ढाँचा:Cite thesis - विकिपिडिया Wiki नेपाली 2024

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Purpose
Fields

Purpose

Unpublished Doctoral, Masters thesis. Other Higher Research Degrees.

These reports are to be published in the Wikipedia sense of verifiability: a University recognised by other Universities as capable of awarding research higher degrees must have accepted and passed the thesis or dissertation, and the dissertation must be available for consultation through abstracting / microfilming / electronic archiving / University Library access.

Failed, unsubmitted, or incomplete theses are not Reliable Sources; and should not be used for verification purposes.

Published theses should be cited with {{cite book}}. The degree parameter can be used for specifying the degree.

Fields

Wikilinks

Except where specifically prohibited in the parameter descriptions below, most parameters can be wikilinked (e.g. title = [[book article|book title]]), but should generally only be linked to an existing Wikipedia article. Wikilinked parameters must escape the characters <>[]{} rather than including them directly.

Description of parameters

Syntax (for the technical-minded)

Nested parameters rely on their parent parameters:

parent
OR: parent2—may be used instead of parent
- child—may be used with parent (and is ignored if parent is not used)
- OR: child2—may be used instead of child (and is ignored if parent2 is not used)

Description

last: Surname of author. Do not wikilink (use authorlink instead).
- first: Given or first name(s) of author, including title(s) (e.g. Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Snr.). Do not wikilink (use authorlink instead).
  - The 'last' and 'first' parameters are not ideally suited to authors whose surname is usually written first (e.g. as in Chinese). Use the same format as the source uses to handle these cases.
- authormask – This parameter is primarily intended for use in bibliographies where multiple works by a single author are listed. It replaces the name of the first author (which must still be provided to garner metadata) with a strike-thru dash (—) authormask em in length. So if |authormask=1 then the dash will be one em in length, if |authormask=2 it will be two em long and so on. Set authormask to a text value to display a word instead – for example, 'with'. You must still include |last= and |first= for metadata purposes. See Examples for typical usage.
- authorlink: Title of Wikipedia article about author (not the author's personal website). Article should already exist. Must not be wikilinked itself. Do not use this on its own, but along with author or first and last.
- coauthors: Full name of additional author or authors, separated by ", " (e.g. Joe Bloggs, John F. Kennedy, H. R. Dent).
For multiple authors, use the parameters first1, last1, ...,firstn, lastn to 'correctly' record all the information about the document (the first nine authors are printed, then et al. is appended if even more authors were specified). Do not wikilink as there are corresponding authorlink1, ..., authorlink9 parameters as well. This usage is preferred to the use of coauthors.
editor: Name of editor/editors; not usually used for a thesis, but supported. Do not Wikilink any values in the editor parameter but use editor-link instead. The template automatically adds "ed." after the editor's name unless the chapter parameter is used in which case the template adds "in" before the editor's name which appears after the chapter and before the title. This implies that the author is responsible only for part of the document (including the cited chapter) and the editor responsible for the whole document. If, however, the author(s) and editor(s) are responsible for the whole document, then the editor parameter or its alternates described below should not be used if the chapter parameter is being used. Instead, the editor(s) should be included in an author parameter with possibly "(ed.)" after the surname(s). Alternatively, the editor parameter may be used if the chapter detail is included in the title parameter instead of using the chapter parameter.
OR: alternatively editor-first and editor-last can be used in the same way as first and last.
OR: for multiple editors up to four in number, use the parameters editor1-first, editor1-last, ...,editorn-first, editorn-last to 'correctly' record all the information about the document in the same way as firstn and lastn.
- editor-link or editor1-link...editorn-link is used in the same way as authorlink or authorlinkn.
others: To record other contributors to the work, such as "Illustrated by Smith" or "Trans. Smith".
title: Title of document. This is the only required parameter. Can be wikilinked but only to an existing Wikipedia article. Do not use italics.
- trans_title: If the document cited is in a foreign language, an English translation of the title can be given here. The template will display this in square brackets after the title parameter and it will point to the url link, if used. Use of language parameter is recommended if this parameter is used.
url: URL of an online location where text of the document can be found. Cannot be used if you wikilinked title. If applicable, should point to the specific page(s) referenced.
- format: Format, e.g. PDF. HTML implied if not specified.
- accessdate: Full date when url was accessed. Should be used when url parameter is used. Should be in the same format as other dates in citations in the same article. Must not be wikilinked.
archive parameters (if used, both must be provided)
- archiveurl: The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if (or in case) the url becomes unavailable. Typically used to refer to services like WebCite and Archive.org.
- archivedate: Date when the item was archived. Should not be wikilinked.
degree: Defaults to Thesis in parenthesis; when set it adds 'thesis', i.e. 'Ph.D.' ressults in Ph.D. thesis'. Can be overridden by type.
type: An optional parameter which can be used to provide additional information about a document type. Overrides degree.
edition: When the document has more than one edition. e.g.: "2nd.", "Revised" etc.. Note that the template automatically displays " ed." after this parameter, so edition=2nd produces "2nd ed.".
series: When the document is part of a series of publications.
volume: Not generally required for a thesis. For one document published in several volumes. However, this template displays the text in this parameter in bold type after the title and series parameters. An alternative is to include the volume information in the title parameter after the main title (see example below). (NB: there is a separate {{Cite encyclopedia}} template).
date: Full date of document edition being referenced, in the same format as other dates in citations in the same article. Must not be wikilinked. Do not use for years without specifying the month: use |year= instead.
OR: year: Year of document edition being referenced
- month: Name of the month of document. If you also have the day, use date instead. Must not be wikilinked.
- origyear: Original document year, for display alongside the date or year. For clarity, please supply specifics, for instance origyear=First published 1859 or origyear=Composed 1904. This parameter only displays if there is a value for year or date.
publisher: Publisher should not include corporate designation such as "Ltd" or "Inc".
- location: Geographical place of publication.
language: The language the document is written in, if it is not English. The template automatically puts parentheses around the text and adds "in" before the language name.
isbn: International Standard Book Number such as 1-111-22222-9. Note that |isbn=, like all parameter names, must be in lowercase. The parameter must not be wikilinked as the template automatically creates a link. The template is insensitive to formatting so an ISBN number without dashes ("-") may be used (e.g. |isbn=1111222229), though ISBNs with correctly formatted dashes are preferred (see Wikipedia:ISBN and ISBN). Please use the 13-digit ISBN where possible; this can normally be found beneath the barcode as a number beginning 978 or 979. For documents with the older SBN system (9 digits), use this parameter but prefix the number with a zero; thus SBN 902888-45-5 should be entered as |isbn=0-902888-45-5. More information about this feature and its advantages is available at Wikipedia:ISBN.
oclc: Online Computer Library Center ID number, such as 3185581. The parameter must not be wikilinked as the template automatically creates a link.
doi: A digital object identifier such as 10.1016/j.coi.2004.08.001. The parameter must not be wikilinked as the template automatically creates a link.
- doi_brokendate: The date that a digital object identifier link was found to be broken.
bibcode: A nineteen character Bibcode identifier. The parameter must not be wikilinked as the template automatically creates a link.
Several other parameters are available for catalogue or other identifying numbers; these include |arxiv=, |asin=, |issn= (International Standard Serial Number), |jfm=, |jstor=, |lccn=, |mr=, |ol= (Open Library), |osti=, |pmc=, |pmid=, |rfc=, |ssrn= and |zbl=.
id: A unique identifier, used if none of the above are applicable. In this case, you need to specify the kind of identifier you are using, preferably with a template like {{ASIN}} or {{ISSN}}. (Use one of the more specialized parameters if possible; they are linked automatically. In other words, do not use |id=ISBN 1-111-22222-9 anymore; use |isbn=1-111-22222-9. If the document has a SBN but not an ISBN, see |isbn=.)
pages or page: These parameters are for listing the pages relevant to the citation, not the total number of pages in the document. "|pages= 5–7" produces "pp. 5–7", while "|page= 5" produces "p. 5". The "pp." notation indicating multiple pages, and "p." notation indicating a single page, are placed automatically when you choose between the plural (pages) or singular (page) form of the parameter. Page ranges should be separated by an unspaced en dash (–).
- nopp: using "page" or "pages", automatically places the p. or pp. notations. If this is inappropriate—for instance, if page=Front cover, placing any value after nopp (e.g. nopp=y will hide the p. or pp. notation.
at: Position within the resource when |page=/|pages= is inappropriate, e.g. |at=para. 14 (when citing a source without page numbers) or |at=no. 456 (something in a numbered list). This parameter is ignored if |page=/|pages= is specified.
- Using e.g. |at=para. 14 produces similar results to |page=para. 14|nopp=y or |pages=para. 14|nopp=y
chapter (= contribution): The chapter of the document, written in full. Punctuation (other than quotation marks, which are supplied around the chapter title automatically by the template) should be included in the value passed to the parameter, e.g. |chapter=Chapter 12: Meet Dick and Jane. produces "Chapter 12: Meet Dick and Jane." ahead of title.
- trans_chapter: Acts in the same way as trans_title. The parameter will be displayed in square brackets within the quotation marks which embrace the chapter parameter. Use of language parameter is recommended if this parameter is used.
- chapterurl (=contribution-url): URL of an individual chapter of online document. Should be at the same site as url, if any. If chapterurl is used, url should only be used if the beginning of the work and the cited chapter are on separate webpages at the site.
quote: Relevant quote from the document. Should not be excessive in length: More than a few sentences is rarely needed, and if needed then the Wikipedia article's prose should probably more adequately address the topic and/or quote the material directly, e.g. with {{quote}}. The template will automatically provide quotation marks, but not a terminal period/full stop (or diaeresis as appropriate), nor initial capitalization, both of which should be added manually. Example:
|quote=[I]t was not only competition, but the introduction of new techniques that drew spectators to the events...
ref: ID for anchor. By default, no anchor is generated. The ordinary nonempty value |ref=ID generates an anchor with the given ID; such a linkable reference can be made the target of wikilinks to full references, especially useful in short citations like shortened notes and parenthetical referencing. The special value |ref=harv generates an anchor suitable for the {{harv}} template; see anchors for Harvard referencing templates. See "Wikilinks to full references" in Examples below for using the ref parameter in citation templates in conjunction with short <ref>...</ref> citations.
laysummary: Link to a non-technical summary (or review) of the document
- laydate: Date of summary
separator: The separator to use in lists of authors, editors, etc. Defaults to ".", but "," may be useful also. If the parameter is present, but blank, no separator will be used.
author-separator: Parameter allowing punctuation style to be altered
author-name-separator: Parameter allowing punctuation style to be altered
display-authors: By default, the number of authors displayed is limited to 8; if 9 are provided, the ninth is displayed as "et al.". This parameter allows display of fewer authors before the "et al." (e.g., |display-authors=2); alternatively, the "et al." may be suppressed by the use of |display-authors=9.
postscript: The closing punctuation for the citation. If specified, over-rides the default behaviour of terminating the citation with a full stop. If the parameter is present, but blank, no terminating punctuation will be used. This may be useful when generating an output consistent with other templates. It is preferred to manually adding ending punctuation, as the punctuation occurs within the <cite> tag, so will appear before any icons added by browser plugins. Ignored if |quote= is specified.
lastauthoramp: The separator to use between the last two names in lists of authors. Defaults to "", but "&" may be useful as well.
docket: Docket number

Usage summary

Horizontal format:

{{Cite thesis |degree= |chapter= |title= |url= |author= |last= |first= |year= |publisher= |accessdate= |docket= |oclc= }}

Sample output:

Ducklover, Arnold A (1901). On some aspects of Ducks (Ph.D. thesis). Duck University.
{{cite thesis|degree=Ph.D.|first=Arnold A|last=Ducklover|title=On some aspects of Ducks|publisher=Duck University|date=1901}}
Ducklover, Arnold A (1901). On some aspects of Ducks (M.Sc. thesis). Duck University.
{{cite thesis|degree=M.Sc.|first=Arnold A|last=Ducklover|title=On some aspects of Ducks|publisher=Duck University|date=1901}}
Ducklover, Arnold A (1901). On some aspects of Ducks (Thesis). Duck University.
{{cite thesis|first=Arnold A|last=Ducklover|title=On some aspects of Ducks|publisher=Duck University|date=1901}}