ဟတ်ကာလူမျိုး
ဟတ်ကာလူမျိုး (တရုတ်: 客家; အင်္ဂလိပ်: Hakka)[၁][၄] သည် ဟန်တရုတ် အုပ်စုဝင် ဖြစ်သည်။ ဟတ်ကာတို့သည် တရုတ်ပြည်မကြီး (အင်္ဂလိပ်: Mainland China)၏ အောက်ဖော်ပြပါဒေသတွင် အများစု နေထိုင်ကြသည် -
- ကွမ်တုန်း ပြည်နယ် - Guangdong (广东) ၊
- ဖူကျန့် ပြည်နယ် - Fujian (福建) ၊
- ကျန်းစီ ပြည်နယ် - Jiangxi (江西) ၊
- ကွမ်စီ ပြည်နယ် Guangxi - (广西) ၊
- စစ်ချွမ်း ပြည်နယ် - Sichuan (四川) ၊
- ဟူနန် ပြည်နယ် - Hunan (湖南) ၊
- ကျဲ့ကျန်း ပြည်နယ် - Zhejiang (浙江) ၊
- ကွေ့ကျိုး ပြည်နယ် - Guizhou (贵州) ၊
- ဟိုင်နန် ပြည်နယ် - Hainan (海南) ။
| 客家, Hak-kâ 客家漢族[၁] | |
|---|---|
 A Hakka woman wearing a traditional hat. | |
| လူဦးရေ စုစုပေါင်း | |
| c. 80 million to 120 million worldwide[၂][၃] | |
| အများစု နေထိုင်သည့် နေရာ | |
| |
| ဘာသာစကား | |
| ဟတ်ကာဘာသာစကား (native) Hokkien (Taiwanese Hakkas) Cantonese (Hong Kong and Macau) Mandarin Chinese (auxiliary) | |
| ကိုးကွယ်မှု | |
| Predominantly Chinese folk religions (Confucianism, Taoism, ancestral worship and others), Mahayana Buddhism, Christianity, non-religious and others | |
| ဆက်စပ် တိုင်းရင်းသား အုပ်စုများ | |
| Other Han Chinese groups |
| ဟတ်ကာလူမျိုး | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| တရုတ် | 客家人 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ဆိုလိုရင်း | "Guest Families" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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သညာအမှတ်
ဟတ်ကာ (客家) ဆိုသည်မှာ ဧည့်သည်ဖြစ်သည်။[၅]ဟတ်ကာတို့သည် မျက်မှောက်ခေတ်ကာလတွင် ရှေးဘိုးဘွားများထက် အများအပြား တိုးတက်လာခဲ့သည်။ ဟတ်ကာလူမျိုးနှင့် ဟတ်ကာစကားတို့သည် ဟတ်ကာ၏ အမျိုးသားသင်္ကေတ ဖြစ်လာခဲ့သည်။
- အထူးအားဖြင့် ဟတ်ကာတို့၏ မူလချက်မြှုပ်နှင့် ဆက်နွယ်နိုင်သည့် မြောက်ပိုင်းဒေသမှာ
- ဟောနန် ပြည်နယ် - Henan (河南)
- ဟူပေ ပြည်နယ် - Hubei (湖北) တို့မှ [၆]
လက်ရှိနေထိုင်လျက်ရှိသောတောင်ပိုင်းဒေသသို့ ရွေ့ပြောင်းခဲ့သည်။ ထို့မှတဖန် ကမ္ဘာ့တဝန်းသို့ ဆက်လက်ရွေ့ပြောင်းသွားကြသည်။ [၇]
ကမ္ဘာ့တဝန်းလုံး၌ တရုတ်ရွေ့ပြောင်းရပ်ဝန်းအုပ်စုဖြစ်ပေါ်လာခဲ့ရာ ဟတ်ကာရပ်ဝန်းအုပ်စုရှိ လူဦးရေသည် ခန့်မှန်းခြေ (၈၀) သန်း နှင့် (၁၂၀) သန်းကြား ရှိနိုင်သည်။ [၂][၈] တရုတ် အလယ်ပိုင်း မှ တောင်ပိုင်း သို့ ဟတ်ကာတို့ ရွှေ့ပြောင်းခဲ့ချိန် ထက်စော၍ ရောက်ရှိနေသော တခြားဟန်တရုတ်အုပ်စုဝင်တို့၏ ရိုးရာဓလေ့ထုံးတမ်းနှင့် စကားသည် ဟတ်ကာ၏ ရိုးရာဓလေ့ထုံးတမ်းများနှင့် စကားသည် အထူးခြားနားသည်။
ဩဇာသက်ရောက်မှု
၁၉၈၄ ခုနစ် မှစတင်၍ ခေတ်သစ် တရုတ်ပြည်သူသမ္မတနိုင်ငံပုံဖော်လာကြသော အစိုးရအဖွဲ့နှင့် တပ်မတော် တို့ကို ဦးဆောင်နေသူအများအပြားသည် ဟတ်ကာလူမျိုးစုဖြစ်သည်။ ထို့ပြင် ပေါ်လစ်ဗျူရို နှင့် အမြဲတမ်းအဖွဲ့ဝင်များ၏ ထက်ဝက်ကျော်ပါဝင်သည်။[၉]
နိုင်ငံရေး
Revolutionary, political and military leaders
China – Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
| Name (Hakka pronunciation) | Chinese name | Birth-Death | Born | Ancestry | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| en:Hong Xiuquan (Fung Siew Chen) | 洪秀全 | 1812–1864 | Huaxian, Guangdong | Meixian, Guangdong | Heavenly King (天王), 1851; Leader, Taiping Rebellion; The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (太平天国), 1851–1864, established by Hong had, at one stage, occupied one-third of China, and almost toppled the Qing dynasty |
| en:Feng Yunshan (Fung Yun San) | 馮雲山 冯云山 | 1815–1852 | Huaxian, Guangdong | Longchuan, Guangdong | South King (南王), 1851; Strategist of the Taiping Rebellion; Administrator of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom during its early years |
| en:Yang Xiuqing (Yong Siew Tshin) | 楊秀清 杨秀清 | 1821–1856 | Guiping, Guangxi | Meixian, Guangdong | East King (东王), 1851; Commander-in-chief, Taiping Army |
| en:Shi Dakai (Sak Tat Hoi) | 石達開 石达开 | 1831–1863 | Guixian, Guangxi | Heping, Guangdong | Wing King (翼王), 1851; The youngest of the six top leaders of Taiping at the age of 19; Shi's heroics as an outstanding general were later to inspire his fellow Hakka clansman, Zhu De, who founded the Red Army (红军), later known as the People's Liberation Army (人民解放军)[၁၀] His mother was of Zhuang origin. |
| en:Li Xiucheng (Lee Siew Sin) | 李秀成 | 1823–1864 | Tengxian, Guangxi | Fengle, Guangdong | Loyal King (忠王), 1858; One of the key leaders at the later stages of the Kingdom |
| Chen Yucheng (Chin Nyuk Sin) | 陳玉成 陈玉成 | 1837–1862 | Tengxian, Guangxi | Wengyuan, Guangdong | Heroic King (英王), 1859; One of the key leaders at the later stages of the Kingdom |
| Hong Rengan (Fung Yin Kon) | 洪仁玕 | 1822–1864 | Huaxian, Guangdong | Meixian, Guangdong | Shield King (干王), 1859; Premier of the Kingdom; First person in China to advocate modern-style government and opening-up reforms |
China – Qing dynasty
| Name (Hakka pronunciation) | Chinese name | Birth-Death | Born | Ancestry | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lai Enjue [၁၁] (Lai En Cheok) | 赖恩爵 | 1795–1848 | Shenzhen | Zijin, Guangdong | Admiral (水师提督), Guangdong Navy, 1843–1848; Commander, Battle of Kowloon, First Opium War, 1839; Just before Lai died due to illness, he told his family clan that his wish was to see the return of Hong Kong to China; Ten days before the return of Hong Kong on 1 July 1997, more than a hundred of the Lai clan descendants from different parts of the world returned to their ancestral home to mark the event |
| Yan Botao [၁၂] | 颜伯焘 | 1792–1855 | Lianping, Guangdong | Lianping, Guangdong | Viceroy (总督), Fujian and Zhejiang Provinces, 1841–1842; Commander, Battle of Amoy, First Opium War, 1841 |
| Feng Zicai (Fung Tse Choi) | 馮子才 冯子才 | 1818–1903 | Qinzhou, Guangxi | Bobai, Guangxi | Commander-in-chief, Provincial Army (提督), 1862-; Commanding general, Sino-French War, 1884–1885; Feng was instrumental in the defeat of the French at the Battle of Bang Bo which led to the French Retreat from Lạng Sơn and the conclusion of the war |
| Liu Yongfu (Liew Yun Fook) | 劉永福 刘永福 | 1837–1917 | Qinzhou, Guangxi | Bobai, Guangxi | Founder and commander of the celebrated Black Flag Army (黑旗军), 1857–1885; President, Republic of Formosa, 1895 |
| Qiu Fengjia (Hiew Fung Kap) | 丘逢甲 | 1864–1912 | Miaoli, Taiwan | Jiaoling, Guangdong | Commander, Taiwanese militia forces, Japanese invasion of Taiwan, 1895; Revolutionary leader, Xinhai Revolution; Guangdong Representative for the Republic of China Provisional Presidential Election, 1911; Feng Chia University in Taiwan is named in honour of Qiu |
| Liu Guangdi (Liew Kong Tee) | 劉光第 刘光第 | 1859–1898 | Fushun, Sichuan | Wuping, Fujian | One of the "Six Gentlemen of the Hundred Days' Reform (戊戌六君子) – a group of six intellectuals executed by Empress Dowager Cixi for their attempts to help Guangxu Emperor implement the "Hundred Days' Reform" (戊戌变法) |
| Wen Shengcai[၁၃] (Voon Sang Choi) | 溫生才 | 1869–1911 | Meixian, Guangdong | Meixian, Guangdong | One of the Four Martyrs of Honghuagang (红花岗四烈士); Wen assassinated the Manchu general, Fu Qi, in 1911; All of the four martyrs of Honghuagang are Hakkas |
China – Republic of China
| Name (Hakka pronunciation) | Chinese name | Birth-Death | Born | Ancestry | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sun Yat-sen[၁၄][၁၅] (Soon Tsung San) | 孫中山 孙中山 | 1866–1925 | Xiangshan, Guangdong | Zijin, Guangdong | Founding father of modern China; First President, Provisional Government of the Republic of China, 1912 |
| Yao Yuping[၁၆] | 姚雨平 | 1882–1974 | Pingyuan, Guangdong | Pingyuan, Guangdong | General, 1912-; Commander-in-chief, Guangdong Northern Expeditionary Army (广东北伐军), Xinhai Revolution, 1911–1912; Yao's successive victories against the Qing Army were vital in the successful defence of the Provisional Government in Nanjing and the early abdication of Xuan Tong Emperor |
| Liao Zhongkai (Liao Tshung Koi) | 廖仲愷 | 1877–1925 | San Francisco, USA | Huiyang, Guangdong | Sun Yat-sen's main advisor on financial matters; Liao was one of the three most powerful figures in Kuomintang when Sun died |
| Eugene Chen | 陈友仁 | 1878–1944 | San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago | Meixian, Guangdong | Outstanding Foreign Minister in the 1920s known for his success in promoting Sun Yat-sen's anti-imperialist foreign policies; Chen's father is a former Taiping |
| Huang Shaohong | 黃紹竑 | 1895–1966 | Rong County, Guangxi | Rong County, Guangxi | General; Warlord of the New Guangxi clique which controlled Guangxi and much of Guangdong, Hunan, and Hubei, 1924–1929 |
| Chen Jitang (Chin Tsi Thong) | 陳濟棠 陈济棠 | 1890–1954 | Fangcheng, Guangxi | Bobai, Guangxi | General First-class (four-star general), 1935-; Chen was a warlord known as the "Southern Heavenly King" (南天王) as he wielded absolute control of the government and army of autonomous Guangdong, 1929–1936 |
| Chen Mingshu | 陈铭枢 | 1889–1965 | Bepu, Guangxi | Bepu, Guangxi | Acting Premier of the Republic of China, 1931–1932; General, 1947-; Commander-in-Chief, 19th Route Army (十九路军), Battle of Shanghai, 1931–1932; The 19th Route Army, which started off as a Regiment unit under the command of Chen in the First Division of the Guangdong Army, was one of Nationalist China best fighting forces |
| Deng Yanda | 鄧演達 邓演达 | 1895–1931 | Huiyang, Guangdong | Huiyang, Guangdong | Leftist Nationalist politician who, in 1930, founded the Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party, one of the eight non-communist, legally recognised political parties in the People's Republic of China today; Deng was a military commander in the elite First Division of the Guangdong Army |
| Sun Ke (Soon Kho) | 孫科 孙科 | 1895–1973 | Xiangshan, Guangdong | Zijin, Guangdong | Premier of the Republic of China, 1932, 1948–1949 |
| Xue Yue[၁၇] (Siet Ngok) | 薛岳 | 1896–1998 | Lechang, Guangdong | Rucheng, Hunan | General First-class (four-star general), 1952-; Commander-in-chief, 9th War Zone, Second Sino-Japanese War, 1938–1945; Called "Patton of Asia" by the West and the "God of War" (战神) by the Chinese, Xue was China most outstanding general during the war against the Japanese |
| Zhang Fakui (Tshong Fat Khui) | 張發奎 张发奎 | 1896–1980 | Shixing, Guangdong | Shixing, Guangdong | General, 1936-; Commander-in-chief, National Revolutionary Army ground forces, 1949; Commander-in-chief, 4th War Zone, Second Sino-Japanese War, 1939–1944; As Honorary President of the "Hong Kong Tsung Tsin Association" (香港崇正总会), the umbrella body for Hakkas in Hong Kong, Zhang initiated and organized the first World Hakka Congress in 1971 |
| Huang Qixiang | 黃琪翔 | 1898–1970 | Meixian, Guangdong | Meixian, Guangdong | General, 1946-; Leftist Nationalist; Deputy Commander-in-chief, 5th War Zone (later 6th War Zone), Second Sino-Japanese War, 1938; Led the Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party, 1931–1938, after Deng Yanda's death; One of the two most outstanding generals (the other being fellow Hakka Ye Ting) during the First Expedition of the Northern Expedition, 1926, and was promoted to Commander, Fourth Army, for the Second Expedition, 1927, at the age of 28 |
| Luo Zhuoying | 羅卓英 罗卓英 | 1896–1961 | Dabu, Guangdong | Dabu, Guangdong | General, 1946-; Commander-in-chief, 1st Route Expeditionary Forces, Burma (China first participation of a war overseas), 1942; Deputy Commander-in-chief, 9th War Zone, Second Sino-Japanese War, 1941 |
| Huang Baitao | 黄百韬 | 1900–1948 | Tianjin | Meixian, Guangdong | General, 1948; Commander-in-chief, 7th Army Group; Twice recipient of the Order of Blue Sky and White Sun (the highest honour for a military commander); Huang committed suicide rather than surrendering after he was defeated at the Huaihai Campaign, the most decisive battle of the Chinese Civil War, in 1948 |
| Fan Hanjie | 范漢傑 范汉杰 | 1896–1976 | Dabu, Guangdong | Dabu, Guangdong | Lieutenant General, 1945-; Deputy Commander-in-chief, National Revolutionary Army ground forces, 1948; Deputy Commander-in-chief, Dongbei (Manchuria) Force, Chinese Civil War, 1948; Deputy Commander-in-chief, 1st War Zone, Second Sino-Japanese War, 1945; Fan was one of the favourite generals of Chiang Kaishek |
| Wu Qiwei | 吳奇偉 吳奇伟 | 1890–1953 | Dabu, Guangdong | Dabu, Guangdong | Lieutenant General, 1935-; Governor of Hunan, 1945–1946; Commander-in-chief, Changjiang (Yangtze River) Defence Force, Second Sino-Japanese War, 1942–1944; Deputy Commander-in-chief, 4th War Zone (later 6th War Zone), Second Sino-Japanese War, 1939; Wu defected to the Communists in 1949 |
| Miao Peinan | 缪培南 | 1890–1970 | Wuhua, Guangdong | Wuhua, Guangdong | Lieutenant General, 1936-; Commander-in-chief, 9th Army Group, Second Sino-Japanese War, 1940; Miao represented the Chinese government to accept the Japanese surrender in Guangdong, 1945 |
| Xie Jinyuan (Tsia Tshin Ngian) | 謝晉元 谢晋元 | 1905–1941 | Jiaoling, Guangdong | Jiaoling, Guangdong | Major General, 1941; Commander, Defence of Sihang Warehouse, Shanghai, 1937; The heroism of Xie and the defenders of the warehouse which lifted flagging Chinese morale was made into films in 1938 and 1976 named "Eight Hundred Heroes" (八百壯士) |
| Yao Ziqing | 姚子青 | 1909–1937 | Pingyuan, Guangdong | Pingyuan, Guangdong | General; Commander during the Defence of Baoshan, part of the Battle of Shanghai, 1937; The heroism of Yao and the defenders of the Baoshan where all 600 soldiers but one lost their lives to defend the county was made into film named "Defenders" (捍衛者) |
China – People's Republic
| Name (Hakka pronunciation) | Chinese name | Birth-Death | Born | Ancestry | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li Lisan | 李立三 | 1899–1967 | Liling, Hunan | Liling, Hunan | Top leader of Chinese Communist Party, 1928–1930 |
| Zhu De[၁၈][၁၉] | 朱德 | 1886–1976 | Yilong, Sichuan | Shaoguan, Guangdong | Chairman of the National People's Congress (Head of State), People's Republic of China, 1975–1976; Marshal, 1955-; Founder and Commander-in-chief of the Red Army (红军), later known as the People's Liberation Army (人民解放军) |
| Ye Ting | 葉挺 叶挺 | 1896–1946 | Huiyang, Guangdong | Huiyang, Guangdong | Commander-In-chief, New Fourth Army, one of the two main Chinese communist forces fighting the Japanese Imperial Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War (the other main communist force, Eighth Route Army, was commanded by Zhu De) |
| Ye Jianying (Yap Kiam Yin) | 葉劍英 叶剑英 | 1897–1986 | Meixian, Guangdong | Meixian, Guangdong | Chairman of the National People's Congress (Head of State), People's Republic of China, 1978–1983; Marshal, 1955-; Communist China first Governor of Guangdong, 1949–1953; Ye led the overthrow of the Gang of Four, which marked the end of the Cultural Revolution |
| Hu Yaobang[၂၀] (Fu Yau Bong) | 胡耀邦 | 1915–1989 | Liuyang, Hunan | Ji'an, Jiangxi | en:Chairman of the Communist Party of China, 1981–1982; en:General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, 1980–1987; Both positions during these periods made Hu the highest-ranked in the Communist Party of China and the second most powerful person in China after Deng Xiaoping; In 1989, the memorial service for his death sparked off a pro-democracy movement which led to the Tiananmen Square protests |
| en:Liao Chengzhi (Liau Sin Chee) | 廖承志 | 1908–1983 | Tokyo, Japan | Huiyang, Guangdong | Liao died four days after he was nominated to be the Vice-President, People's Republic of China; First Director, Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office, 1978–1983 |
| en:Liu Yalou | 劉亞樓 刘亚楼 | 1910–1965 | Wuping, Fujian | Wuping, Fujian | General, 1955-; First Commander-in-chief, People's Liberation Army Air Force, 1949–1965 |
| en:Wang Shoudao | 王首道 | 1906–1996 | Liuyang, Hunan | Liuyang, Hunan | Vice-Chairman, en:Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (中国人民政治协商会议), 1978–1983; Governor of Hunan, 1950–1952 |
| en:Yang Chengwu (Yong Sin Woo) | 楊成武 杨成武 | 1904–2004 | Changting, Fujian | Changting, Fujian | Vice-Chairman, Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (中国人民政治协商会议), 1983–1988; General, 1955-; Acting Chief of General Staff, People's Liberation Army, 1965–1968 |
| Xiao Hua | 肖华 | 1916–1985 | Xingguo, Jiangxi | Xingguo, Jiangxi | Youngest General at the age of 39, 1955; Vice-Chairman, Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (中国人民政治协商会议), 1983–1985; Chief Political Commissar, People's Liberation Army, 1964–1967 |
| Yang Yong | 杨勇 | 1913–1983 | Liuyang, Hunan | Liuyang, Hunan | Member, en:Secretariat of the Communist Party of China Central Committee (中国共产党中央书记处), 1982–1983; General, 1955-; Deputy Chief of General Staff, People's Liberation Army, 1959; Governor of Guizhou, 1950–1951 |
| en:Lai Chuanzhu | 赖传珠 | 1910–1965 | Ganxian, Jiangxi | Ganxian, Jiangxi | General, 1955-; Political Commissar, 15th Army Corps (later 13th Army Corps), Fourth Field Army, 1948–1950; Chief of Staff, New Fourth Army, 1941–1945; The life story of Lai was made into a television drama, "General Diary Complete" (将军日记), in 2011 |
| en:Chen Qihan | 陈奇涵 | 1910–1965 | Ganxian, Jiangxi | Ganxian, Jiangxi | General, 1955-; First President, Military Court, People's Liberation Army, 1954–1957; Commander-in-chief, Jiangxi Military Region, 1949 |
| en:Li Tianyou | 李天佑 | 1914–1970 | Lingui, Guangxi | Lingui, Guangxi | General, 1955-; Deputy Chief of Staff, People's Liberation Army, 1962–1970; A film, titled "Li Tianyou Jagged Siping" (李天佑血战四平), about how Li led the Communist first-ever attack and victory of a city, Battle of Siping, 1946, was made in 2009 |
| Ding Sheng | 丁盛 | 1913–1999 | Yudu, Jiangxi | Yudu, Jiangxi | Major General, 1955-; Governor of Guangdong, 1972–1974 |
| en:Zhang Tingfa[၂၁] | 张廷发 | 1918–2010 | Shaxian, Fujian | Shaxian, Fujian | Major General, 1955-; Commander-in-chief, People's Liberation Army Air Force, 1977–1985 |
| en:Chen Pixian | 陳丕顯 陈丕显 | 1916–1995 | Shanghang, Fujian | Shanghang, Fujian | Member, Secretariat of the Communist Party of China Central Committee (中国共产党中央书记处), 1982–1985; Governor of Hubei, 1978–1980 |
| en:Ye Xuanping (Yap Sen Phin) | 葉選平 叶选平 | 1924- | Meixian, Guangdong | Meixian, Guangdong | Vice-Chairman, Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (中国人民政治协商会议), 1991–2003; Governor of Guangdong, 1985–1991 |
| Xie Fei (Chia Fui) | 謝非 谢非 | 1932–1999 | Lufeng, Guangdong | Lufeng, Guangdong | Vice-Chairman, National People's Congress (全国人民代表大会), 1998–1999 |
| Zhang Zhen[၂၂] | 张震 | 1914–2015 | Pingjiang, Hunan | Pingyuan, Guangdong | General, 1988-; Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission, 1992–1997 |
| Liao Hui | 廖暉 廖晖 | 1942- | Hong Kong | Huiyang, Guangdong | Vice-Chairman, Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (中国人民政治协商会议), 2003-; Director, Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office, 1997–2010 |
| en:Huang Huahua (Wong Fah Fah) | 黃華華 黄华华 | 1946- | Xingning, Guangdong | Xingning, Guangdong | Governor of Guangdong, 2003–2011; The stepping down of Huang as governor in 2011 marked the end of the dominance of the provincial government by the "Hakka clique" (客家帮)[၂၃] |
| en:Wu Changde | 吴昌德 | 1952- | Dayu, Jiangxi | Dayu, Jiangxi | General, 2013-; Deputy Director, People's Liberation Army General Political Department, 2011- |
Taiwan
| Name (Hakka pronunciation) | Chinese name | Birth-Death | Born | Ancestry | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| en:Lee Teng-hui[၂၄] | 李登辉 | 1923-2020 | New Taipei, Taiwan | Yongding, Fujian | en:President of the Republic of China, 1988–2000; First popularly elected President in Chinese history |
| en:Tsai Ing-wen (Chai Yin Vun) | 蔡英文 | 1956- | Pingtung, Taiwan | President of the Republic of China, 2016–; First and only female President in Chinese history; First female without any political lineage to head a government in Asia | |
| en:Li Yuan-tsu[၂၅] | 李元簇 | 1923- | Pingjiang, Hunan | Pingjiang, Hunan | Vice-President of the Republic of China, 1990–1996 |
| en:Annette Lu[၂၆] | 呂秀蓮 吕秀莲 | 1944- | Taoyuan, Taiwan | Nanjing, Fujian | First and only female Vice-President of the Republic of China, 2000–2008 |
| en:Hsu Fu-lin | 徐傅霖 | 1878–1958 | Heping, Guangdong | Heping, Guangdong | Losing candidate in the Republic of China Presidential Election to Chiang Kai-shek, 1954; Leader, en:China Democratic Socialist Party, 1946–1958; Hsu was the Finance Minister in the Republic of China government in China, 1946- |
| Wang Sheng[၂၇] | 王昇 王升 | 1915–2006 | Longan, Jiangxi | Longan, Jiangxi | General, 1970-; Director, General Political Warfare Department (总政治作战部), which was responsible for secret military and intelligence operations, 1975–1983; Wang was the second most powerful person in Taiwan after President en:Chiang Ching-kuo as he led the "Liu Shaokang Office" (刘少康办公室) which was described as the inner court of the Kuomintang party headquarters, 1979–1983 and he was rumoured to be the successor to Chiang |
| en:Yu Shyi-kun[၂၈] | 游錫堃 游锡堃 | 1948- | Yilan, Taiwan | Zhao'an, Fujian | Premier of the Republic of China, 2002–2005; Chairman, Democratic Progressive Party, 2006–2007 |
| en:Jiang Yi-huah[၂၉] | 江宜樺 江宜桦 | 1960- | Keelung, Taiwan | en:Premier of the Republic of China, 2013–2014 | |
| en:Hsu Hsin-liang (Hee Sin Leong) | 許信良 许信良 | 1941- | Taoyuan, Taiwan | Raoping, Guangdong | Co-founder and Chairman, en:Democratic Progressive Party, 1991–1994, 1996–1998; Presidential candidate, en:2000 Republic of China presidential election |
| en:Hsu Hsin-ying | 徐欣瑩 | 1972- | Hsinchu, Taiwan | Founder and Chairman, Minkuotang, 2015-; Vice-Presidential candidate, 2016 Republic of China presidential election; Member of the Legislative Yuan, 2012–2015; Won by the highest majority among more than 100 legislative yuan seats in the 2012 Republic of China legislative election | |
| en:Hsu Ching-chung | 徐慶鐘 徐庆钟 | 1907–1996 | Taipei, Taiwan | Jiaoling, Guangdong | Vice-Premier, Republic of China, 1972–1981 |
| Chiu Chuang-huan | 邱創煥 邱创焕 | 1925- | Changhua, Taiwan | Raoping, Guangdong | Vice-Premier, Republic of China, 1981–1984; en:Governor of Taiwan Province, 1984–1990 |
| en:Liu Kwo-tsai | 刘阔才 | 1911–1993 | Miaoli, Taiwan | Pingyuan, Guangdong | President of the Legislative Yuan, 1988–1990 |
| en:Yeh Chu-lan (Yap Kiuk Lan) | 葉菊蘭 叶菊兰 | 1949- | Miaoli, Taiwan | Vice-Premier, Republic of China, 2004–2005 | |
| en:Chiang Pin-kung[၃၀] | 江丙坤 | 1932- | Nantou, Taiwan | Pinghe, Fujian | Acting Chairman, Kuomintang, 2007; Chairman, Straits Exchange Foundation (海峽交流基金会), 2008–2012 |
| en:Wu Po-hsiung (Ng Pak Hiung) | 吳伯雄 吴伯雄 | 1939- | Taoyuan, Taiwan | Yongding, Fujian | Chairman, Kuomintang, 2007–2009; Mayor, Taipei, 1988–1990 |
| en:Chen Ta-ching | 陳大慶 陈大庆 | 1904–1973 | Chongyi, Jiangxi | Chongyi, Jiangxi | Minister of National Defense, 1972–1973; Governor of Taiwan Province, 1969–1972; General First-class (four-star general), 1973-; Commander-In-chief, en:Republic of China Army, 1967–1969 |
| en:Tang Yao-ming | 湯曜明 汤曜明 | 1940- | Taichung, Taiwan | Yunxiao, Fujian | First Local (non-Mainlander) Taiwanese Minister of National Defense, 2002–2004; General First-class (four-star general), 1999-; Chief of General Staff, en:Republic of China Armed Forces, 1999–2002 |
Hong Kong
| Name (Hakka pronunciation) | Chinese name | Birth-Death | Born | Ancestry | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| en:Zeng Sheng[၃၁] | 曾生 | 1910–1995 | Huiyang, Guangdong | Huiyang, Guangdong | Legendary Commander, Dong River Column guerrilla force (东江纵队), which was made up mainly of Hakkas; Noteworthy accomplishments of the guerrilla force included the aiding of British and Commonwealth prisoners of war to escape successfully from Japanese internment camps and the rescuing of twenty American pilots who parachuted into Hong Kong when they were shot down during the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, 1941–1945 |
| David Lan | 藍鴻震 | 1940- | Hong Kong | Dabu, Guangdong | Secretary for Home Affairs, 1997–2000 |
| en:Martin Lee | 李柱銘 李柱铭 | 1938- | Hong Kong | Huiyang, Guangdong | Founding Chairman, Democratic Party, 1994–2002; Leading figure of Pan-democracy camp; Lee is hailed as the Father of democracy of Hong Kong |
| en:Lau Wong-fat[၃၂] | 劉皇發 刘皇发 | 1936- | Hong Kong | Huiyang, Guangdong | Chairman, en:Heung Yee Kuk (乡议局), a powerful body representing 700 indigenous villages in New Territories, 1980–2015; Known as the "Land Emperor of the New Territories" (新界土皇帝), Lau is the political kingpin in the New Territories |
| en:Lee Wing Tat | 李永達 李永达 | 1955- | Hong Kong | Huiyang, Guangdong | Chairman, Democratic Party, 2004–2006 |
| en:Tam Yiu Chung (Tham Yau Tsung) | 譚耀宗 谭耀宗 | 1949- | Hong Kong | Huiyang, Guangdong | Chairman, Democratic Alliance for Betterment of Hong Kong, the largest pro-Beijing political party in Hong Kong, 2007- |
Singapore
| Name (Hakka pronunciation) | Chinese name | Birth-Death | Born | Ancestry | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| en:Elizabeth Choy | 蔡楊素梅 蔡杨素梅 | 1910–2006 | Sabah, Malaysia | Guangdong | War heroine; First and only woman in the Legislative Council of Singapore, 1951–1955 |
| en:Lee Kuan Yew (Lee Kong Yau) | 李光耀 | 1923–2015 | Singapore | Dabu, Guangdong | Founding father of modern Singapore; First Prime Minister of Singapore, 1959–1990, mother was a Peranakan |
| en:Lee Hsien Loong (Lee Sen Lung) | 李顯龍 李显龙 | 1952- | Singapore | Dabu, Guangdong | Prime Minister of Singapore, 2004-; Youngest Brigadier General, Singapore Armed Forces, 1983–1984 He is a mix of Hakka, Perankan and mostly Hokkien Nyonya. |
| en:Yong Nyuk Lin | 楊玉麟 杨玉麟 | 1918–2012 | Negri Sembilan, Malaysia | Meixian, Guangdong | Cabinet Minister, 1959–1976 |
| en:Hon Sui Sen (Hon Sui Sang) | 韓瑞生 韩瑞生 | 1916–1983 | Penang, Malaysia | Jiexi, Guangdong | Cabinet Minister, 1970–1983 |
| en:Howe Yoon Chong (Hiew Yoon Chong) | 侯永昌 | 1923–2007 | Meixian, Guangdong | Meixian, Guangdong | Cabinet Minister, 1979–1984 (Minister of Defence, 1979–1982) |
| en:Richard Hu (Foo Su Thau) | 胡賜道 胡赐道 | 1926- | Singapore | Yongding, Fujian | Cabinet Minister, 1985–2001 |
Malaysia
| Name (Hakka pronunciation) | Chinese name | Birth-Death | Born | Ancestry | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| en:Yap Ah Loy | 葉亞來 叶亚来 | 1837–1885 | Huizhou, Guangdong | Huizhou, Guangdong | Founder, modern Kuala Lumpur, capital of Malaysia; Kapitan Cina, Kuala Lumpur, 1868–1885 |
| en:Chung Keng Quee (Chang Kin Gui) | 鄭景貴 郑景贵 | 1827–1901 | Zengcheng, Guangdong | Zengcheng, Guangdong | Founder, Taiping, Perak; Kapitan Cina, Perak, 1875–1900; Leader, Hai San Secret Society, Larut War, 1861–1874 |
| en:Chin Ah Yam[၃၃] | 陳亞炎 陈亚炎 | -1899 | Dabu, Guangdong | Dabu, Guangdong | Kapitan Cina, Perak, 1875–1899; Leader, Ghee Hin Secret Society, Larut War, 1861–1874 |
| en:Leong Fee | 梁輝 梁辉 | 1857–1911 | Meixian, Guangdong | Meixian, Guangdong | First Chinese Member, Federal Legislative Council, 1909[၃၄] |
| en:Philip Lee Tau Sang | 李道生 | -1959 | Highly respected and leading Chinese politician who was greatly favoured by the British colonial rulers in North Borneo (now Sabah) in the 1950s | ||
| en:Lau Pak Khuan (Liew Pak Khiun) | 劉伯群 刘伯群 | 1894–1971 | Zengcheng, Guangdong | Zengcheng, Guangdong | First Chinese to be conferred the "en:Datuk Seri" title; Led the unsuccessful bid for Chinese equal citizenship-rights and official language status during the drafting of the Malaysian Constitution |
| en:Omar Ong Yoke Lin | 翁毓麟 | 1917–2010 | Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia | Huizhou, Guangdong | Cabinet Minister, 1955–1973; First Chinese President, Malaysian Senate, 1973–1980; Mooted the idea to form the Alliance Party (Malaysia), predecessor of Barisan Nasional, the ruling coalition party of Malaysia since independence in 1952 |
| en:Wong Pow Nee | 王保尼 | 1911–2002 | Penang, Malaysia | Xingning, Guangdong | First Chief Minister of Penang, 1957–1969 |
| en:Peter Lo Sui Yin | 羅思仁 罗思仁 | 1923–2020 | Sabah, Malaysia | Longchuan, Guangdong | Chief Minister of Sabah, 1965–67; Cabinet Minister, 1963–1965 |
| James Wong Kim Min | 黄金明 | 1922–2011 | Sarawak, Malaysia | Guangdong | Leader of the Opposition of Malaysia, 1974; First Deputy Chief Minister, Sarawak, 1963–1966; President, Sarawak National Party, 1981–2003; Hold the record for being the longest serving Member of the Sarawak State Assembly for forty-six years, 1956–2001 |
| en:Stephen Yong Kuet Tze | 楊國斯 杨国斯 | 1921–2001 | Sarawak, Malaysia | Dabu, Guangdong | Cabinet Minister, 1982–1990; Co-founder, Sarawak United Peoples' Party, Sarawak's first political party, 1959 (President, 1983–1990); Yong is best remembered for giving the Chinese in Sarawak a political voice |
| en:Lee Kim Sai (Lee Kim Sze) | 李金狮 | 1937-2019 | Selangor, Malaysia | Cabinet Minister, 1986–1995 | |
| en:Yong Teck Lee | 楊德利 杨德利 | 1958- | Sabah, Malaysia | Longchuan, Guangdong | Chief Minister of Sabah, 1996–1998; Founder and President, Sabah Progressive Party, 1994- |
| en:Peter Chin Fah Kui | 陳華貴 陈华贵 | 1945- | Sarawak, Malaysia | Bao'an, Guangdong | Cabinet Minister, 2004–2013; President, Sarawak United Peoples' Party, 2011- |
| en:Chor Chee Heung (Chau Chee Hiung) | 曹智雄 | 1955- | Kedah, Malaysia | Dabu, Guangdong | Cabinet Minister, 2010–2013 |
| en:Liow Tiong Lai (Liau Tsung Loi) | 廖中莱 | 1961 | Malacca, Malaysia | Dabu, Guangdong | Cabinet Minister, 2008–2013, 2014-; President, Malaysian Chinese Association, 2013- |
| en:Wee Ka Siong (Ngui Ka Seong) | 魏家祥 | 1968- | Malacca, Malaysia | Lufeng, Guangdong | Cabinet Minister, 2014- |
| en:Teresa Kok (Kok Su Sim) | 郭素沁 | 1964- | Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia | Huizhou, Guangdong | Member of Parliament, 1999-; Won by the highest majority among more than 200 constituency seats in the 2008 and 2013 Malaysian general elections; In the 2013 election, Kok won more than 85% of the total votes cast, a record in Malaysia history |
| en:Chong Hon Nyan (Chong Hon Nyan) | 張漢源 张汉源 | 1924-2020 | Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia | Minister of Health (1978-1982) and Transport (1983-1986) |
Indonesia
| Name (Hakka pronunciation) | Chinese name | Birth-Death | Born | Ancestry | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lo Fong Bak | 羅芳伯 罗芳伯 | 1738–1778 | Meixian, Guangdong | Meixian, Guangdong | Founder and President, Hakka Republic of Lanfang in West Kalimantan, 1777–1884; The republic lasted for 107 years and had ten presidents who are all Meixian Hakkas |
| en:Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (Tjung Ban Hok) | 鍾萬學 钟万学 | 1966- | Bangka–Belitung Islands, Indonesia | Meixian, Guangdong | First Chinese Governor, Jakarta, capital of Indonesia, which is considered to be the third most powerful position in Indonesia, 2014-;[၃၅][၃၆] Basuki is more popularly known by his Hakka name, "Ahok" (阿学) |
| en:Christiandy Sanjaya (Wong Hon San) | 黄汉山 | 1964- | West Kalimantan, Indonesia | Jiexi, Guangdong | Deputy Governor, West Kalimantan, 2008–2013; First elected Chinese Deputy Governor of Indonesia |
| en:Teddy Jusuf (Hiung Tet Yie) | 熊德怡 | 1966- | West Java, Indonesia | Meixian, Guangdong | First and only Chinese to attain the rank of Brigadier General, Indonesian National Armed Forces, 1983 |
Thailand
| Name (Hakka pronunciation) | Chinese name | Birth-Death | Born | Ancestry | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| en:Thaksin Shinawatra[၃၇][၃၈] (Hiew Tat Sin) | 丘達新 丘达新 | 1949- | Chiang Mai, Thailand | Fengshun, Guangdong | Only Prime Minister of Thailand to be re-elected in Thailand history, 2001–2006; Parties linked to Thaksin had won all the five general elections in Thailand since 2001 |
| en:Yingluck Shinawatra (Hiew Yin Lok) | 丘仁樂 丘仁乐 | 1967- | Chiang Mai, Thailand | Fengshun, Guangdong | First and only female Prime Minister of Thailand, 2011–2014 |
| en:Supachai Panitchpakdi | 1946- | Bangkok, Thailand | Deputy Prime Minister, 1992–1995, 1997–2001; First and only Asian Director-General, World Trade Organization, 2002–2005 | ||
| en:Sudarat Keyuraphan | 1961- | Bangkok, Thailand | Cabinet Minister, 2002–2006 | ||
| en:Chaiyasit Shinawatra | 1945- | Chiang Mai, Thailand | Fengshun, Guangdong | Supreme Commander, Royal Thai Armed Forces, 2004–2005; Commander-in-Chief, Royal Thai Army, 2003–2004 |
Cambodia
| Name (Hakka pronunciation) | Chinese name | Birth-Death | Born | Ancestry | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| en:Sok An[၃၉] (Soo On) | 索安 | 1950- | Takéo, Cambodia | Deputy Prime Minister, Cambodia, 2004- |
Myanmar
| Name (Hakka pronunciation) | Chinese name | Birth-Death | Born | Ancestry | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| နေဝင်း | 奈温 | 1910–2002 | Bago Region, Myanmar | Meixian, Guangdong | President of Myanmar, 1974–1981; Chairman, Union Revolutionary Council, 1962–1974; Prime Minister of Myanmar, 1958–1960, 1962–1974; Commander-in-chief (formerly known as Chief of Staff), en:Myanmar Armed Forces, 1949–1972; Ne Win was the paramount leader of Myanmar for three decades |
| စန်းယု[၄၀] | 山友 | 1918–1996 | Bago Region, Myanmar | President of Myanmar, 1981–1988; Commander-in-chief, Myanmar Armed Forces, 1972–1974 | |
| ခင်ညွှန့်[၄၁] | 钦纽 | 1939- | Yangon Region, Myanmar | Meixian, Guangdong | Prime Minister of Myanmar, 2003–2004; General, Myanmar Armed Forces, 2002–2003 |
Timor-Leste
| Name (Hakka pronunciation) | Chinese name | Birth-Death | Born | Ancestry | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pedro Lay (Lai Sze Fong) | 黎事芳 | Timor-Leste | Meixian, Guangdong | First Chinese Cabinet Minister, 2007–2015 | |
| Francisco Kalbuadi Lay (Lai Fatt Fong) | 黎发芳 | 1954- | Timor-Leste | Meixian, Guangdong | Cabinet Minister, 2012-; First Chinese to be elected to National Parliament, 2002–2005 |
Australia
| Name (Hakka pronunciation) | Chinese name | Birth-Death | Born | Ancestry | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| en:Penny Wong[၄၂] | 黃英賢 黃英贤 | 1968- | Sabah, Malaysia | First Chinese and first Asian Cabinet Minister, 2007–2013; First female Leader of the Government in the Senate, 2013; First female Leader of the Opposition in the Senate, 2013- | |
| en:Helen Sham-Ho | 何沈慧霞 | 1943- | Hong Kong | Bao'an, Guangdong | Member, New South Wales Legislative Council, 1988–2003; First Chinese to be elected to an Australian parliament |
| Peter Wong[၄၃] | 黄肇强 | 1942- | Zhaoqing, Guangdong | Zijin, Guangdong | Member, New South Wales Legislative Council, 1999–2007; Leading anti-white nationalist politician; Founder, Unity Party, which was formed to oppose Pauline Hanson and her white supremacy One Nation party, 1997 |
| en:Alfred Huang[၄၄] | 黃國鑫 黄国鑫 | 1938- | Chengdu, Sichuan | Jiaoling, Guangdong | Lord Mayor, Adelaide, 2000–2003 |
| en:Robert Chong[၄၅] (Tsung Foo Hee) | 鐘富喜 钟富喜 | 1954- | Malaysia | Meixian, Guangdong | Mayor, Whitehorse, Victoria, 2002–2005 |
| en:Henry Tsang | 曾筱龍 曾筱龙 | 1943- | Nanchang, Jiangxi | Wuhua, Guangdong | Deputy Lord Mayor, Sydney, 1991–1999; Member, New South Wales Legislative Council, 1999–2009 |
French Polynesia
| Name (Hakka pronunciation) | Chinese name | Birth-Death | Born | Ancestry | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| en:Gaston Tong Sang | 1949- | Bora-bora, French Polynesia | Guangdong | President, French Polynesia, 2006–2007, 2008–2011; Tong Sang is of mixed blood with Hakka Chinese ancestry on his paternal side |
Mauritius
| Name (Hakka pronunciation) | Chinese name | Birth-Death | Born | Ancestry | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| en:Moilin Jean Ah-Chuen (Chu Moi Lin) | 朱梅麟 | 1909–1991 | Mauritius | Meixian, Guangdong | First Chinese Cabinet Minister, 1967–1976; First Chinese Member, Legislative Council, 1949; Second Hakka after Sun Yat-sen to have his portrait printed on the bills of a country's currency[၄၆] |
| en:Joseph Tsang Mang Kin | 曾繁興 曾繁兴 | 1938- | Mauritius | Meixian, Guangdong | Cabinet Minister, 1995–2000; As a poet, Tsang has written a number of poems on the Hakka culture |
Seychelles
| Name (Hakka pronunciation) | Chinese name | Birth-Death | Born | Ancestry | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li Huarong[၄၇] (Lee Fah Yin) | 李华荣 | Seychelles | Meixian, Guangdong | Deputy Minister |
United Kingdom
| Name (Hakka pronunciation) | Chinese name | Birth-Death | Born | Ancestry | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| en:Nat Wei, Baron Wei[၄၈][၄၉] | 韋鳴恩 韦鸣恩 | 1977- | Hertfordshire, England, United Kingdom | Zhuhai, Guangdong | Youngest member at the age of 34 and first British-born person of Chinese origin in the House of Lords, 2011- |
France
| Name (Hakka pronunciation) | Chinese name | Birth-Death | Born | Ancestry | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| André Thien Ah Koon[၅၀] | 曾憲建 曾宪建 | 1940- | Reunion Island, France | Meixian, Guangdong | First and only Chinese elected to the French National Assembly and the first Chinese elected to a parliament in Europe, 1986–2006; Mayor, Tampon, Reunion Island, 1983–2006, 2014–2020; First Chinese Mayor of Reunion Island and France |
Netherlands
| Name (Hakka pronunciation) | Chinese name | Birth-Death | Born | Ancestry | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| en:Varina Tjon-A-Ten | 张 | 1952- | Paramaribo, Suriname | Guangdong | First Chinese elected to the House of Representatives, 2003–2006; Tjon-A-Ten is of mixed blood with paternal Hakka Chinese grandfather who migrated from Guangdong to Suriname |
| en:Roy Ho Ten Soeng | 何天送 | 1945- | Paramaribo, Suriname | Guangdong | Mayor, Venhuizen, North Holland, 2000–2006; First immigrant Mayor of Netherlands; First Chinese Mayor of Netherlands and Europe |
United States
| Name (Hakka pronunciation) | Chinese name | Birth-Death | Born | Ancestry | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| David Chiu | 邱信福 | 1970- | Ohio, USA | Member, California State Assembly, 2014- | |
| en:Yiaway Yeh | 葉亞威 叶亚威 | 1978- | San Francisco, USA | Meixian, Guangdong | First Chinese Mayor of Palo Alto, California, 2012 |
Guyana
| Name (Hakka pronunciation) | Chinese name | Birth-Death | Born | Ancestry | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| en:Arthur Chung | 鐘亞瑟 钟亚瑟 | 1916–2008 | West Demerara, Guyana | Dabu, Guangdong | First President, Guyana, 1970–1980 |
Trinidad and Tobago
| Name (Hakka pronunciation) | Chinese name | Birth-Death | Born | Ancestry | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| en:Solomon Hochoy | 何才 | 1905–1983 | Jamaica | Bao'an, Guangdong | Last British Governor, 1960–1962; First non-white Governor in the whole of the British Empire, 1960; First Governor-General, 1962–1972, when Trinidad and Tobago obtained independence in 1962; First Chinese Head of State in a non-Asian country |
Suriname
| Name (Hakka pronunciation) | Chinese name | Birth-Death | Born | Ancestry | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| en:Hendrick Chin A Sen | 陳亞先 陈亚先 | 1934–1999 | Marowijne District, Suriname | Huiyang, Guangdong | President and Prime Minister of Suriname, 1980–1982; Chin paternal side is Hakka Chinese and maternal side is mixed Creole |
Jamaica
| Name (Hakka pronunciation) | Chinese name | Birth-Death | Born | Ancestry | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| en:Rose Leon | 1913–1999 | Kingston, Jamaica | First Chinese and first female Cabinet Minister, 1953–1960, 1972–1976; First Chinese Member, House of Representatives, 1949; First female Chairperson of a political party – Jamaica Labour Party, 1948 | ||
| en:Horace Chang | 霍勒斯.郑 | 1952- | Westmorland, United Kingdom | Cabinet Minister, 2007–2011 | |
| en:Delroy Chuck | 德尔罗伊.卓 | 1950- | Manchester Parish, Jamaica | Dongguan | Cabinet Minister, 2011–2012; First Chinese Speaker, House of Representatives, 2007–2011 |
Brazil
| Name (Hakka Pronunciation) | Chinese name | Birth-Death | Born | Ancestry | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| William Boss Wu[၅၁][၅၂] | 巫佰禧 | 1968- | São Paulo, Brazil | Raoping, Guangdong | First and only Chinese elected to the National Congress of Brazil, 2006- |
- ခေတ်သစ်မြန်မာသမိုင်း | အင်္ဂလိပ် : Model Myanmar's History.
- ခေတ်သစ်တရုတ်သမိုင်း | အင်္ဂလိပ် : Model China's History.
- စုန့်ညီအစ်မ Soong Sisters [Traditional Chinese]:宋家姐妹, [pinyin]: Sòngjiā Jiěmèi, သို့မဟုတ် စုန့်ညီအစ်မသုံးဖော် [Traditional Chinese]:宋氏三姐妹 တို့သည် ဟတ်ကာ Hakka တရုတ်ဖြစ်ပြီး သူတို့အမျိုးသားနှင့် ပက်သက်ပြီး ခေတ်သစ်တရုတ်သမိုင်း China'history ၏ ၂၀ရာစု အစောပိုင်း တွင် ဩဇာဣတ္ထိမ ကြီးမားသော ညီအစ်မဖြင့် မှတ်တမ်းဖြစ်ခဲ့သည်။
ရုံးသုံးစကား
၁၉ ရာစု ကာလ၌ ဟတ်ကာစကား ကို နိင်ငံတော်စကားအဖြစ် သတ်မှတ်ပြီး တရုတ်ပြည်၏ သုံးပုံတစ်ပုံအကျယ်အဝန်းရှိသောမဟာငြိမ်းချမ်းသောကောင်းကင်နိုင်ငံတော် Taiping Heavenly Kingdom ထူထောင်ခဲ့ကြသည် ။ [၅၃] ဟတ်ကာစကားသည် ထိုင်ဝမ်၏ တရားဝင်ရုံးသုံးစကားများအနက်တစ်ခုလည်း ဖြစ်သည်။[၅၄]
တရုတ်ပြည်သူ့သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ
- ပြည်နယ်
- [[အန်းဟွေး ပြည်နယ် ]] - Anhui (安徽)
- ဖူကျန့်ပြည်နယ် - Fujian (福建)
- ကန်းစုပြည်နယ် - Gansu (甘肃)
- ကွမ်တုန်းပြည်နယ် - Guangdong (广东)
- ကွေ့ကျိုး Archived 22 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine. ပြည်နယ်]] - Guizhou (贵州)
- [[ဟိုင်နန် ပြည်နယ်]] - Hainan (海南)
- ဟိုပေ Archived 27 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine. ပြည်နယ် - Hebei (河北)
- ဟေးလုံကျန်း ပြည်နယ် | Heilongjiang (黑龙江)
- ဟောနန် ပြည်နယ် - Henan (河南)
- ဟူပေ ပြည်နယ် - Hubei (湖北)
- ဟူနန် ပြည်နယ် - Hunan (湖南)
- ကျန်းစူး ပြည်နယ် - Jiangsu (江苏)
- ကျန်းစီ ပြည်နယ် - Jiangxi (江西)
- ကျိလင် ပြည်နယ် - Jilin (吉林)
- လျောင်းနင် ပြည်နယ် - Liaoning (辽宁)
- ချင်းဟိုင် ပြည်နယ် - Qinghai (青海)
- ရှန်စီ ပြည်နယ် - Shaanxi (陕西)
- ဆန်းတုန်း ပြည်နယ် - Shandong (山东)
- ဆန်းစီ ပြည်နယ် - Shanxi (山西)
- စစ်ချွမ်း ပြည်နယ် - Sichuan (四川)
- ထိုင်ဝမ် ပြည်နယ် - Taiwan (台湾)
- ယူနန် ပြည်နယ် - Yunnan (云南)
- ကျဲ့ကျန်း ပြည်နယ် - Zhejiang (浙江)
- ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရဒေသ
Autonomous regions (自治区)
- ကွမ်ရှီး ကျွမ်းလူမျိုးကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရဒေသ | Guangxi (广西壮族自治区)
- အတွင်းမွန်ဂိုလီးယား မွန်ဂိုလူမျိုးကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရဒေသ | Inner Mongolia (内蒙古自治区)
- နိင်ရှ ဟွေးလူမျိုးကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရဒေသ | Ningxia (宁夏回族自治区)
- ရှင်းကျန်း ဝေးဝူအာရ် လူမျိုးကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရဒေသ | Xinjiang (新疆维吾尔自治区)
- တိဘက်လူမျိုးကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရဒေသ| Tibet (西藏自治区)
- မြူနီစီပါယ်အုပ်ချုပ်ရေး
- Municipalities (直辖市)
- ပေကျင်း မြို့ | Beijing |北京市
- ချုံချင့် မြို့ | Chongqing (重庆市)
- ရှန်ဟိုင်း မြို့ | Shanghai (上海市)
- ထျန်းကျင်း မြို့ | Tianjin (天津市)
- အထူးအုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရဒေသ
- Special Administrative Regions (特别行政区)
- ဟောင်ကောင်အထူးအုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရဒေသ | Hong Kong (香港特別行政區)
- မကာအိုအထူးအုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရဒေသ | Macau (澳門特別行政區)
တရုတ်ဗဟိုလွင်ပြင်
'တရုတ်ဗဟိုဒေသ'Central China (ရိုးရှင်းတရုတ်: 华中; ရိုးရာတရုတ်: 華中; ပင်ယင်: Huázhōng) သည် အချက်အချာနေရာဖြစ်ပြီး ရောထွေးနေသော ယဉ်ကျေးမှုများရှိသည့်ဒေသဖြစ်သည် ။ အုပ်ချုပ်မှုနယ်မြေဒေသအရပါဝင်သည့် ပြည်နယ်များ provinces မှာ
- ဟေနန် Henan Archived 10 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine.,
- ဟူပေ Hubei
- ဟူနန် Hunan တို့ဖြစ်ပြီး
- ကွမ်ရှီး Jiangxi[လင့်ခ်သေ] ၏ နယ်မြေ အချို့ပါဝင်သည်။
တရုတ် တောင်ဗဟိုဒေသကို နိုင်ငံတော်အစိုးရ၏ People's Republic of Chinaအုပ်ချုပ်မှုအောက်တွင်ရှိသည်။ ၂၀၀၄ ခုနှစ်၌ စီမံကိန်း Rise of Central China Plan ကို နိုင်ငံတော်ကောင်စီ State Council of the People's Republic of China အကောင်အထည်ဖော်ရာတွင် ဗဟိုဒေသကို ဝန်းရံလျက်ရှိသော ဆန်းရှီး Shanxi, အန်ဟွေ့Anhuiစသည် ဖွံ့ဖြိုးပြီးဗဟိုဒေသလည်း ပါဝင်သတ်မှတ်ထားသည်။ .
Administrative divisions
| GB[၅၅] | ISO №[၅၆] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Province | Chinese_Name | Capital | Population | Density | Area | Abbreviation/Symbol |
|-| style="text-align:center;" | 167,000| style="text-align:center;" | 豫 |
| Henan Province
河南省| | style="text-align:right;" | Zhengzhou| style="text-align:right;" | 94,023,567| style="text-align:right;" | 563.01| style="text-align:center;" |Hénán Shěng
HA
|-| style="text-align:center;" | HB| style="text-align:center;" | 42| Hubei Province| 湖北省
Húběi Shěng| Wuhan| style="text-align:right;" | 57,237,740| style="text-align:right;" | 307.89| style="text-align:right;" | 185,900| style="text-align:center;" |鄂
È
|-| style="text-align:center;" | HN| style="text-align:center;" | 43| Hunan Province
| 湖南省
Húnán Shěng| Changsha| style="text-align:right;" | 65,683,722| style="text-align:right;" | 312.77| style="text-align:right;" | 210,000| style="text-align:center;" |湘
Xiāng
|}
ကိုးကား
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