Altai gú-hē

1730 nî Sūi-tián kun-koaⁿ Philip Johan von Stahlenberg àn-chiàu gú-giân chi-kan ê siong-sū-sèng chiong gú-giân hun-lūi, kî-tiong pau-hâm chi̍t-kóa āu-lâi hō͘-lâng kui-ji̍p Altai gú-hē ê gú-giân. 1844 nî Matthias Castrén siú-sian thê-chhut Altai gú-hē, tû-liáu pau-koat Turk, Bông-kó͘ hām Tungus-gú, iā la̍p-ji̍p āu-lâi chiâⁿ-chòe Ural gú-hē ê Samoyed gú-cho̍k kap Finno-Ugric gú-cho̍k.

Tī tōa-pòaⁿ ê 19 sè-kí í-ki̍p 20 sè-kí chho͘-kî, Altai gú-hē he̍k-chiá sī Ural-Altai gú-hē ê khài-liām liû-thoân kóng-hoàn. kūn-nî-lâi, iah-ū gú-giân-ha̍k-ka bô-koh chi-chhî chit-ê ká-soat, jīn-ûi Thut-khoat, Bông-kó͘ hām Tungus sī saⁿ-ê bô chhin-iân koan-hē ê gú-cho̍k, in chi-kan ê sio-siâng sī tn̂g-kî chiap-chhiok ê kiat-kó^{[8][9][10][11]}, jî chiong 'Altai gú-giân' khòaⁿ-choh sī chi̍t-ē gú-giân liân-bêng.

Bô-lūn chiah-ê kám-sī tông-goân koan-hē ê kiat-kó, Thut-khoat gú-cho̍k, Bông-kó͘ gú-cho̍k kap Tungus gú-cho̍k tek-khak ū bōe-chió te̍k-teng, chhiaⁿ khòaⁿ ē-tóe ê hoān-lē:

• saⁿ-ê gú-cho̍k ê jîn-chheng tāi-sû ê siong-sū-sèng:

• Bông-kó͘-gú kap Turk gú-giân ū sio-siâng ê ho̍k-sò͘ hiō-tòe (Bông-kó͘-gú -nar/-ner, Turk-gú -lar/lär).

• Goân-im chú-iàu sī tan-goân-im, tông-sî ta̍k ê sû kè ū kò͘-tēng ê tiōng-im ūi-tì.
• Sû ê hêng-thài kiat-kò͘ ho̍k-cha̍p, sû ū sû-kun, sû-kàn, sû-tòe ê hun-pia̍t, tōa-pō͘-hūn sio̍k-û liâm-tio̍k-gú.
• Ū kek ê piàn-hòa kap hiō-tì-sû ê sú-iōng.
• Kù ê pâi-lia̍t í SOV ûi-chú, ì-sù sī kóng, tī it-poaⁿ ê kù lāi-té, chú-gú tī thâu-chêng, ūi-gú tī āu-piah, pin-gú tī tiong-kan.
• Goân-im hô-hâi lu̍t (he̍k-chiá kiò-chòe 'goân-im tiâu-hô')
• Ū jîn-chheng hiō-tòe, pí-jû: tōng-sû jîn-chheng hiō-tòe, chiông-sio̍k jîn-chheng hiō-tòe, hoán-sin léng-sio̍k jîn-chheng hiō-tòe í-ki̍p Turk gú-cho̍k te̍k-iú ê ūi-gú jîn-chheng hiō-tòe. Tōng-sû hiō-tòe, tī Khalkh Bông-kó͘-gú í-ki̍p Boán-chiu-gú tiong í-keng thè-hòa. Boán-chiu-gú tī chhòng-chō bûn-jī ê sî chiông-sio̍k jîn-chheng hiō-tòe bô piáu-ta̍t tī su-bīn-gú téng-bīn. Só͘-í kàu-taⁿ i tī Boán-chiu-gú chin-chōe hong-giân tiong í-keng thè-hòa khì. Tān-sī tī Sek-peh-gú (锡伯語) í-ki̍p kî-thaⁿ Tungus-gú tiong oân-choân pó-chûn lo̍h-lâi. Jî Bông-kó͘ gú-cho̍k pêng-siông kan-ta ēng jîn-chheng tāi-sû sio̍k-kek, hek tan-to̍k sú-iōng chiông-sio̍k hiō-tòe, pí-jû: (góa ê chheh) Mini bicig he̍k-chiá bicig-min, it-poaⁿ bōe nn̄g ê chòe-hōe ēng, chhin-chhiūⁿ: Mini bicig-min. Turk gú-cho̍k kap Boán-chiu-gú-chi í-gōa ê Tungus gú-giân pêng-siông lióng-chiá kè ū leh ēng.

• Turk gú-cho̍k
  • Khwarazm-gú
  • Kó͘-Turk-gú
  • Kó͘-Uyghur-gú
  • Bulgar gú-chi (he̍k-chiá: Oghur gú-chi)
    • Chuvash-gú
  • Karluk gú-chi
    • Aynu-gú (Sin-kiong ê Abdal-gú)
    • Chagatai-gú (í-keng bia̍t-choa̍t, sêng-ûi hiān-tāi Uyghur-gú, Uzbek-gú téng-téng)
    • Ili-Turk-gú
    • Uyghur-gú (Tiong-kok Sin-kiong, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan)
    • Uzbek-gú (Uzbekistan, Tiong-kok Sin-kiong, Afghanistan)
    • Sai-pō͘ Yughur-gú (Tiong-kok Kam-siok-séng Siok-lâm-koān)
  • Pak Turk gú-chi
    • Altai-gú (Lō͘-se-a Liân-pang Altai Kiōng-hô-kok）
    • Shor-gú
    • Dolgan-gú
    • Khakas-gú（Lō͘-se-a Liân-pang Khakas-kiōng-hô-kok）
    • Yakut-gú（Lō͘-se-a Liân-pang Sakha Kiōng-hô-kok）
    • Tuvan-gú（Lō͘-se-a Liân-pang Tuva Kiōng-hô-kok）
  • Lâm Turk gú-chi
    • Azerbaijan-gú
    • Khorasan Turk-gú
    • Ottoman Thó͘-ní-kî-gú (í-keng bia̍t-choa̍t, chiâⁿ-chòe hiān-tāi Thó͘-ní-kî-gú)
    • Thó͘-ní-kî-gú（Thó͘-ní-kî, Bulgaria）
    • Turkmen-gú（Thó͘-ní-kî, Turkmenistan）
  • Sai Turk gú-chi
    • Karakalpak-gú
    • Kazakh-gú（Kazakhstan, Tiong-kok Sin-kiong Uyghur Chū-tī-khu Ili Kazakh Chū-tī-chiu）
    • Kyrgyz-gú（Kirgiz, Kyrgyzstan, Tiong-kok Sin-kiong Uyghur Chū-tī-khu）
    • Bashkir-gú
    • Tartar-gú（Lō͘-se-a Liân-pang Tatarstan Kiōng-hô-kok）
• Bông-kó͘ gú-cho̍k
  • Khitan-gú （kó͘-tāi gú-giân）
  • Dagur-gú （Tiong-kok Hek-liông-kang-séng, Lāi Bông-kó͘ Chū-tī-khu, Sin-kiong Uyghur Chū-tī-khu）
  • Santa-gú (mā kiò-choè Tong-hiong-gú)
  • Buryatia-gú (Lō͘-se-a Liân-pang Buryatia Kiōng-hô-kok)
  • Bông-kó͘-gú (Bông-kó͘-kok, Tiong-kok Lāi Bông-kó͘ Chū-tī-khu)
• Tungus gú-cho̍k
  • Even-gú
  • Evenk-gú (chìn-chêng chheng-choè Tungus-gú)
  • Oroqen-gú (Tiong-kok tang-pak)
  • Boán-chiu-gí (pin-gûi gú-giân, Tiong-kok tang-pak)
  • Hek-tiat-gú（Nanai-gú, Gold-gú）
  • Sek-peh-gú（Tiong-kok tang-pak）
  • Lú-chin-gú (kó͘-tāi gú-giân）

Altai gú-hē kám chiâⁿ-si̍t chûn-chāi, kàu-taⁿ koh ū cheng-gī. Ū ê gú-giân-ha̍k-ka jīn-ûi Turk gú-chio̍k, Bông-kó͘ gú-cho̍k kap Tungus gú-cho̍k saⁿ chióng gú-cho̍k chi-kan bô tông-goân koan-hē, chiah-ê hoán-tùi Altai gú-hē ê ha̍k-chiá jīn-ûi, chiah-ê gú-cho̍k sui-jiân ū chin-chōe sio-kâng ê gú-hoat te̍k-tiám kap kiōng-tông sû-lūi, chóng-sī che sī in-ūi tn̂g-kî ê bîn-cho̍k chiap-chhiok, hō͘-siong iông-ha̍p chiah sán-seng ê, sī chioh-iōng ê kiat-kó, pēng-m̄-sī goân-sí-gú ûi-liû lo̍h-lâi ê goân-sí te̍k-teng. It-poaⁿ jīn-ûi sī Bông-kó͘-gú chioh-iōng Turk-gú ê sû-lūi hām gú-hoat hêng-thài. Bo̍k-chêng chit-ê būn-tôe koh tī gī-lūn chi-tiong.

Lēng-gōa koan-û Ji̍t-gú, Tiâu-sián-gú kám-sī sio̍k-û Altai gú-hē iā chō-sêng liáu chin tōa ê cheng-gī. Chi̍t-kóa ha̍k-chiá jīn-ûi nā-sī kā Ji̍t-gú, Tiâu-sián-gú khǹg tī Altai gú-hē chi-gōa ē-tàng koh-khah khek-koan, mā ōe kiám-chió chit-ê gú-hē chûn-chāi ê cheng-gī.

Altai chhiau-gú-hē ká-soat

Ha̍k-kài phó͘-phiàn jīn-ûi Ji̍t-gú kap Liû-kiû-gú chòe-hōe sio̍k-û bó͘-chi̍t-ê gú-hē. Ká-sú che nn̄g ê gú-giân bô pēng-ji̍p kî-thaⁿ gú-hē, tio̍h to̍k-li̍p chòe chi̍t ê Ji̍t-pún--Liû-kiû gú-hē.

Tān-sī Tiâu-sián-gú, Ji̍t-pún--Liû-kiû gú-hē ê hē-sio̍k it-ti̍t lóng sī ha̍k-su̍t-kài cheng-lūn ê chiau-tiám. Ki-pún ū 4 lūi koan-tiám.

Tē-it-lūi koan-tiám jīn-ûi Tiâu-sián-gú, Ji̍t-gú, Liû-kiû-gú tio̍h-sǹg sio̍k-û Altai gú-hē, iā kan-ta ē-sái tī Altai chhiau-gú-hē ká-soat (Macro-Altaic theory) ê ki-chhó͘ siōng sêng-li̍p. In-ūi Tiâu-sián-gú ū chi̍t-kóa Altai gú-hē ê te̍k-teng, jî Ji̍t-gú kap Tiâu-sián-gú iū-koh ū bōe-chió lūi-sū ê só͘-chāi.

• liû-im bōe-ōe chhut-hiān tī pún-thó͘-sû (kò͘-iú-sû) ê thâu-chi̍t-ê im-chiat.
• goân-im hô-hâi-lu̍t（he̍k-chiá kiò goân-im tiâu-hô）
• liâm-tio̍k-gú ê te̍k-teng

Tān-sī Tiâu-sián-gú, Ji̍t-gú, Liû-kiû-gú lóng-bô jîn-chheng hiō-tòe, pí-jû Tungus-gú (Hezhen) Mini bithe-i (góa ê chheh), Bi mini bithe-we-i hvla-i (góa tha̍k góa ê chheh). Bithe-we-i tiong ê we sī siū-kek hiō-toè, tông-sî 'i' sī tē-it jîn-chheng léng-sio̍k hiō-tòe. 'hvla-i' tiong ê 'i' sī tōng-sû tē-it jîn-chheng hiō-tòe. Bông-kó͘-gú 'Teguu-d-mini og' (hō͘ góa sió-tī). 'd' sī ú-kek hiō-tòe, 'mini' sī tē-it jîn-chheng léng-sio̍k hiō-tòe.

Tiâu-sián-gú ê che 3 ê gú-giân te̍k-teng ūi chit-ê koan-tiám thê-kiong liáu hui-siông ū-la̍t ê chi-chhî. Tān-sī in-ūi Tiâu-sián-gú hām Altai gú-hē ê kî-thaⁿ gú-giân chi-kan ê tông-goân-sû put-chí-á chió (Ji̍t-gú bô), só͘-í hoán-tùi chit-ê koan-tiám ê ha̍k-chiá it-poaⁿ lóng kā che chok-ûi hoán-pok ê kiông-tāi chèng-kù.

Koan-û goân-im hô-hâi-lu̍t, chit-chióng gú-giân te̍k-teng iá pēng-m̄-sī Altai gú-hē ê choan-lī. Altac gú-hē chiu-piⁿ, Pak-a Chukotko-Kamchatka gú-hē ê Chukotko-gú, Tang-a Chōng-Bián gú-cho̍k (Tibeto-Burma languages) ê Kéng-pho-gú (景頗語), Kiuⁿ-gú (羌語) iā chûn-chāi he̍k-chiá sī chân-liû tio̍h goân-im hô-hâi ê hiān-siōng, jî Hui-chiu Niger-Congo gú-hēê chin-chōe gú-giân, pau-koat Igbo-gú hām chin-choē Bantu gú-cho̍k ê gú-giân, iah-ū í chhùi-chi̍h ê ūi-tì ûi ki-chhó͘ ê goân-im hô-hâi ê hiān-siōng chûn-chāi.

jî-chhiáⁿ liâm-tio̍k-gú ê te̍k-teng kèng-ka m̄ sī kan-ta Altai gú-hē chiah ū. Tī sè-kài kî-thaⁿ gú-hē tiong kóng-hoàn chûn-chāi chit-ê hiān-siōng: Au-chiu kap Pak-a ê Ural gú-hē, Ìn-tō͘ ê Dravidian gú-hē, kóng-hoàn hun-pō͘ tī A-chiu, Ò-chiu kap Hui-chiu ê Lâm-tó gú-hē téng-téng lóng sī í liâm-tio̍k-gú ûi chú-thé ê gú-hē. Kīn-lîn Altai gú-hē ê Chōng-Bián gú-cho̍k iā-sī í liâm-tio̍k-gú kap thè-hòa ê liâm-tio̍k-gú kò͘-sêng ê gú-cho̍k.

Tē-jī-lūi koan-tiám jīn-ûi Ji̍t-pún--Liû-kiû gú-hē kap Tiâu-sián-gú kiōng-tông sio̍k-û chi̍t ê sin ê gú-hē. Ū chit-chióng koan-tiám ê ha̍k-chiá jīn-ûi Ji̍t-gú ê bûn-hoat hām Tiâu-sián-gú ê bûn-hoat lóng sī SOV sūn-sī (kî-thaⁿ Altai gú-giân mā sī án-ni), jî-chhiáⁿ lióng-chiá le̍k-sú siōng iū kiōng-tông siū-tio̍h Kó͘-hàn-gú ê kiông-lia̍t éng-hióng. Só͘-í ū ha̍k-chiá jīn-ûi Ji̍t-pún--Liû-kiû gú-hē kap Tiâu-sián-gú sī Altai gú-hē kap Sino-Tibetan gú-hē hūn-ha̍p ê sin-gú-hē. Tān-sī Ji̍t-pún--Liû-kiû gú-hē kap Tiâu-sián-gú chi-kan kâng-khoán khoeh-chió tông-goân-sû. Che mā sī piàn-sêng hoán-tùi-chiá ū-la̍t ê chèng-kù.

Tē 3 lūi koan-tiám jīn-ûi Ji̍t-pún--Liû-kiû gú-hē kap Tiâu-sián-gú kāng-khoán, kè sī ko͘-li̍p gú-giân, in kap bo̍k-chêng sè-kài siōng lán í-keng ū jīn-sek ê gú-giân lóng-bô koan-liân. Chiah-ê ha̍k-chiá ēng 'tông-goân-sû būn-tôe' lâi chi-chhî in ê koan-tiám.

Tē 4 lūi koan-tiám jīn-ûi Ji̍t-pún--Liû-kiû gu-hē eng-tong kui-sio̍k Hàn-Chōng gí-hē Chōng-Bián gú-cho̍k, chú-iàu í Nishida Tatsuo ûi tāi-piáu ê chi̍t-kóa ha̍k-chiá, jīn-ûi Ji̍t-gú ê gú-sī hām Bián-tiān-gú téng choa̍t-tāi-to-sò͘ Chōng-Bián gú (tû Karen-gú hām Bai-gú í-gōa, che nn̄g chióng gú-giân hun-pia̍t siū-tio̍h SVO ê Thài-gú kap Hàn-gú éng-hióng, mā piàn-sêng SVO gú-sī) sio-kāng, jî-chhiáⁿ Ji̍t-gú kò͘-iú-jī-lūi tiong iā ū hām Bián-tiān-gú í-ki̍p Tiong-kok lâm-pō͘ hong-giân chiap-kūn ê jī-lūi, sīm-chì tī im-ūn siōng iā ū bōe-chió sio-siâng ê só͘-chāi, in-chhú chú-tiuⁿ Ji̍t-gú èng-kai sio̍k-û Chōng-Bián gú-cho̍k. Chóng-sī, hoán-tùi ê lâng jīn-ûi, Ji̍t-pún kap Chōng-Bián bîn-cho̍k chi-kan lō͘-tô͘ hn̄g-hn̄g, tiong-kan koh ū Lâm-tó gú-hē kap Tungus bîn-cho̍k ê tōe-khu, in-chhú chit-ê koan-tiám bô tit--tio̍h tiōng-sī. Tān-sī koh ū ha̍k-chiá thê-chhut èng-tong í bîn-cho̍k î-bîn ê le̍k-sú lâi khòaⁿ-thāi chit-ê ká-soat. In kóng: sui-jiân hiān-chú-sî ê bîn-cho̍k hun-pò͘ khòaⁿ-khí-lâi Ji̍t-pún kap Chōng-Bián bîn-cho̍k chi-kan chin hn̄g, tān-sī tī Siong-Chiu sî-kî, chi̍t-kóa Chōng-Bián gú-cho̍k, lâm-chi kó͘-a-chiu-cho̍k (shimada) kap Lâm-tó gú-cho̍k hūn-ha̍p, pēng-chhiáⁿ tī Hàn-Chōng (Chiu) bîn-cho̍k kiông-tāi ê ap-le̍k hā hâng-hái pak-siōng he̍k-chiá lâm-hā keng-kè Tiâu-sián poàn-tó chìn-ji̍p Kiú-chiu-tó tēng-ku. Hit-tong-sî, Tungus-cho̍k (Altai gú-hē) iáu-bōe tī Bông-kó͘ ko-goân kap Pak-chi kó͘-a-chiu-cho̍k (taⁿ ê Chukotko kap Tiâu-sián-cho̍k pak-pō͘ ê goân-sí bîn-cho̍k) kèng-cheng, chit-chióng kóng-hoat iā put-chí-ū tō-lí.

Tû-liáu í-siōng 4 lūi koan-tiám í-gōa, koh ū ha̍k-chiá jīn-ûi Ji̍t-pún--Liû-kiû gú-hē èng-tong sio̍k-û Lâm-tó gú-hē, Ji̍t-pún--Liû-kiû gú-hē hām Lâm-tó gú-hē tī kò͘-sû siōng ū sio-siâng ê só͘-chāi, soah kap Altai gú-hē lí-lūn kāng-khoán khoeh-chió tông-goân-sû ê chèng-kù.

Chòe-kūn ū lâng thê-chhut tī Altai gú-hē chi-hā kò͘-kiàn sin-gú-cho̍k (Hân-Ji̍t--Liû-kiû gú-cho̍k) pēng-chhiáⁿ chiong Tiâu-sián-gú, Liû-kiû-gú í-ki̍p Ji̍t-gú lóng kui-ji̍p chit-ê gú-cho̍k chi-lāi. Chit-ê koan-tiám bêng-hián sī tē 1 lūi kap tē 2 lūi ê hūn-ha̍p koan-tiám, tān-sī i iû-goân ài bīn-tùi 'tông-goân-sû būn-tôe'.

Ín-iōng