Template:Infobox germanium

Germanium, 32Ge
Grayish lustrous block with uneven cleaved surface
Germanium
Pronunciation/ɜːrˈmniəm/ (jur-MAY-nee-əm)
Appearancegrayish-white
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ge)
72.630(8)[1]
Germanium in the periodic table
HydrogenHelium
LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon
SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon
PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton
RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdenumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon
CaesiumBariumLanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbiumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercury (element)ThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon
FranciumRadiumActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobeliumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitneriumDarmstadtiumRoentgeniumCoperniciumNihoniumFleroviumMoscoviumLivermoriumTennessineOganesson
Si

Ge

Sn
galliumgermaniumarsenic
Atomic number (Z)32
Groupgroup 14 (carbon group)
Periodperiod 4
Block  p-block
Electron configuration[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point1211.40 K ​(938.25 °C, ​1720.85 °F)
Boiling point3106 K ​(2833 °C, ​5131 °F)
Density (near r.t.)5.323 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)5.60 g/cm3
Heat of fusion36.94 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization334 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity23.222 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa)1101001 k10 k100 k
at T (K)164418142023228726333104
Atomic properties
Oxidation states−4, −3, −2, −1, 0,[2] +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide)
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 2.01
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 762 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1537.5 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 3302.1 kJ/mol
Atomic radiusempirical: 122 pm
Covalent radius122 pm
Van der Waals radius211 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of germanium
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structure ​face-centered diamond-cubic
Diamond cubic crystal structure for germanium
Speed of sound thin rod5400 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion6.0 µm/(m⋅K)
Thermal conductivity60.2 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity1 Ω⋅m (at 20 °C)
Band gap0.67 eV (at 300 K)
Magnetic orderingdiamagnetic[3]
Molar magnetic susceptibility−76.84×10−6 cm3/mol[4]
Young's modulus103 GPa[5]
Shear modulus41 GPa[5]
Bulk modulus75 GPa[5]
Poisson ratio0.26[5]
Mohs hardness6.0
CAS Number7440-56-4
History
Namingafter Germany, homeland of the discoverer
PredictionDmitri Mendeleev (1869)
DiscoveryClemens Winkler (1886)
Isotopes of germanium
Main isotopes[6]Decay
abun­dancehalf-life (t1/2)modepro­duct
68Gesynth270.8 dε68Ga
70Ge20.5%stable
71Gesynth11.3 dε71Ga
72Ge27.4%stable
73Ge7.76%stable
74Ge36.5%stable
76Ge7.75%1.78×1021 yββ76Se
 Category: Germanium
| references
Data sets read by {{Infobox element}}
Name and identifiers
Symbol etymology (11 non-trivial)
Top image (caption, alt)
Pronunciation
Allotropes (overview)
Group (overview)
Period (overview)
Block (overview)
Natural occurrence
Phase at STP
Oxidation states
Spectral lines image
Electron configuration (cmt, ref)
Isotopes
Standard atomic weight
  most stable isotope
Wikidata
Wikidata *
* Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2023-01-01)
See also {{Index of data sets}} · Cat:data sets (11) · (this table: )

References