karena "Bizantium" hanyalah istilah neologisme untuk membedakan dengan Romawi bersatu (dan Romawi Barat) yang berpusat di Roma, nama aslinya menggunakan "Romawi" karena itulah yang terus disebut oleh pemerintahan dan masyarakat Romawi Timur.

Kalender ini berdasarkan Kalender Yulius, kecuali bahwa tahun dimulai pada 1 September dan nomor tahun menggunakan zaman Anno Mundi ang berasal dari Alkitab versi Septuaginta. Kalender ini menempatkan tanggal penciptaan pada 5509 tahun sebelum inkarnasi Yesus Kristus, dan dicirikan oleh kecenderungan tertentu yang telah menjadi tradisi di kalangan orang Yahudi dan Kristen awal untuk menghitung tahun-tahun sejak dasar perhitungan dunia (Latin: Annus Mundi atau Ab Origine Mundi— "AM").^{[catatan 4]} Tahun Pertamanya, yang menandai kepercayaan tentang tanggal penciptaan, adalah 1 September 5509 SM hingga 31 Agustus 5508 SM. Sehingga sekarang tanggal (AD 2024) 7532 (7532 sebelum 1 September; dan 7533 setelah 1 September).

Lihat pula

Kalender sebelumnya:
- Kalender Yunani Kuno
- Era Seleukia
- Kalender Romawi
- Kalender Julius
- Kalender Romawi Timur
Artikel berhubungan:
- Kitab Kejadian
- Kronologi Alkitab
- Waktu Romawi Timur
- Tarikh Penciptaan
- Creatio ex nihilo
- Heksameron

Catatan

Referensi

Catatan kaki

Daftar pustaka

Sumber primer

Doukas. Decline and Fall of Byzantium To The Ottoman Turks. An Annotated Translation by Harry J. Magoulias. Wayne State University Press, 1975.
George Synkellos. The Chronography of George Synkellos: a Byzantine Chronicle of Universal History from the Creation. Transl. Prof. Dr. William Adler & Paul Tuffin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Ibn Ezra, Abraham ben Meïr, (1092–1167). Ibn Ezra's Commentary on the Pentateuch: Genesis (Bereshit). (Vol.1 – Genesis). Transl. and annotated by H. Norman Strickman & Arthur M. Silver. Menorah Pub. Co., New York, N.Y., 1988.
Julius Africanus. Extant Writings III. The Extant Fragments of the Five Books of the Chronography of Julius Africanus.
Niketas Choniates. O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates. Transl. by Harry J. Magoulias. Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1984.
Pliny the Elder. Historia Naturalis, XVIII, 210.
St. Basil the Great. Hexæmeron. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, 2nd Series (NPNF2). Transl. Philip Schaff, D.D., LL.D. (1819–1893): Volume VIII – Basil: Letters and Select Works. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, Michigan.
St. Hilary of Poitiers. On the Trinity. Book IV.
The Rudder (Pedalion): Comp. Hieromonk Agapius and monk Nicodemus. First printed and published 1800. Trans. D. Cummings, [from the 5th edition published by John Nicolaides (Kesisoglou the Caesarian) in Athens, Greece in 1908], Chicago: The Orthodox Christian Educational Society, 1957. Repr., New York, N.Y.: Luna Printing Co., 1983.

Theophanes. The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor: Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284–813. Cyril Mango, Roger Scott, Geoffrey Greatrex (Eds.). Oxford University Press, 1997.
Theophilus of Antioch. Theophilus of Antioch to Autolycus. Book III. Chap XXIV (Chronology from Adam) – Chap. XXVIII (Leading Chronological Epochs).

Sumber sekunder

Abad ke-21:

Anthony Bryer. "Chronology and Dating". In: Elizabeth Jeffreys, John Haldon, Robin Cormack . The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press, 2008. pp. 31–37.
Dr. Iaakov Karcz. "Implications of some early Jewish sources for estimates of earthquake hazard in the Holy Land". Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 47, N. 2/3, April/June 2004.
Fr. Patrick Henry Reardon. Creation and the Patriarchal Histories: Orthodox Christian Reflections on the Book of Genesis. Conciliar Press, 2008.
Fr. Seraphim Rose. GENESIS, CREATION and EARLY MAN: The Orthodox Christian Vision. St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, Platina, California, 2000.
Frederick Deland Leete. Christian Brotherhoods^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}. Kessinger Publishing, 2003.
Paul James-Griffiths. Creation days and Orthodox Jewish Tradition. AnswersinGenesis.org. March 2004.
Paul Stephenson. "Translations from Byzantine Sources: The Imperial Centuries, c.700–1204: John Skylitzes, "Synopsis Historion": The Year 6508, in the 13th Indiction: the Byzantine dating system". November 2006.
Pavel Kuzenkov. How old is the World? The Byzantine era κατα Ρωμαίους and its rivals. 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London 2006.
Prof. Charles Ellis (University of Bristol). "Russian Calendar (988–1917)". The Literary Encyclopedia. 25 September 2008.
Prof. Dr. Marcus Louis Rautman. "Time." In Daily Life in the Byzantine Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. pp. 3–8.
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis. "Gueze – ‘Ethiopian’: the Counterfeit Millennium". September 8, 2007.
Prof. Dr. Roger T. Beckwith (D.D., D.Litt.). Calendar, Chronology, and Worship: Studies in Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity. Brill Academic Publishers, 2005. (Dr Beckwith served for twenty years on the Anglican-Orthodox Commission).
The Orthodox Study Bible. St. Athanasius Academy of Orthodox Theology. Elk Grove, California, 2008.

Abad ke-20:

Barry Setterfield. Ancient Chronology in Scripture. September 1999.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chronology". Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (edisi ke-11). Cambridge University Press. hlm. 305–318.
Dr. Ben Zion Wacholder. "Biblical Chronology in the Hellenistic World Chronicles". in The Harvard Theological Review, Vol.61, No.3 (Jul., 1968), pp. 451–481.
Dr. Ben Zion Wacholder. Essays on Jewish Chronology and Chronography. Ktav Pub. House, 1976.
Dr. Floyd Nolan Jones. Chronology of the Old Testament. Master Books, Arizona, 1993. Repr. 2005. (supports Ussher's chronology, i.e. 4004 BC).
E.G. Richards. Mapping Time: The Calendar and its History. Oxford University Press, 1998.
Elias J. Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 2nd edition. Cornell University Press. 1980.
Fr. Stanley S. Harakas. The Orthodox Church: 455 Questions and Answers. Light & Life Publishing, Minneapolis, 1988.
George Ogg. "Hippolytus and the Introduction of the Christian Era". in Vigiliae Christianae, Vol.16, No.1 (Mar., 1962), pp. 2–18.
Howlett, J. "Biblical Chronology". In The Catholic Encyclopedia (New Advent). New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908.
Jack Finegan. Handbook of Biblical Chronology: Principles of Time Reckoning in the Ancient World and Problems of Chronology in the Bible. Hendrickson Publishers, 1998.
Prof. Dr. William Adler. Time Immemorial: Archaic History and its Sources in Christian Chronography from Julius Africanus to George Syncellus. Washington, D.C. : Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1989.
K.A. Worp. Chronological Observations on Later Byzantine Documents. 1985. University of Amsterdam.
Foss, Clive. "Three Apparent Early Examples of the Era of Creation". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 31 (1978), pp. 241–246.
Roger S. Bagnall, K. A. Worp. The Chronological Systems of Byzantine Egypt. Zutphen, 1978.
V. Grumel. La Chronologie. Presses Universitaires France, Paris. 1958.
Rev. Philip Schaff (1819–1893), Ed. "Era." Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge New Edition, 13 Vols., 1908–14. Vol. 4, pp. 163.
Van der Essen, L. "Chronicon Paschale". In The Catholic Encyclopedia (New Advent). New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908.
Yiannis E. Meimaris. Chronological Systems in Roman-Byzantine Palestine and Arabia. Athens, 1992.

Abad ke-19 dan sebelumnya:

John McClintock, James Strong. Cyclopedia of Biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical literature: Supplement. V.2. Harper, 1887.
Prof. Fr. Arsenius John Baptist Vuibert (S.S.). An Ancient History: From the Creation to the Fall of the Western Empire in A.D. 476. Baltimore: Foley, 1886.
Samuel Poznański. "Ben Meir and the Origin of the Jewish Calendar". in The Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol. 10, No. 1 (Oct., 1897), pp. 152–161.
Sir Thomas Browne. Pseudodoxia Epidemica: Book VI. Ch. 1 – Of sundry common opinions Cosmographical and Historical. 1646; 6th ed., 1672. pp. 321–330.
The Popular Encyclopedia: being a general dictionary of arts, sciences, literature, biography, history, and political economy. (Vol. 3, Part 1). Glasgow: Blackie and Son, 1841.
Thomas Spencer Baynes. "Chronology: Era of the Creation of the World.” The Encyclopædia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature. 9th Ed., Vol. 5. A. & C. Black, 1833. pp. 709–754.

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